CENG 311

Computer Architecture

Lecture 1

Introduction to Computer
Architecture
Asst. Prof. Tolga Ayav, Ph.D.

Department of Computer Engineering

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 Computer Design
Computer Hardware Design
Instruction Set Design
° Machine Language ° Machine Implementation\
° Compiler View
° Logic Designer's View
° "Computer Architecture"
° "Instruction Set Processor" ° "Processor Architecture"

° "Computer Organization"
"Building Architect"

“Construction Engineer”
Few people design computers! Very few design instruction sets!
Many people design computer components.
Very many people are concerned with computer function, in detail.

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 The Big Picture
z What is inside a computer?
z How does it execute my program?

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 The Big Picture
• The Five Classic
Components of a
Computer

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 System Organization
Processor interrupts

Cache

Memory Bus I/O Bridge

Core Chip Set

I/O Bus
Main
Memory
Disk Graphics Network
Controller Controller Interface

Disk Disk Graphics Network

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 What is Computer
Architecture?
• Coordination of levels of abstraction

Application
Operating
Software
System
Interface Between
Compiler Firmware HW and SW
Instruction
CPU Memory I/O system Set
Digital Design Architecture,
Memory, I/O
Circuit Design
Hardware

• Under a set of rapidly changing Forces

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 Levels of Representation
temp = v[k];
High Level Language
Program v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
Compiler
lw $15, 0($2)
Assembly Language
Program lw $16, 4($2)
sw $16, 0($2)
Assembler
sw $15, 4($2)
Machine Language 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
Program 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Rd Rt

Machine Interpretation RegDst Mux

Rs
Don’t Care
(Rt) ALUctr
RegWr 5 5 5 MemtoReg
busA
Control Signal busW
Rw Ra Rb
32 32-bit
32

ALU
32 Registers
Specification 32

Mux
Clk busB
MemWr 32
32

Mux
WrEn Adr

Extender
Data In
imm16 32 32
Data
16 Memory
Clk
ALUSrc

ExtOp

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 Compiler-
Assembler

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 Translation hierarchy for C

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 Basic Elements

Functional Levels:
•◙ Application Layer
•◙ System Software

•◙ Hardware Layer

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 MIPS Assembly

z move $t0, $t1

z add $t0, $zero, $t1
z sll $t1, $a1, 2 (reg $t1=k*4)
z lw $t0=4($t1) (reg $t0=v[k+1])
z ...

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 EPROM as a Programmable Logic
Device
• ROMs are required for applications in
which large amount of information needs
to be stored in a nonvolatile manner.
(Storage for microprocessor programs,
fixed table of data, etc.) Another
common application of the ROM is for the
systematic realization of complex
combinational circuits.

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 FPGA Design

A field-programmable gate array is a semiconductor

device containing programmable logic components
called "logic blocks", and programmable
interconnects. Logic blocks can be programmed to
perform the function of basic logic gates such as
AND, and XOR, or more complex combinational
functions such as decoders or simple mathematical
functions. In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also
include memory elements, which may be simple flip-
flops or more complete blocks of memory.

A classic FPGA logic block

consists of a 4-input lookup
table (LUT), and a flip-flop:

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 Soft Processors

A soft microprocessor (also called softcore microprocessor or a soft processor) is a

microprocessor core that can be wholly implemented using logic synthesis. It can be
implemented via different semiconductor devices containing programmable logic
(e.g., FPGA, CPLD).
Notable soft microprocessors include:
MicroBlaze
Nios II

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 μPabs

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 Implementation in VHDL

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 Running the CPU

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 Pipelining

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