Analytic Geometry

Team Mathematics

Dr. Caroline Danneels

1 Vectors and lines................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Vectors ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Lines............................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Parallel lines ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.4 The euclidian vectorspace ........................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Angles ....................................................................................................................................... 11
1.6 Orthogonality of 2 lines ............................................................................................................ 12
1.7 Distance from a point to a line (O.N.B.) ................................................................................... 13
1.8 Exercises ................................................................................................................................... 14
2 Conic sections...................................................................................................................... 19
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 The circle .................................................................................................................................. 20
2.3 The parabola.............................................................................................................................. 21
2.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................................... 23
1 Vectors and lines
1.1 Vectors
1.1.1 The concept of a vector

π is the set of all points of the plane. Take in the plane π a fixed origin O. A translation t in the
plane is now completely determined by the image point P of O by this translation: t(O) = P. The
translation is determined by point P or also by any couple of points (A,B) so that t(A)=B.




With a translation t, we associate a free vector. The vector AB is the set of couples of points







(A,B) such that t(A)=B. AB = CD if there is a translation t such that t(A)=B and t(C)=D.
A free vector can now be represented by means of an arrow with origin in O and with terminus






point t(O)=P. Now each point P in the plane can be seen as the terminus point of P = OP . P is
called a bound vector.


The vector O is called the zero vector.
The plane in which we consider each point a terminus point of bound vectors is called πo.

1.1.2 Basis and coordinate system





Let’s choose in πo E x en E y which together with O form a triangle.







For each P in πo there is only one ( x, y ) ∈ ℝ 2 such that P = xEx + yE y .

{ }





Ex , E y is called a basis of πo.

{ }






(x,y) are called the cartesian coordinates of P with respect to the basis Ex , E y . We emphasize
the notion “coordinate” is related to a basis.
OEx is the x-axis; OEy is the y-axis; together they represent the coordinate axes of the xy-
coordinate system.






If (a1,a2) are the coordinates of A we also write this vector as A(a1,a2) or A = OA = (a1 , a2 ) . This
means that we will use the word vector (with starting point the origin) and the word point in the
xy-plane for the same concept.

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Ananlytic Geometry 3
1.1.3 Operations with vectors

In πo we define the following operations:






1. The addition of 2 vectors A and B is performed by adding the 2 associated vectors OA





and OB using the parallelogram rule. The result C is determined by its terminus point.



From the figure one can easily see that, if A = ( a1 , a2 ) and B = ( b1 , b2 ) , then the sum




vector is: C = A + B = ( a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 ) .

A
a2

b2 B

O a1 b1
x




2. The multiplication of a vector A of πo and a scalar k ∈ R is a multiple of A : k A .




Furthermore, if k > 0, k A has the same sense as A , and if k < 0, k A has the opposite
sense.



If A = ( a1 , a2 ) , then k A = ( ka1 , ka2 ) .

1.1.4 Midpoint of a line segment



The midpoint of a line segment [AB] with A = ( a1 , a2 ) and B = ( b1 , b2 ) is determined by





 A + B  a + b a + b 
M= = 1 1, 2 2 
2  2 2 

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Ananlytic Geometry 4
1.2 Lines
1.2.1 Vector equation

Take a line e through the origin. Every other point S on that line is the terminus point of a


vector S that determines the direction of e in a unique way. Such a vector is called a direction



vector of e. If S is a direction vector of e, then every k S with k ∈ R 0 also is.

O




Take a line e1 parallel to e and two different points P and P0 on e1 .

 e1
P


P0

 
 P − P0
S

      
If S is a direction vector of e , then P − P0 = k S or P = P0 + k S for a certain k ∈ R .
 
Otherwise, for every k , the terminus point of the vector P0 + k S is on the line e1 .
  
The vector equation P = P0 + k S is therefore a necessary and sufficient condition for a point to

lie on the line e1 (given by a point P0 and the direction S ).
  
P = P0 + k S with k ∈ R
is called the vector equation of the line.

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Ananlytic Geometry 5
1.2.2 The parameter equations
  
Replacing the vectors by their coordinates in R 2 with P = ( x, y ) , P0 = ( x0 , y0 ) and S = ( a, b)
gives
( x, y ) = ( x0 , y0 ) + k (a, b) with k ∈ R
Furthermore
( x, y ) = ( x0 + ka, y0 + kb) with k ∈ R
which is equivalent with
 x = x0 + k a
 with k ∈ R
 y = y0 + kb
These equations are called parameter equations of a line through a given point ( x0 , y0 ) with

direction numbers ( a, b) , the coordinates of the direction S . It is important to see that the above
 
equations are not unique since both P0 and S may be chosen.

1.2.3 Cartesian equation(s)

So we have two ways to give the equation of a line: the vector equation and the parameter
equations. A third possibility, although less general, is the Cartesian equation(s). They may be
obtained starting from the parameter equations. From the parameter equations, k may be
eliminated:
x − x0 y − y0
= if ab ≠ 0
a b
or
b
y − y0 = ( x − x0 ) if a ≠ 0
a
b
Both equations are called the Cartesian equation of the line. The ratio (in front of x) is called
a
the slope m.
If a = 0 , the parameter equations are
 x = x0 with k ∈ R

 y = y0 + kb
The second of these equations simply says that y may be any real number. Since there is no
limitation on y, this equation is superfluous. The other equation then becomes the Cartesian
equation:
x = x0
This line is parallel to the y-axis. The simplest direction numbers are (0,1). The slope m is not
defined, since a = 0 .
In the same way, if b = 0 , the cartesian equation becomes y = y0 . This line is parallel to the
x-axis. The simplest direction numbers are (1,0). Its slope is m = 0.
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Ananlytic Geometry 6
Notice that ( a, b) = (0, 0) is impossible. The zero vector is excluded as direction vector of a line.

If the line is given by two points P0 ( x0 , y0 ) en P1 ( x1 , y1 ) then a direction vector of the line is
 
given by P1 − P0 , so we obtain:
   
P = P0 + k ( P1 − P0 ) with k ∈ R
as vector equations,
 x = x0 + k ( x1 − x0 )
 met k ∈ R
 y = y0 + k ( y1 − y0 )
as parameter equations,
x − x0 y − y0
=
x1 − x0 y1 − y0
as cartesian equation if x1 ≠ x0 and y1 ≠ y 0 .

If x1 = x0 the equation is similar to a = 0; if y1 = y 0 the equation is similar to b= 0.

So, in general, the Cartesian equation of a line in ℝ 2 takes the form

Ax + By + C = 0
with A and B not both zero at the same time.
Otherwise it can be proven that each equation of this form in ℝ 2 respresents a line.
What is the slope of this line?
Find a set of direction numbers.

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Ananlytic Geometry 7
1.3 Parallel lines
If is given :

line e1 with direction vector S1 , direction numbers (a1,b1), slope m1, equation A1x+B1y+C1=0,

line e2 with direction vector S 2 , direction numbers (a2,b2), slope m2, equation A2x+B2y+C2=0
e1

e2

S2
S
O 1

then
e1 // e2

⇔ S 2 = k S1 with k ∈ R 0

a 2 = ka1
⇔ with k ∈ R 0
b
 2 = kb1

⇔ m2 = m1
 A = kA1
⇔ 2 with k ∈ R 0
 B2 = kB1

Use:
Given line e with equation Ax+By+C=0 and point P0(x0,y0)
Determine the equation of line f // e and through P0

⇒ f has equation: A(x- x0)+B(y- y0)=0

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Ananlytic Geometry 8
1.4 The euclidian vectorspace
1.4.1 Definitions



If A(a1 , a2 ) and B(b1 , b2 ) in π 0 are given, then the scalar product of these two vectors is



A ⋅ B = a1b1 + a2b2 ∈ ℝ
Then these vectors are perpendicular if






A ⊥ B⇔ A. B=0
Then the norm of the vector is




A = A ⋅ A = a 12 + a 2 2 > 0


Then A is a normalized vector if

A =1

Then the distance between A( a1 , a2 ) and B ( b1 , b2 ) is

d ( A, B ) = A − B = (a1 − b1 )2 + (a2 − b2 )2

O A

A - B

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Ananlytic Geometry 9
1.4.2 Normalizing a vector



If A ≠ O then




 A
Ea =

A


has length 1 and thus is a unit vector in the same sense as A .
This process is called normalizing a vector.

1.4.3 Orthonormal basis (O.N.B.)

Ex ⊥ E y
{ }




 
E x , E y is an orthonormal basis ⇔ 
 E x = E y = 1

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Ananlytic Geometry 10
1.5 Angles
First we want to mention that angles are positive angles if the terminal ray rotates
counterclockwise around the vertex from the initial ray.

1.5.1 The angle of a line with the x-axis

(analytical expressions hold in an orthonormal basis)

In the following figure, we see in the right triangle that
m
tan α = =m
1
In other words, the slope of the line is equal to the tangent of the angle between the x-axis and
the line.
y

e
Ey

m
α
1 Ex x
0

1.5.2 The angle between two lines


If line e1 has direction vector S1 , direction numbers (a1,b1) and slope m1



and line e2 has direction vector S2 , direction numbers (a2,b2) and slope m2
then the angle α between these lines is equal to the acute angle determined by the direction
vectors of the lines:




S1 ⋅ S 2 a1a2 + b1b2
cos α =



 =
S1 S 2 a12 + a2 2 ⋅ b12 + b2 2

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Ananlytic Geometry 11
1.6 Orthogonality of 2 lines

If line e1 has direction vector S1 , direction numbers (a1,b1), slope m1, equation
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0

and line e2 has direction vector S 2 , direction numbers (a2,b2), slope m2 , equation A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
then (the analytical expression with respect to an orthonormal basis is):
e1

S1
e2

O
S2

e1 ⊥ e2





⇔ S 2 ⊥ S1
⇔ a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
1
⇔ m2 = −
m1
⇔ A1 A2 + B1 B2 = 0

Use:
Find the equation of line f ⊥ e with equation Ax + By + C = 0 and which passes through point
P0 ( x0 , y0 ) .

⇒ f has equation: B ( x − x0 ) − A ( y − y0 ) = 0

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Ananlytic Geometry 12
1.7 Distance from a point to a line (O.N.B.)
Consider in π 0 a point P0 ( x0 , y0 ) and a line e : Ax + By + C = 0 .



To find the (orthogonal) distance from P0 to the line e , one may proceed in the following way:



• Construct the line r through P0 perpendicular to e .


• Find the intersection S of r and e .






• The distance between P0 and e is then d ( P0 , S ) .

So:

r may be given by means of:

 x = x0 + kA
 k ∈ℝ
 y = y0 + kB


To find the intersection S of r and e, the parameter equations of r is substituted in the equation
of e : Ax + By + C = 0 . Then this equation is solved for k:

A ( x0 + kA) + B ( y0 + kB ) + C = 0


gives the value of the parameter kS which corresponds to the intersection S :

Ax0 + By0 + C
kS = −
A2 + B 2

So the distance is:

( )






(x −(x + k S A ) ) + ( y0 − ( y0 + k S B ) )
2 2
d P 0 , S = P0 − S = 0 0

( )



d P 0 , S = kS A2 + B 2

and finally




 Ax0 + By0 + C

d ( P0 , e) = d ( P0 , S ) =
A2 + B 2

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Ananlytic Geometry 13
1.8 Exercises
1. Given are A(5,-1), B(-1,5), C(-7,2).
a. Determine the coordinates of the midpoints of the sides of the triangle ABC.

( 2, 2 ) ,  −4,
7  1
 ,  −1, 
 2  2
b. Determine the coordinates of the centroid (or geometrical center or center of area) of the
triangle ABC.

( −1, 2 )
2. Determine the direction numbers and the slope of the lines determined as follows:
a. through (-2, 7) and (1, -8) (3, -15) and m = -5
b. line x (k,0) and m = 0
c. line y (0,k) and m does not exist!
d. the line with equation: 2 x − y + 4 = 0 (1, 2) and m = 2
3 3
e. the line with equation: y = x (4, 3) and m =
4 4
f. the line with equation: y = 2 x + 3 (1, 2) and m = 2

3. Make a drawing of the lines with the following equations:

a. y = 4 x
b. 2 x + 3 y = 0
c. 4 x + 2 y + 5 = 0

4. Determine the angle which the following lines make with the x-axis in an orthonormal
coordinate system.
a. y − x + 5 = 0 α = 45°;α = 135°
b. y − 3x − 5 = 0 α = 60°;α = 120°

5. Proof that the figure formed by A(-2,1), B(-1,4), C(5,6), D(4,3) is a parallelogram.

6. Given line e with equation x + 2 y = 4

a. does A(4,1) belong to e ? No
b. does B(4,0) belong to e ? Yes
c. determine the abscissa of the point on e with ordinate -5 x = 14
3
d. determine the ordinate of the point C with abscissa 1 y=
2
e. draw line e
f. find the intersection points with the x-axis and the y-axis (4, 0) and (0, 2)

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Ananlytic Geometry 14
7. Given line e with equation: ax + 3 y + 2 = 0 with a ∈ ℝ .
Determine, if possible, a such that:

a. e passes through (2, 0) a = -1

b. e passes through (0,0) impossible
c. e is parallel to line f with equation 3 x − y − 5 = 0 a = -9
d. e is parallel to the x-axis a=0
e. e is parallel to the y-axis impossible
2
f. the x-intercept of e is +3 a=−
3
g. the y-intercept of e is +5 impossible
2
h. the y-intercept of e is − a∈ℝ
3

8. Find the equation of the line :

a. whose slope is m = -2 and passes through the point (3, 4) y + 2 x − 10 = 0
b. which passes through the points (2, 3) and (5, 1) 3 y + 2 x − 13 = 0
c. which passes through the origin and the point (2, 6) y − 3x = 0
d. which passes through the points (3, 5) and (7, 5) y =5
e. which passes through the points (-2, 4) and (-2, 1) x = −2
f. which passes through the points (1, 3) and (-2, -6) y − 3x = 0
g. with slope m = 2 and whose y-intercept is +4 y − 2x − 4 = 0
h. whose y-intercept is +3 and x-intercept is +2 3x + 2 y − 6 = 0
i. whose y-intercept is -6 and which passes through the point (2, 4) y − 5x + 6 = 0
j. which passes through the point (-2, 6 ) and is parallel to the line e: 3 x + 2 y − 5 = 0
2 y + 3x − 6 = 0
k. which passes through the point (0, 3) and is parallel to the line through the points (2,0)
and (5, 2)
3 y − 2x − 9 = 0
l. which passes through the point (2, 3) and is parallel to the y-axis x=2
m. which passes through the point (-2, 4) and is parallel to the x-axis y=4

9. Given line e with equation : y = ( a − 2) x + ( a + b) with a, b ∈ ℝ . Determine a and b such

that:
a. e passes through the points (1, 3) and (3, 5) a = 3 and b = -1
b. e passes through the point (2, -3) and is parallel to line f: x + y + 5 = 0 a = 1 and b = -2
c. the x-intercept of e is -2 and e has (2, -10) as direction numbers a = -3 and b = -7
d. e passes through (0, 0) en (-2, -4) a = 4 and b = -4

10. Determine the equation of line e (in an O.N.B.):

a. which passes through the point (4, -3) and forms an angle of 45° with the x-axis
y − x + 7 = 0; y + x − 1 = 0
b. whose y-intercept is +3 and forms an angle of 30° with the positive x-axis
3 y − 3 x − 9 = 0;3 y + 3 x − 9 = 0

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Ananlytic Geometry 15
11. Determine the equation of line e which passes through the point (2, 4):
a. whose positive x-intercept is double the positive y-intercept x + 2 y − 10 = 0
b. whose negative x-intercept and positive y-intercept are equal x− y+2=0

12. Determine a such that e // f:

e : ( a − 1) x − ( a + 2) y + 1 = 0
a = 0 or a = 3
f : ( a + 1) x + (2 − 4a ) y + a = 0

13. Examine if the following points are collinear:

a. (8, 3), (-6, -3), (15, 6) Yes
b. (1, 1), (4, -1), (-5, 5) Yes

14. Determine a such that the points (2, 3), (a, 2) and (a + 2, a - 3) are collinear. Determine the
equation of the line passing through these points.
a = 3 and y + x − 5 = 0
a = 4 and 2 y + x − 8 = 0

15. Determine the points of intersection of the following lines:

e : x + 2 y = 4
a.  (2, 1)
 f : 3x + y = 7
e : 5 x + 3 y − 1 = 0
b.  (-4, 7)
 f : 2x + 8 = 0
e : 6 y − 3 = 4 x

c.  3 coinciding lines
 f : 2 x − 3 y + 2 = 0

16. Give the general equation of all lines passing through (2, 1). y − 1 = m( x − 2)

17. Give the general equation of all lines with slope 2. y = 2x + q

18. Proof that the 3 medians of a triangle are concurrent.

19. For A(2,0), B(1,1), C(1,2) given in an O.N.B., determine




A ⋅

B 2
A⋅C 2



C ⋅B



3

A ⋅
A 4
B⋅B 2



C ⋅C 5

20. Proof that the points A(4,6), B(2,-4), C(-2,2) form a right triangle.

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Ananlytic Geometry 16
21. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to
 15 3 
a. e : 5 x + y − 6 = 0 and passing through (0, 0) x − 5 y = 0 and  , 
 13 13 
b. f : 2 x − y + 5 = 0 and passing through (2, -6) x + 2 y + 10 = 0 and ( −4, −3)
Determine also the intersection points.

22. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to the line with equation 2 x + 5 y + 4 = 0 in
the intersection point with the x-axis. 5 x − 2 y + 10 = 0

23. A line has slope 2. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to that line and passing
through the point (4,1). 2y + x − 6 = 0

24. Determine the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment [AB] with
A(3,-1)and B(1,3). 2y − x = 0

25. The equations of the sides of a triangle are: 3 x − 4 y + 14 = 0; 4 x + y − 13 = 0; x + 5 y − 8 = 0 .

Determine the equations of the altitudes and the coordinates of the orthocenter.

y − 5x + 5 = 0
3 y + 4 x − 15 = 0
4 y − x − 10 = 0
 30 55 
 , 
 19 19 

26. Determine the length of the sides of the triangle formed by A(5, -3), B(-1, 5), C(-7, 2).
10;13;3 5

27. Determine the distance from the origin to A(-2, 4) and to the line e : 3 x − y = 5
10
2 5;
2

28. Determine the distances from A(-3, 4), B(2, 1), C(-3, 2) to the line e : x − y + 5 = 0
2;3 2; 0

29. Determine the distances from A(5, 1) to B(1, -2), C(-2, 2) and to the line BC.
5;5 2;5

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Ananlytic Geometry 17
30. Determine the distance from A(-4, 4) to the line e : 2 x + y − 3 = 0 using
a. the formula
b. the construction method
7 5
5

31. Determine the distance from A(3, -5) to the line perpendicular to e : 2 x − y + 2 = 0 and
through B(1, 1). 2 5

32. Determine the distance from the origin to the perpendicular bisector of the line segment [AB]
with A(-9, 7), B(15, -3).
2

33. Determine the distance between the parallel lines with equations
2 x + y + 3 = 0 and 2 x + y − 2 = 0 . 5

34. If e : 2 x + y + 1 = 0; f : x + 2 y − 3 = 0 , determine p such that the distances from A(1,p) to the

lines e and f are equal.
1
p = − and p = 5
3

35. Determine the equation of the line through A(2, 3) and at a distance 3 from the origin.
y = 3 and 5 y + 12 x − 39 = 0

36. Determine the equation of the line through A(-5, 1) such that the distance from B(3, -1) and
C(-3, 2) to that line is equal.
2 y + x + 3 = 0 and 10 y + x − 5 = 0

37. Determine the equation of the line parallel to line e : 5 x + 12 y − 11 = 0 and at a distance 1
from A(-2, 1).
5 x + 12 y − 15 = 0
5 x + 12 y + 11 = 0

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Ananlytic Geometry 18
2 Conic sections
2.1 Introduction
Parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas are conic sections. A conic section is a curve which is
obtained by the intersection of a cone with a plane. Circles are also conic sections, since they are
special cases of ellipses. The type of a conic section depends on the angle between the
intersecting plane and the cone.

Figure 1 snijding van een kegel door een vlak

Left: to obtain an ellipse, the angle between the plane and the axis is larger than the angle
between the axis of the cone and a line on the cone.
Middle: to obtain a parabola, the angle between the plane and the axis of the cone is equal to the
angle between the axis and a line on the cone.
Right: to obtain an hyperbola the angle between the plane and the axis of the cone is smaller
than the angle between the plane and a line on the cone.

In the following paragraphs we give the Cartesian equations in standard form of a circle and a
parabola in an orthonormal coordinate system. The equations represent the condition which
points P(x,y) must satisfy to be on the graph of the conic section.

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Ananlytic Geometry 19
2.2 The circle
Although the circle is only a special case of an ellipse, yet we will first pay attention to its
definition and its equation.

Definition:
A circle C is the set of points P(x,y) which are on a constant distance R from a fixed point
M(x0,y0). This fixed distance R is called the radius, the fixed point M(x0,y0) the center of the
circle.
P ∈ C ⇔ d ( P, M ) = R
⇔ ( x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y0 ) 2 = R 2

If the center M is in the origin, the equation of the cirlce is

x2 + y 2 = R2

The general equation of the circle is:

x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + C = 0

Be aware that not all equations of this form represent a circle (see exercise 3).

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Ananlytic Geometry 20
2.3 The parabola
Definition:
A parabola P is the set of points P(x,y) for which the distance to a fixed line d is equal to the
distance to a fixed point F which is not on d. The point F is called the focal point (focus) of the
parabola, the line d the directrix.
Q ∈ P ⇔ d (Q, d ) = d (Q, F )
The equation of the parabola P with focal point F(p,0) and directrix d : x = − p is:

y2 = 4 p x
This is easily found from the definition:

d y

x
T
F

Figure 2 parabool
Q ∈ P ⇔ d (Q, d ) = d (Q, F )
⇔ ( x − p ) 2 + ( y − 0)2 = x + p
⇔ ( x − p )2 + ( y − 0) 2 = ( x + p ) 2
⇔ y2 = 4 p x

So the equation of the parabola is y 2 = 4 p x .

The x-axis is the symmetry axis of the parabola. The point F is the focal point, the line d is the
directrix and the point halfway between the focal point and the directrix is the top of the
parabola.
It is important to see that the above equation is only valid for this specific choice of the
coordinate system and of the position of the focal point and the directrix. If the parameter p is
negative, the focal point is at the left of the top and the directrix at the right side. The parabola
will open to the negative x-axis. The equation is the same.
If we select a horizontal directrix, the parabola will be oriented vertically. Again, depending on
the sign of p, the parabola is open to the positive y-axis if p > 0 and is open to the negative
y-axis if p < 0.

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Ananlytic Geometry 21
So there are four possibilities for a parabola with its top in the origin and one of the coordinate
axes as symmetry axis.

y 2 = 4 p x with p > 0 y 2 = 4 p x with p < 0

x 2 = 4 p y with p > 0 x 2 = 4 p y with p < 0

If the parabola is shifted to an arbitrary position of its top T(x0,y0) one finds two possible
equations:
Horizontal symmetry axis:
( y − y0 ) 2 = 4 p ( x − x0 ) with F ( x0 + p, y0 ) and d : x = x0 − p
Vertical symmetry axis:
( x − x0 ) 2 = 4 p ( y − y0 ) with F ( x0 , y0 + p ) and d : y = y0 − p
The general equation of a parabola with symmetry axis parallel to a coordinate axis is:

Horizontal symmetry axis:

x = Ay 2 + By + C
Vertical symmetry axis:
y = Ax 2 + Bx + C

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Ananlytic Geometry 22
2.4 Exercises
(we work in an orthonormal coordinate system)
1. Determine the equation of the circle with center M(a, b) and radius R.
a. a = 0, b = 0, R = 5 x2 + y2 = 5
b. a = 4, b = 1, R = 2 ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 1)2 = 4

2. Determine the center and radius of the following circles:

a. x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 6 y = 0 M ( 4,3) and R = 5
1 1 1
b. 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 2 x + 3 y + 1 = 0 M  , −  and R =
3 2 6
1 
c. 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 8 x − 15 = 0 M  , 0  and R = 1
4 
2 1
d. 36 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 48 x + 36 y − 227 = 0 M  , −  and R = 7
3 2

3. Examine if following equations represent circles. If so, determine the center and the radius.
a. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 14 y + 59 = 0 no circle
 1  
b. 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 8 x − 64 y − 335 = 0 C   − , 2  ,5 
 4  
 3  
c. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 12 x + 40 y + 109 = 0 C   , −5  , 0 
 2  

4. Find the equation of the circle which passes through (3, 3) and (5, 7) and has its center on the
line a : x − y = 5
x 2 + y 2 − 16 x − 6 y + 48 = 0

5. Find the equation of the circle which has the line segment joining the points A(5,6) and
B(-1,0) as diameter.
x2 + y 2 − 4x − 6 y − 5 = 0

6. Find the equation of the circle through P(-3,4) and concentric with the circle
c : x 2 + y 2 + 3x − 4 y − 1 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 3x − 4 y = 0

7. Find the equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle ABC with A(2, 2), B(6, -2),
C(-3, -5).
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 5 x + 11 y − 28 = 0

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Ananlytic Geometry 23
8. A circle has its center in M(3, 0) and passes through P(1, 1). Determine:
a. the equation of the circle. ( x − 3)2 + y 2 = 5
( x − 3) + y 2 = 10
2
b. the equation of the circle with the same center and double area.

9. Determine the focal point and the directrix of the following parabolas and make a drawing.
a. y 2 − 8 x = 0 (2, 0); x = −2
 3  3
b. y 2 + 6 x = 0  − ,0; x =
 2  2
 1 1
c. 2 x 2 + y = 0  0, −  ; y =
 8 8
 1 1
d. 2 x 2 − y = 0  0,  ; y = −
 8 8

10. Find the equation of the parabola with the x-axis as the symmetry axis and with the top in the
origin and through the point A(-1, 3).
y 2 = −9 x

 1 1
11. Find the equation of the parabola with focal point  0, −  and directrix d : y = .
 2 2
x2 + 2 y = 0

12. Find the equation of the parabola with focal point (7, -2) and directrix d : x = 3 .
y 2 + 4 y − 8 x + 44 = 0

13. Find the equation of the parabola with focal point (7, -2) and as directrix d the bisector of the
second quadrant.
x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy − 28 x + 8 y + 106 = 0

14. Make a drawing of:

2
a. 3 x 2 − 24 x − 2 y + 50 = 0 ( x − 4) ( y − 1)
=
2

3
3
b. 4 y 2 + 40 y − 3 x + 100 = 0 ( y + 5) = x
2

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Ananlytic Geometry 24