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Masonry Structures
With Romanesque
architecture (10th to 12th
century), large internal spaces
were spanned with barrel vaults
supported on thick, squat
columns and piers.
Gothic architecture (12th to
16th century) used a pointed
arch which minimized outward
thrust and resulted in lighter
Santa Maria degli Angeli and thinner walls.
Firenza, Italy Renaissance architecture was
constructed 1420-61 AD influenced by the round arch,
39 m. in diameter, 91 m. high the barrel vault, and the dome.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 10
Masonry at the Turn of the Century
masonry
tj unit
xb
zb stresses shown for
tb y mortar > unit
xm
y
zm
mortar
P xm
zm y
xb f’udt
tension f’udt
f’udt
f’jt
4.1
1.0 y
f' jt multiaxial
compressive
xm strength
xm xm
compression
y
1000 psi
triaxial test
y
30 psi xm zm
xm xm
zm zm
y
y
v
1000 psi
l
x 30 psi
z
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 22
Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing
Linear Mortar
y
mortar
unit
stress path stress path
f’ut
mortar
failure
envelope
unit
failure mortar crushes
envelope f’jt
failure
xb
tension compression
xm
f’udt
xb
tension compression
xm
f’udt
From Atkinson and Noland “A Proposed Failure Theory for Brick Masonry in Compression,”
Proceedings, Third Canadian Masonry Symposium, Edmonton, 1983, pp. 5-1 to 5-17.
y
M
S • weaker mortars result in weaker prism
strength because ratio of vmortar/vunit is larger
N
• weaker mortars result in greater extents of
nonlinear prism behavior
O
y
y
M
S
• may not adhere to units as well.
• a larger scatter of experimental data with the
stronger mortars.
N • create a stiffer prism which is more sensitive to
alignment problems during testing and more
brittle.
O
• more variable masonry compressive strength.
y
Note that testing is not required if half of allowable stresses are used for design.
Table 21-17A
prism h/tp 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0
correction
0.75 0.86 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.15 1.22
factor
Use lesser of average strength or 1.25 times least strength.
MSJC values of compressive strength from Table 1 and Table 2 are intended to be
used in lieu of prism tests to estimate needed mortar types and unit strengths for a
required compressive strength.
M / S, UBC
5
Pr is m St re ngth, f'm ksi
N, UBC
4
M /S , M SJ C
3 N , M SJ C
0
0 5 10 15 20
Un it Stre ngth, ks i
M/S , UB C
3
M/S , M SJC
N, UB C
P rism Streng th, f'm ksi
2 .5
N , M SJC
1 .5
0 .5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Note: MSJC and UBC values are almost identical for concrete masonry.
Default prism strengths are lower bounds to expected values.
b deformation of unit b t b E t by
b
[2]
deformation of masonry E ( t j t b )
y
m
[3]
j b E t j Ey t b
y
tj j b [4]
tb tj
t thickness ratio t [5]
b
E
m modulus ratio E j [6]
b
t j tb ( 1 t )tb [7]
y y y
tj from 4, 8 and 9 : ( 1 t )t b t tb tb [10]
Em m Eb Eb
tb
(1 t ) 1 t
( 1) [11]
Em Eb m
(1 t )
m b
t [12]
(1 )
m
Em (1 t )
Em Emasonry
Eb (1 t )
Eb Eunit m
1.2
1.0
t= 0.152
0.8
0.6
t= 0.0498
clay-unit masonry
0.2
E mortar
0.0 m
E unit
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
M = wh F S F t
2
8 b
6
b
wind
= 15 psf
h h
25.3
t
Associated BIA Technical Note: 24 series The Contemporary Bearing Wall Building
bt 3
I A bt
12
I bt 3 t2
r 0.289t
A 12bt 12
t
2 bt 3
π Εm( ) 0 .82 Ε
σcr 12 m
2 kl 2
y (kl) bt ( )
t
if Em 750 f 'm and h' kl, then cr 615 f'2m
f’m ( h' )
t
24.8
Euler curve
cutoff at f 'm cr 615f'2m , or h' /t 24 .8
cr
615f'm ( h' )
t
( h' )
2
t
0.25 f’m MSJC/UBC
h’/t
25 50 75 100
Fa
f 'm MSJC Section 2.2.3 and UBC Section 2107.3.2:
0.3
for h’/r < = 99: Fa = 0.25 f’m [1 - (h’/140r)2]
MSJC Eq. 2-12 and UBC Eq. 7-39
for h’/r > 99 : Fa = 0.25 f’m [(70r/h’)2]
0.2
MSJC Eq. 2-13 and UBC Eq. 7-40
0.1
h'
0
0 50 100 150 200 r
h h’=kh
t1 t2 t1 t2
Effective area is minimum area of mortar bed joints plus any grouted area.
face shell
raked joint
Pa
Case “A”: Prisms have been tested.
8”CMU 4” brick f’m = 2500 psi for block wall
f’m = 5000 psi for brick wall
face-shell
bedding metal ties
Case “B”: No prisms have been tested.
20’-0”
P Mc M
fa fb
A I S
h
-fa + fb
fa + fb
t
where Fa= allowable axial compressive stress (UBC 2107.3.2 or MSJC Sec. 2.2.3)
Fb= allowable flexural compressive stress = 0.33 f´m (UBC 2107.3.3 or MSJC Sec 2.2.3)
References
Associated NCMA TEK Note
31 Eccentric Loading of Nonreinforced Concrete Masonry (1971)
Associated BIA Technical Note
24B Design Examples of Contemporary Bearing Walls
24E Design Tables for Columns and Walls
tension parallel
to bed joints
solid units 80 60 48 30
hollow units 50 38 30 19
fully grouted units 80* 60* 48* 29*
e = 3.0”
f’m = 2000 psi (from tests)
Pa Type S mortar
face-shell
20’-0”
bedding
8”CMU
ungrouted Per NCMA Tek 141A:
(per running foot)
Anet = 30.0 in2
7.63” Ix= 309 in4
Sx = 81.0 in3
concrete footing r= 2.84”
Tension controlling:
- fa fb Ft 25 psi
Pa Pae
- Ft h
Anet Snet
Pa Pa( 3 .0")
- 25 psi Pa 6750 lbs.
30.0 81.0
Pa (lbs)
Code
Tension Compression Buckling
UBC 6750 6233 -----
MSJC 6750 6233 1417
e - f a + f b = Ft
P
P Mc
- Ft
A I
P Pe(t/2)
- 3 Ft b Ft b 2 t
bt bt /12
t 3 3P
fa t Ft t 2 b
e t Ft t 2 b
+ 6 6P kern t
3 3P
fb
= b
-fa + fb = Ft
fa + fb If load is within kern,
then tensile stress < Ft.
P
P M [1]
fm
A S
t P 6 Pe
fm 2 [2]
bt bt
e
P 6e
fm (1 ) [3]
bt t
fm
f m Fa orFb
Fb 0.33 f 'm
P
2P
fm compressive edge stress Fa or Fb [1]
b
t t
e 3( e) [2]
t 3 2 2
t/ 2P 2P 1
fm
2 b 3 b( t e ) t 2 [3]
3 e 2 t2
4P
fm fm =
e
Fa or Fb
3bt(1 - 2 ) [4]
t
Partially cracked wall is not prismatic along its height. Stability of the
P wall must be checked based on Euler criteria modified to account for
zones of cracked masonry. Analytical derivation for this case is provided
in Chapter E of Structural Masonry by S. Sahlin.
Part (b) e = 2.5 in. > t/6 = 1.27 in. outside of kern!
t = 7.63” 4P
fm =
e
two-wythe brick wall 3bt 1 - 2
t
4 (10,000 lbs)
fm = = 422 psi
2.5 in.
3( 12 in.)(7.63 in.) 1 - 2
7.63 in.
Shear strength
Shear modulus
Reinforcement
PCE
0.75 0.75 v te
An
v me
1 .5
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 70
Condition Assessment
Knowledge factor
= 0.75 when visual exam is done
Visual examination
measure dimensions
identify construction type
identify materials
identify connection types
Knowledge factor
= 1.00 with comprehensive knowledge level
Nondestructive tests
ultrasonic
mechanical pulse velocity
impact echo or radiography
shrink expand
Ref: BIA Tech. Note 18 Movement - Volume Changes and Effect of Movement, Part I
0.03 or less 45 40 35
0.03 to 0.045 40 35 30
0.045 to 0.065 35 30 25
Cut spacing in half for Type II and reduce by one-third for solidly grouted walls.
expansion joint
flashing with
weep holes
rc
steel shelf beam
angle
1/4” to 3/8”
min. clearance
concrete block
compressible
filler
joint reinforcement
clay-brick or wire tie
veneer
sun
Brick
Veneer
Concrete
Foundation
roof