Unit 1

Analytic Geometry and the Conic Sections

MATH 26: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY AND CALCULUS I

1st Semester AY 2018-2019

MATHEMATICS DIVISION, INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND PHYSICS
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS
Unit Title
1 Analytic Geometry and the Conic Sections

2 Limits and Continuity

3 The Derivative and Differentiation

4 Applications of the Derivative

5 Antidifferentiation and the Definite Integral

Chapter Title
1.1 Coordinates and Lines

1.2 Analytic Proof

1.3 Conic Sections

1.4 The Parabola

1.5 The Ellipse

1.6 The Hyperbola

1.7 General Second Degree Equations

O
By the end of this chapter,
B the student should be able to:
J 1. Compute distance between two real numbers,
between two points and between a point and a line.
E
2. Find midpoint of line segments joining two points.
C
3. Compute slope of a line joining two points.
T
4. Determine whether lines are parallel or
I perpendicular.
V 5. Determine whether a point lies on a line or not.
E 6. Determine equation of a line given certain details.
S
Absolute value of a real number

The absolute value of a real number a,

denoted by 𝑎 , is defined as

𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≥ 0
𝑎 =
−𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0
Absolute value of a real number

Note that 𝑎 = 𝑎2 .

Interpretation:
On a number line, the absolute value of a
number is the undirected distance of the
number from the origin.
Absolute value of a real number

Theorem 1.1.1 Properties of Absolute Value

Let 𝑎, 𝑏 be real numbers. Then

1. 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
2. = ,𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑏 𝑏
3. −𝑎 = 𝑎
4. 𝑎 ± 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏
5. − 𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑎
Distance between two real numbers

The distance between two real numbers

𝑎 and 𝑏 is given by
𝑎 − 𝑏 or 𝑏 − 𝑎
 Other properties

Let 𝑎 be a real number with 𝑎 > 0. Then,

𝑥 < 𝑎 ⇔ −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
and
𝑥 > 𝑎 ⇔ 𝑥 > 𝑎 or 𝑥 < −𝑎.
Cartesian Coordinate System
Cartesian Coordinate System

If a point 𝑃 = 𝑥, 𝑦
then x and y
are the coordinates of 𝑃.
Cartesian Coordinate System

(-,+) (+,+)

(-,-) (+,-)
 Distance between two points

The distance between two points

𝑃 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑄 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is given by

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
Midpoint of a line segment

M
Slope of a line
 Given: 𝑃 −2, −3 and 𝑄 2,7
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
 Given: 𝑃 −2, −3 and 𝑄 2,7
E
X
A
−2 + 2 −3 + 7
M 2
,
2
P
L
E
S 7 − −3 10 5
= =
2 − −2 4 2
 Parallel lines

Two non-vertical lines are said to be

parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.
 Perpendicular lines

Two non-vertical and non-horizontal lines

are said to be perpendicular if and only if
the product of their slopes is -1.
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
 Collinear points

Two distinct points determine a unique line.

Theorem. Three distinct points 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are collinear

if and only if the slopes of the line segments 𝑃𝑄, 𝑃𝑅 and
𝑄𝑅 are equal.
 E
E
X
X
AA
MM
P
P
L
EL
E
General Equation of a Line

The general equation of a line is given by

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are constants and 𝐴 and 𝐵

are not both zero.
 Determine whether the following points lie on
E the line with equation 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0.
a. 5,3 b. (2,1)
E
X
X Solution:
AA A point lies on the line if and only if its coordinates
satisfy the equation of the line.
MM
P a.Given the coordinates 5,3
P we see that the equation becomes
L 2 5 − 3 − 3 = 4 ≠ 0.
EL
E b. Given the coordinates 2,1
we see that the equation becomes
2 2 − 1 − 3 = 0.
Slope-intercept form equation of a
line

The slope-intercept form equation of a line or

equation of a line in slope-intercept form is given by

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

where 𝑚 is the slope and 𝑏 is the 𝑦-intercept of the line.

E
X
A
M
P
L 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
E
Two-point form equation of a line

Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be known points on a line

then the two-point form equation of a line or equation
of a line in two-point form is given by

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
E Give the general equation of the line passing through
the points −3,1 and (1,5).
X 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Solution: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
A 5−1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−1= 𝑥 − −3
M 1 − −3
𝑦−1=𝑥+3
P −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0
L
E
Intercept form equation of a line

Suppose 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the 𝑥 and 𝑦-intercept, respectively,

of a line such that 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 0.
The intercept form equation of a line or
equation of a line in intercept form is given by
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1.
𝑎 𝑏
E Give the intercept form and the general equation of the
line passing through 2,0 and 0,1 .
X
A Solution:

M 𝑎=2 𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑏=1 𝑎 𝑏
P 𝑥
2
𝑦
+ =1
1
L 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
E 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 = 0
Point-slope form equation of a line

Let 𝑚 be the slope of a line that passes through the point

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), then the point-slope form equation of a line or
equationof a line in point-slope form is given by

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).
S
U
M
M
A
R
Y
S Forms of Equations of Lines

U 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ∈ ℝ and
𝐴 and 𝐵 are not both zero.
M
M
A
R
Y
Distance between a point and a line

The distance 𝑑 from a point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to a line 𝐿 with equation

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 is given by

𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
𝑑=
𝐴2 +𝐵2
E Determine the distance between the point 2,3
and the line given by 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4 = 0.
X
Solution:
A
M From the formula, we have

P 𝑑=
1 2 −3 3 +4
.
12 +
−3 2

L Then, 𝑑=
3
10
.
E Thus, 𝑑=
3 10
10
.