COMMUNICATION

Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share"[1]) is the act of

conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually
understood signs and semiotic rules.
The main steps inherent to all communication are:[2]

1. The formation of communicative motivation or reason.

2. Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to
express).
3. Message encoding (for example, into digital data, written
text, speech, pictures, gestures and so on).
4. Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a
specific channel or medium.
5. Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity
(both intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from
the sender to one or more receivers.
6. Reception of signals and reassembling of the encoded message from a sequence of
received signals.
7. Decoding of the reassembled encoded message.
8. Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original

USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous

Receiver/Transmitter)

A USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is

a microchip that facilitates communication through a computer's serial port
using the RS-232C protocol.

Like a UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), a USART

provides the computer with the interface necessary for communication with
modems and other serial devices. However, unlike a UART, a USART
offers the option of synchronous mode. In program-to-program
communication, the synchronous mode requires that each end of an
exchange respond in turn without initiating a new communication.
Asynchronous operation means that a process operates independently of
other processes.

How does the Arduino Uno use its USaRT?

I see that the Arduino Uno with the 328p CPU has one USaRT built on to the 328p chip. I also see
that if I use NewSoftSerial and specify pins 1 and 2, I can use it to talk out the USB port.

the uart is indeed connected to the usb connection (Through a serial converter), but if you arent using
the usb connection you can use it to connect to something else. it wont interfere so long as they both
arent active at the same time.

Universal asynchronous receiver-

transmitter
A universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART /ˈjuːɑːrt/) is a computer
hardware device for asynchronous serial communication in which the data format and
transmission speeds are configurable. The electric signaling levels and methods are handled by
a driver circuit external to the UART. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated
circuit (IC) used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. One
or more UART peripherals are commonly integrated in microcontroller chips. A related device,
the universal synchronous and asynchronous receiver-transmitter (USART) also supports
synchronous operation.

How to establish UART communication between

ATmega8 and Arduino Uno?
The communication established here is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
type. It’s serial communication. By this serial communication data can be shared between two
controllers, which is a required in various embedded system applications.

In embedded systems we must have basic knowledge about system communications, so for this
we are doing this project. In this project we will discuss basic communication system and we will
send some data from transmitter to receiver in serial.

In this project ATMEGA8 acts as a TRANSMITTER and ARDUINO UNO acts as a RECECIVER. In
serial communication we will send data BIT BY BIT, until a BYTE of data is transferred completely.
The data can be of 10bit size but we will keep to 8BITS for now.
 sensor
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the physical environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion,
moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-
readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

DHT
Introduction

This DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor features a calibrated digital signal output with the temperature and
humidity sensor capability. It is integrated with a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller. Its technology ensures the
high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive element and a sensor for wet NTC
temperature measuring devices. It has excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and high performance.

Each DHT11 sensors features extremely accurate calibration of humidity calibration chamber. The calibration
coefficients stored in the OTP program memory, internal sensors detect signals in the process, we should call these
calibration coefficients. The single-wire serial interface system is integrated to become quick and easy. Small size, low
power, signal transmission distance up to 20 meters, enabling a variety of applications and even the most demanding
ones. The product is 4-pin single row pin package. Convenient connection, special packages can be provided according
to users need.

Specification

 Supply Voltage: +5 V
 Temperature range :0-50 °C error of ± 2 °C
 Humidity :20-90% RH ± 5% RH error
 Interface: Digital

Infrared Sensors
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain
characteristics of its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting
infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring
the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion.

Infrared technology is found not just in industry, but also in every-day life.
Televisions, for example, use an infrared detector to interpret the signals sent from a
remote control. Passive Infrared sensors are used for motion detection systems, and
LDR sensors are used for outdoor lighting systems. The key benefits of infrared
sensors include their low power requirements, their simple circuitry and their portable
features.

The Working Principle of Infrared Sensors

The physics behind infrared sensors is governed by three laws:

1. Planck’s radiation law: Every object at a temperature T not equal to 0 K

emits radiation

2. Stephan Boltzmann Law: The total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a

black body is related to the absolute temperature

3. Wein’s Displacement Law: Objects of different temperature emit spectra that

peak at different wavelengths

All objects which have a temperature greater than absolute zero (0 Kelvin) posses
thermal energy and are sources of infrared radiation as a result.

Sources of infrared radiation include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps and silicon
carbide. Infrared sensors typically use infrared lasers and LEDs with specific infrared
wavelengths as sources.
Photoresistor

Photoresistor

Type Passive

Working principle Photoconductivity

Electronic symbol

The symbol for a photoresistor

A photoresistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a light-

controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can
have a resistance as high as several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can have
a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a
certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy
to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor
can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react
substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.