Introduction To Computer Architecture

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Course Overview

Computer Design

Instruction Set Deign Computer Hardware Design

° Machine Language
° Machine Implementation
° Compiler View
° "Computer Architecture" ° Logic Designer's View
° "Instruction Set Processor"
° "Processor Architecture"

"Building Architect" ° "Computer Organization”

“Construction Engineer”

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Instruction Set Architecture
. . . the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the
programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional
behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data
flows and controls the logic design, and the physical
implementation.

Amdahl, and Brooks, 1964

SOFTWARE
-- Organization of Programmable
Storage

-- Data Types & Data Structures:

Encodings & Representations

-- Instruction Formats

-- Instruction (or Operation Code) Set

-- Modes of Addressing and Accessing Data Items and Instructions

-- Exceptional Conditions

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Organization
ISA Level

FUs & Interconnect

Logic Designer's View
-- Capabilities & Performance Characteristics of Principal
Functional Units
(e.g., Registers, ALUs, Shifters, Logic Units, etc.
-- Ways in which these components are interconnected
-- nature of information flows between components
-- logic and means by which
such information flow is controlled.

Choreography of FUs to realize the ISA

Register Transfer Level Description

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 What is "Computer Architecture” ?
A system concept integrating software, hardware, and firmware
to specify the design of computing systems
° Co-ordination of levels of abstraction

Application

Operating
Compiler System
Instruction Set
Architecture
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Digital Design
Circuit Design

° Under a set of rapidly changing Forces

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Forces on Computer Architecture

Programming
Technology Languages

Applications
Computer
Architecture

Operating
Systems
History

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Levels of Representation
temp = v[k];
High Level Language v[k] = v[k+1];
Program
v[k+1] = temp;
Compiler
lw $15, 0($2)
Assembly Language
Program lw $16, 4($2)
sw $16, 0($2)
Assembler sw $15, 4($2)

Machine Language 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
Program 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Machine Interpretation

Control Signal Spec

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture

° Instruction Categories
• Load/Store
• Computational R0 - R31
• Jump and Branch
• Floating Point
- coprocessor
• Memory Management PC
• Special HI
LO

Instruction Format
OP rs rt rd sa funct

OP rs rt immediate
OP target

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Computer Design

Instruction Set Deign Computer Hardware Design

° Machine Language ° Machine Implementation\
° Compiler View ° Logic Designer's View
° "Computer Architecture" ° "Processor Architecture"
° "Instruction Set Processor" ° "Computer Organization"

"Building Architect" “Construction Engineer”

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Example Architecture:
The SPARCstation 20
SPARCstation 20

Memory Memory SIMMs

Controller Memory Bus

MBus Disk

MBu Slot 1
s SBus Slot 1 SBus Slot 3 Tape
MBu Slot 0
s SBus Slot 0 SBus Slot 2

SBus SCSI
MSBI Bus
SEC MACIO

Keyboard Floppy External Bus

& Mouse Disk

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Levels of Organization

SPARCstation 20

Computer
SPARC Memory Devices
Processor

Control Input

Datapath Output

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 The Underlying Network
SPARCstation 20

Memory Memory Bus

Controller

Standard I/O Bus:

Processor Bus: SCSI Bus
MBus
Sun’s High Speed I/O Bus:
SBus
MSBI SEC MACIO

Low Speed I/O Bus:

External Bus

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Processor and Caches
SPARCstation 20

MBus
Module
SuperSPARC Processor
MBus

MBu Slot 1 Registers Datapath

s
MBu Slot 0
s
Internal
Control
Cache

External Cache

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Memory
SPARCstation 20

SIMM Slot 0

SIMM Slot 1

SIMM Slot 2

SIMM Slot 3

SIMM Slot 4

SIMM Slot 5

SIMM Slot 6

SIMM Slot 7
Memory Memory Bus
Controller

DRAM SIMM
DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM
DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Input and Output (I/O) Devices
SPARCstation 20
° SCSI Bus: Standard I/O Devices

° SBus: High Speed I/O Devices

° External Bus: Low Speed I/O Device

Disk

SBus Slot 1 SBus Slot 3 Tape

SBus Slot 0 SBus Slot 2

SBus SCSI
Bus
SEC MACIO

Keyboard Floppy External Bus

& Mouse Disk

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Standard I/O Devices
SPARCstation 20

° SCSI = Small Computer Systems Interface

° A standard interface (IBM, Apple, HP, Sun ... etc.)

Disk
° Computers and I/O devices communicate with each other

° The hard disk is one I/O device resides on the SCSI Bus Tape

SCSI
Bus

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 High Speed I/O Devices
SPARCstation 20

° SBus is SUN’s own high speed I/O bus

° SS20 has four SBus slots where we can plug in I/O devices

° Example: graphics accelerator, video adaptor, ... etc.

° High speed and low speed are relative terms

SBus Slot 1 SBus Slot 3

SBus Slot 0 SBus Slot 2

SBus

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Slow Speed I/O Devices
SPARCstation 20

° The are only four SBus slots in SS20--”seats” are expensive

° The speed of some I/O devices is limited by human reaction

time--very very slow by computer standard

° Examples: Keyboard and mouse

° No reason to use up one of the expensive SBus slot

Keyboard Floppy External Bus

& Mouse Disk

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture

 Summary

° All computers consist of five components

• Processor: (1) datapath and (2) control
• (3) Memory
• (4) Input devices and (5) Output devices

° Not all “memory” are created equally

• Cache: fast (expensive) memory are placed closer to the processor
• Main memory: less expensive memory--we can have more

° Input and output (I/O) devices has the messiest organization

• Wide range of speed: graphics vs. keyboard
• Wide range of requirements: speed, standard, cost ... etc.
• Least amount of research (so far)

CpE442 Intro. To Computer Architecture