STUNTED GROWTH

Is a reduced growth rate in human development. It is a primary manifestation

of malnutrition (or more precisely undernutrition) and recurrent infections, such
as diarrhea and helminthiasis, in early childhood and even before birth, due to malnutrition
during fetal development brought on by a malnourished mother. The definition of stunting
according to the World Health Organization (WHO) is for the "height for age" value to be less
than two standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards median.

Stunting is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor
nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Children are
defined as stunted if their height-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the
WHO Child Growth Standards median.

Stunting in early life -- particularly in the first 1000 days from conception until the age of
two - impaired growth has adverse functional consequences on the child. Some of those
consequences include poor cognition and educational performance, low adult wages, lost
productivity and, when accompanied by excessive weight gain later in childhood, an
increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases in adult life.

Linear growth in early childhood is a strong marker of healthy growth given its association
with morbidity and mortality risk, non-communicable diseases in later life, and learning
capacity and productivity. It is also closely linked with child development in several
domains including cognitive, language and sensory-motor capacities.
UNDERWEIGTH
Is a type of person whose body weight is considered too low to be healthy. Underweight
people have a body mass index (BMI) of under 18.5 or a weight 15% to 20% below that normal
for their age and heightgroup.

Causes
A person may be underweight due to genetics, metabolism, drug use, lack of food (frequently
due to poverty), eating disorder, or illness (both physical and mental).
Being underweight is associated with certain medical conditions, including anorexia, type 1
diabetes, hyperthyroidism, cancer,
or tuberculosis. People with gastrointestinal or liver problems may be unable to absorb
nutrients adequately. People with certain eating disorders can also be underweight due to
lack of nutrients/over exercise.
Underweight might be secondary to or symptomatic of an underlying disease. Unexplained
weight loss may require professional medical diagnosis.

Treatment
Underweight individuals may be advised to gain weight by increasing calorie intake. This can
be done by eating a sufficient volume of sufficiently calorie-dense foods. Body weight may also
be increased through the consumption of liquid nutritional supplements. Other nutritional
supplements may be recommended for individuals with insufficient vitamin or mineral intake.
OBESITY
Is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have
a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass
index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the
person's height, is over 30 kg/m2; the range 25–30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight.

Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases
and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea,
certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis, and depression.

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical
activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine
disorders, medications, or mental disorder. The view that obese people eat little yet gain
weight due to a slow metabolism is not medically supported. On average, obese people have
a greater energy expenditure than their normal counterparts due to the energy required to
maintain an increased body mass.

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults
and children. In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children were obese in 195
countries. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as one of the most
serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatizedin much of the modern
world (particularly in the Western world), though it was seen as a symbol of wealth
and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world. In 2013,
the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease.
OVERWEIGHT
Being overweight or fat is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is
especially common where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. As of 2003,
excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being
either overweight or obese.

As of 2003, excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion
adults being either overweight or obese.[1] In 2013 this increased to more than 2
billion.[2] Increases have been observed across all age groups.
A healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of
the hormonal, reproductive, and immunesystems, as thermal insulation, as shock
absorption for sensitive areas, and as energy for future use. But the accumulation of too much
storage fat can impair movement, flexibility, and alter the appearance of the body.

Causes
Being overweight is generally caused by the intake of more calories (by eating) than are
expended by the body (by exercise and everyday activity). Factors that may contribute to this
imbalance include:

 Alcoholism
 Eating disorders (such as binge eating)
 Genetic predisposition
 Hormonal imbalances (e.g. hypothyroidism)
 Insufficient or poor-quality sleep
 Limited physical exercise and a sedentary lifestyle
 Poor nutrition
 Metabolic disorders, which could be caused by repeated attempts to lose weight by weight
cycling
 Overeating
 Psychotropic medication (e.g. olanzapine)
 Smoking cessation and other stimulant withdrawal
 Stress