Artimate Archies - Final Copy 293 Pages

INDEX
1. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1-82
2. TERMINOLOGY OF
83-124
ARCHITECTURE
3. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 125-127
4. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 128-132
5. COLOUR THEORY 133-135
6. MATERIALS 136-143
7. CONSTRUCTIONS 144-154
8. ARCHITECTS AND THEIR 155-172
WORKS
9. FAMOUS BUILDINGS 173-177
10. APTITUDE BITS 178-194
11. DRAWINGS 195-253
12. SUN ORIENTATION 254-260
13. EXERCISES
14. PREVIOUS YEARS PAPERS
ARTMATE ARCHIES
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Evolved from Romanesque architecture and succeeded by renaissance architecture
Gothic architecture was powerfully expressed in churches, cathedrals and number of
civic buildings
The ‘Goths’ were a so-called barbaric tribe who held power in various regions of Europe.
They were not renowned for great achievements in architecture- “Gothic” came to be
applied to a certain architectural style – tall, bold, graceful structures.
Built during 1120-1500 AD.
Seen in Europe -France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain mainly.
Gigantic buildings – massive height - high level of engineering.
Mainly Churches and Cathedrals exhibit this style.
Solution- The rib vault, flying buttress, and pointed – allowed construction of very tall
structure with maximum natural light.
Interiors –
Tall, thin walls – contributed to appearance of verticality.
Multi-colored light flooding through huge expanses of stained glass window panels.
Exterior-
lines of vertical piers connected to the upper walls by flying buttresses, and large rose
windows.
Decorative stonework known as tracery was added, along with a rich assortment of other
decorative features, including lofty porticos, pinnacles and spires
ROMANESQUE VS GOTHIC
Romanesque –
Heavy masonry ceiling vaults over wide spans.
Problem in Romanesque architecture – the stonework of the traditional arched roof exerted
a tremendous downward and outward pressure against the walls upon which it rested,
which often caused a collapse.
Built extremely thick and heavy vertical supporting walls in order to counteract and absorb
the vault's downward and outward pressure.
Gothic-
Structural characteristics of Gothic architectural design - to solve the problems of
Romanesque Architecture.
ARTMATE ARCHIES Page 1

ELEMENTS
1. Pointed Arch
Derived from Islamic Architecture (prevalent in Spain)
Had a Sturdy design
The weight above the pointed arch - directed downward to the
supporting pillars
2. Ribbed Vault
• Barrel vaults with stone ribs supported ceiling of thin
stone panels.
Reduced the weight (and thus the outward thrust) of the
ceiling vault significantly.
The vault's weight - transmitted along a stone rib and
from the rib to other supports - piers or flying
buttresses - eliminated the need for solid, thick walls.
Round arches of the barrel vault – replaced with pointed
arches which distributed the
vault's weight in a more vertical direction.
3. Flying Buttress
Defining external characteristic of gothic architecture.
Act to spread the weight of the tall walls.
Support the structure by transferring force directly to the ground.
Elaborately designed- flying buttresses appeared to sweep around each building, giving a
sense of movement and of flight.
Decorative – with intricate carvings, giving a sense of grandeur
and importance.
Other features
Gargoyle
Decorative, monstrous like creatures, perched at along the
roofs and battlements(?) of gothic buildings.
They’re spouts, enabling rainwater to drain off the roof and
gush through their mouths, before plummeting to the ground.
Many gargoyles include elements of the grotesque: exaggerated, evil features or
threatening poses.
Rose Windows
great circular windows - west facades
The radiating elements consisted of an intricate network of wavy, double-curved bars,
creating new geometric forms and flame shapes, \
Notre Dame de Paris
Construction period – 1163-1250AD
The interior of the cathedral is 130 x 48 main plan, and the roof is 35 metres high.
Plan
Roman cross plan: East – west axis.
The cross is “embedded” in the building, , and is not noticeable from the outside – transept
did not project beyond aisle wall.
Double ambulatory - circulates in the choir in the east.
Notre-Dame Cathedral consists of a choir and apse, a
short transept, and a nave flanked by double aisles and
square chapels.
Western façade-
Two massive early Gothic towers
Three stories (levels)
Doors adorned with fine early Gothic carvings and
surmounted by a row of figures of
Old Testament kings.
The two towers are (68 metres) high; the spires with which they were to be crowned were
never added.
East end –
o the apse has large clerestory windows
o supported by single-arch flying buttresses
• Only three great rose windows of the cathedral retain their 13th-century glass
• Interior elevation
o 4 levels
▪ Arcade of columnar piers
▪ Tribune with barrel vault lit by round windows
▪ Decorative oculi opening into the tribune roof spaces
▪ Small clerestory windows.
• Interior elevation

o 4 levels
▪ Arcade of columnar piers
▪ Tribune with barrel vault lit by round windows
▪ Decorative oculi opening into the tribune roofspaces
▪ Small clerestory windows.
Vault :
• Vault is over 30 m high.
• Sexpartite Vault– rib vault divided into 6 bays by 2 diagonal ribs and
3 transverse ribs.
• Vault covers double bays
• The wall which supports it is very thin and supported by very slender shafts.
Flying Buttress
Double- span flying buttresses support the nave.
The buttresses holds the wall at two levels:
the upper arm stabilizes the inner wall of the ambulatory, offsetting the
thrust of the vaults.
The lower arm under the exterior walls.
Flying Buttress
Double- span flying buttresses support the nave.
The buttresses holds the wall at two levels:
• the upper arm stabilizes the inner wall of the ambulatory, offsetting the thrust of
the vaults.
• The lower arm under the exterior walls
PRE HISTORIC ARCHITETURE

•
The origins of architecture, although lost in the mists of
antiquity,
must have been connected intimately with the endeavours of man
to provide for his physical wants.
It has been truly said that protection from the inclemency of
the seasons was the mother of architecture.

According to Vitruvius, man in his primitive savage state began to
imitate the nests of birds and the lairs of beasts, commencing with
arbours of twigs covered with mud, then huts formed of branches
of trees and covered with turf.
There are three types of primitive dwellings:

The caves or rocks or those occupied in hunting or fishing,
The hut for the agriculturist, and
The tent for those such as shepherds leading a pastoral or nomadic life
The remains may be classified under :
1. Monoliths
2. Dolmen
3. Cromlech
4. Tumuli
5. Lake dwellings
. 1. Monoliths
These are single upright stones, also known as menhirs.

A well-known example 63 feet high,14 feet in diameter, and
weighing 260 tons, being at Carnac, Brittany.
Another example is at Locmariaker, also in Brittany.
2. Dolmens
The word comes from ‘Daul’meaning a table, and ‘maen’
Which means a stone? It consists of one large flat stone
supported by upright stones.
Examples are to be found near Maidstone and other places in
England, also in Ireland, Northern France, the
Channel Islands, Italy and India.
Dolmen in Ireland
3. Cromlechs
Circles of stone.

It consists of a series of upright stones arranged in a circle and
supporting horizontal slabs. The Stonehenge is an example of a
Cromlech.
4. Tumuli
Also called burial mounds.
They were probably prototypes of the Pyramids of Egypt and
the beehive huts found in Wales, Cornwall, Ireland and
elsewhere.
5. Lake Dwellings
Discovered in the lakes of Switzerland, Italy and Ireland It consisted of wooden huts
supported on piles,
and were so placed for protection against hostile attacks of all kinds.
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Located in the plains of Nile river in Africa.
Tombs: Were the eternal homes to Egyptians.
There were 3 types:
• Mastaba: During Ancient Empire
• Pyramid : During Middle Empire
• Rock-cut caves : During New Empire
• They were divided into three parts :
• The outer chamber, in which were placed the offerings to the " Ka “ or
“ double,"having its walls decorated with representations of festal and
other scenes, which are valuable from an historical standpoint.
• Inner secret chambers, known as the “ serdabs," containing statues of the
deceased, and members of his family.
• A well of great depth, leading to the chamber containing the sarcophagus with
its mummy

Pyramid
These were built by the kings as their future tombs, the governing idea being
to secure immortality by the preservation of the mummy, till that time should have
passed, when, according to their belief, the soul would once more return to the body.
The Great Pyramid, by Cheops (Khufu) (B.C. 3733-B.c. 3700); the Second Pyramid
by Cephron (Khafra) (B.C. 3666-6. c. 3633); the Third Pyramid by Mycerinos
(Menkhara) (B.C. 3633-6. c. 3600), are the best known examples.
TYPES OF PYRAMID:
• Stepped Pyramids:
• A step pyramid or stepped pyramid is an architectural structure that
uses flat platforms, or steps, receding from the ground up, to achieve a
completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid.
• The earliest Egyptian pyramids were step pyramids. During the Third
Dynasty of Egypt, the architect Imhotep designed Egypt's first step pyramid
as a tomb for the pharaoh, Djoser.
• Pyramid of Djoser:
• it is the first known Pyramid in Egypt
• This first Egyptian pyramid consisted of six mastabas (of decreasing size)
built atop one another in what were clearly revisions and developments of the
original plan.
Bent Pyramid:
• Archaeologists believe that the Bent Pyramid represents a transitional form

between step-sided and smooth-sided pyramids.
It has been suggested that due to the steepness of the original angle of
inclination the structure may have begun to show signs of instability
during construction, forcing the builders to adopt a shallower angle to
avert the structure's collapse.
The Bent Pyramid has two entrances, one fairly low down on the north side,
to which a substantial wooden stairway has been built for the convenience
of tourists.

Pyramid of Cheops
• The Great Pyramid of Cheops is square on plan, 760 feet (231 m) each way,
its area being about 13 acres.
• The faces of the pyramid are equilateral triangles laid sloping and meeting in
a point.
• The original height was 482 feet (146m).
• There were two other chambers in the Great Pyramid, one known as the
Queen's Chamber, connected with a passage leading off that to the King's
Chamber, and the other below the ground.
Pylons
• The pylon was the large gate at the front of the temple.
• The walls of the pylon were decorated with carved and painted scenes of the
pharaoh, gods and goddesses.
• In front of the pylon were obelisks and large statues of the pharaoh.
Valley of Kings
• It is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the
16th to 11th century BC, rock cut tombs were excavated for the Pharaohs
and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
• The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile
• The valley is known to contain 63 tombs and chambers ,ranging in size
from KV54, a simple pit, to KV5, a complex tomb with over 120 chambers.
Temples
There are two types:

• Mortuary temple: for ministration of Pharoahs and the others
• Cult temple : for worship of Gods
• Based on rectangular plan.
• They were sanctuaries where only the king and priests penetrated

Temple of Khons
GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON,

KANARK
• THE TEMPLE OF ABU-SIMBEL THE SMALL TEMPLE
It is a cult temple dedicated to Khons- the Moon God.

The entrance to the temple was between "pylons," or massive sloping
towers, on each side of the central gateway
In front of the entrance were placed obelisks, and in front of these an
avenue of sphinxes, forming a splendid approach to the temple.
The whole collection of buildings forming the temple was surrounded by
a great wall as high as the buildings themselves.
Other temples are:

Aswan Dam:
Modern Egypt built the Aswan Dam in an attempt to try to contain
and minimize the impacts of the annual rising and falling of the
water levels of the Nile that for centuries has caused fluctuations
in the productivity of agriculture on the flood lands along the river.
Due to the construction of the dam, many archaeological sites we
threaten by the flooding
that would result from the construction of the dam.
Obelisks:
Obelisks are monumental pillars, originally employed in pairs before
the principal entrances of temples.

They are monoliths, i.e., single upright stones, square on plan with
slightly rounded faces, and tapering sides, with a pyramidal summit.
The height is usually about nine to ten times as great as the diameter,
and the four faces were cut with hieroglyphics.
Dwellings:
Houses are shown on paintings and sculptures which have come down to us,
from which they appear to have had one, two, or three stories.
The Sphinx:
The date of construction is unknown. It is situated near the great
pyramids, in the centre of an ancient stone quarry,and is a natural rock
cut to resemble a Sphinx, with rough masonry added in parts.
An Egyptian Sphinx had the head of a king, a hawk, a ram, or more
rarely a woman, on the body of a lion.
Different types of Columns:

Hathor-headed Column
Capitals formed of heads of the goddess supporting the model of a temple front
Columns with Lotus Capitals
Columns with Palm Capitals
Palmette Capital
Papyrus column: bundled shaft, closed bud capital Columns

BYZANTINE
Byzantine architecture is a style of building that began in Constantinople; spread

throughout the fourth, fifth and sixth century and flourished under the rule of Roman
Emperor Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565.
Byzantium - renamed Constantinople, also called (New Rome)
It was also alternately known as the Eastern Roman Empire.
Hagia Irene in Istanbul, Turkey is the site of the first Christian church ordered built by
Constantine in the 4th Century.
Two major types of churches, however, can be distinguished:
The basilica or axial type, with a nave flanked by colonnades terminating in a
semicircular apse and covered by a timber roof; and the stone-vaulted centralized church,
with its separate components gathered under a central dome.
The second type the stone-vaulted circular or centralized church was dominant
throughout the Byzantine period.
Characterized especially by massive domes with square bases and rounded arches and
spires and much use of glass mosaics.
Plan
Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan.
•
Their combination of the basilica and symmetrical central-plan (circular or
polygonal) religious structures resulted in the characteristic Byzantine Greek-cross-
plan church, with a square central mass and four arms of equal length.
•
Early Byzantine churches - dominant center dome of great height, rising from a square
base on half-dome pillars or pendentives.
On each side extend short arms, forming a Greek cross, which with the narthex and side
galleries make the plan nearly square
The narthex was placed within the main walls.
Characteristics
Dome
The grouping of small domes or semi-domes around the large central dome.
Byzantine domes and vaults were, it is believed, constructed without temporary support
or "centering " by the simple use of large flat bricks
Domes and apses by coloured mosaics, which were of glass rendered opaque by oxide of
tin.

This use of rich marbles and mosaics resulted in the rounding
of angles and in an absence of mouldings and cornices,
The mosaic designs and pictures might continue uninterrupted
over wall surfaces, piers, arches, domes, and apses
Walls:
These were often constructed of brick.
Internally, marble casing and mosaic being applied to the walls;
Externally the buildings were left comparatively plain, although the facade was
sometimes relieved by alternate rows of stone and brick, in various colors.
Openings:
Doors and windows are semicircular headed, but segmental and horse-shoe arched
openings are sometimes seen.
The windows are small and grouped together.

Interior Ornamentation
the vaults and upper part of walls with glass mosaic having symbolic figures,
groups of saints and representations of the peacock (the emblem of immortal life),
Mosaic thus was used in a broad way as a complete lining to a rough structure, and
architectural lines were replaced by decorative bands in the mosaic.
Building Materials:
The Byzantines employed bricks for many buildings, and it became the basic element of
construction.
o A little bigger than Roman bricks- square and measured up to 38 cm (15 inches) along
each side with a height of up to 6.5 cm (2.5 inches).
The system of construction in concrete and brickwork introduced by the Romans was
adopted by the Byzantines.
Byzantine version did not use a concrete
Byzantine builders used a much thicker layer of mortar between bricks, probably as a
cost-saving exercise as fewer bricks were then needed.
Bricks were also used for domes, arches and vaults, often then employing bricks of
double the standard size.
An alternative to brick was ashlar stone blocks, which were more popular in the eastern
half of the Byzantine Empire.
To allow a dome to rest above a square base, either of two devices was used:

The squinch - an arch in each of the corners of a square base that transforms it into an
octagon
The pendentive- A curved triangular segmental surface or construction for joining the
round base of a masonry dome or opening to a square structure beneath.
EXAMPLES:
Hagia Sophia –
Church of the Holy Wisdom. Hagia Sophia was completed in a short
period of five years, under the Direction of two architects from Asia
Minor, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus,in the year 537.
Basilica-of-San-Vitale,Italy
Construction of the Church of San Vitale started in AD 525 but
completed around AD 547 under the reign of Emperor Justinian the
Great.
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque – ‘Roman Like’ – based on similarity of form and material.
Time period – 800 -1200 AD
Majorly seen in Europe – England, France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal.
3 distinct structures of Romanesque architecture:
The cathedral,
The monastery and
The castle.
Use of heavy materials, a solid design and square towers -statement of power and wealth
and as being defensive.
Stone was the predominant material as it was solid and easy to find.
Romanesque cathedrals –
• solid, massive churches
• serviceable, durable, defensive, and strong
• They were also dim - due to little ventilation

Due to the weighty materials used, windows had to be small in order to maintain the
stability of the building as a whole.
Pillars - supported the hefty weight of the stone roof.
Ornamentation - carvings on the pillars and elaborate looking
arches and windows inside.
ROMAN VS ROMANESQUE
Similarity –
Rounded Arch
Barrel vault roof
Difference-
Roman:
Columns
Blank spaces between columns
Romanesque-
Column replaced by pillar
• Spaces in between were filled with thick walls, forming compact mass.
Piazza di Miracoli:
Period of construction- 1063 to 1350AD
Complex consists of:
1. The Pisa cathedral,
2. The Pisa baptistery
3. the Campanile
(Bell tower)
4. The Camposanto Monumentale
(Monumental Cemetery)
Baptistery, Pisa
Circular Plan – central space 18.3m dia. Overall – 39.3m dia.
Central space – separated by 4 piers and 8 columns from the surrounding 2 storey aisle.
Externally – half columns on lower storey connected by semi-circular arches; open arcade of
small detached shafts on the upper level.
Roof- Hemispherical dome

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela:
•
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Renaissance - French for “Rebirth”
Period: 15th to 17th Century
The Tuscan city of Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance - 14th century.
Gradually, the movement spread from Italy to other parts of Europe.
Churches and Villas (Chateau)
RENAISSANCE & ROMAN STYLE:

Revival interest in Classical values - Used features of Classical Roman architecture -
The ancient orders were analysed and reconstructed to serve new purposes.
art, architecture, literature, science and philosophy influenced by Roman architecture.
The Renaissance style - emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of
parts just like ancient Roman architecture -
Orderly arrangements of columns,
Pilasters and lintels,
use of semicircular arches,
hemispherical domes, niches
Three great masters – dominated the period known as the High Renaissance, 1490s-1527.
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Michelangelo
• Raphael

LEONARDO DA VINCI :
Leonardo (1452-1519) was the ultimate “Renaissance man” –
because of the breadth of his intellect, interest and talent and
his expression of humanist and classical values.
Leonardo’s best-known works –
Mona Lisa (Louvre Museum)
The Last Supper (Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan) showcased
ability to portray light and shadow,
The physical relationship between figures–humans,
animals and objects alike–and the landscape around
them.
Much of this new knowledge of Renaissance period
can be attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
THE LAST SUPPER
MICHELANGELO:
Michelangelo was the best known architect associated with the Late Renaissance, or
Mannerist period.
Most notable work- giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, completed
over four years (1508-12) and depicting various scenes from Genesis.
Worked on the design for Basilica of St. Peter.
During this time there was a general relaxation of the severe simplicity and order of the
High Renaissance.
RAPHAEL
Master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance.
Best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican.
His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual
achievement of the Neoplatonic (philosophy of Plato-Roman school of thought) ideal of
human grandeur.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Early Renaissance – Brunelleschi (Churches), Alberti (façade)
High Renaissance – Bramante (Tempietto),
Late Renaissance – Palladio (Villas)

FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Considered the first Renaissance architect.
Brought the classical orders and linear perspective to architecture.
Inspired by mathematical order of Roman architecture
Designs- symmetry and careful consideration of proportion, in which all
the architectural features have direct relationship to each other.
He used repeating ratios and measurements to create the feeling of harmony, with the
height and the distance between columns in perfect proportion with the main building.
His major works –
brick dome of Florence’s cathedral
the churches of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito in Florence
BRAMANTE
Donato Bramante is considered the most representative
architect of the High Renaissance.
His greatest completed work is the Tempietto.
a Doric shrine erected upon the traditional site of St Peter's martyrdom.
often considered the crowning work of High Renaissance architecture.
PALLADIO
Palladio's most striking innovation was to graft the classical temple front onto secular
architecture.
A true temple front - portico (covered porch with columns)
A secular building - pediment.
The entrance - recessed, which allows for a covered entrance even without a portico.
ELEMENTS
Plan
square and symmetrical
proportions based on a modular unit of measure.
For e.g., in a church - the unit might be the width of an aisle, and all the other proportions
of the structure would be based on that module.
Façade
• usually symmetrical from side to side
featured Roman orders of columns, windows, and pilasters that progressed toward the
center.
Multi-storied buildings often included regular repetitions of openings on each floor
a centrally placed door highlighted by a balcony
Dome
Used structurally and aesthetically,
Churches and secular buildings.
extensively used in exterior and interior spaces.
The dome rests on four pendentives and massive piers, each 60 feet thick.
Became an indispensable element -
the dome of Basilica de Santa Maria del Flore designed by Brunelleschi
Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome by Bramante
Villa Rotonda by Palladio.
Arches
semi-circular or segmental, often used in arcades, supported on
piers or columns with capitals.
There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the
springing of the arch.
Above doors and windows, arches - supported by piers or columns,
often with a section of entablature between the column and the
arch.
Vaults
Vaults do not have ribs.
Semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is
frequently rectangular.
Columns and Pilasters
The Roman orders of columns are used:-
Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite.
The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely
decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters.
Use of columns, pilasters, and entablature as an integrated system.
Decorative details in moldings and courses mimicked the ancient Romans,
The different orders had their own details, and they were replicated precisely throughout
the period.
Baroque & Rococo:

Baroque
Baroque - In Spain - an irregular, oddly-shaped pearl

1600-1750 AD
Predominantly – Italy and France.
Churches and palaces.
The two main architects of the Baroque era - Bernini and Borromini.
Regular, repeating designs discarded.
curves and irregularity, twisting elements, and gilded statuary used.
Architects began using optical illusion in the building.
They realized one could trick the eye into making a large building seem even grander.
Characteristic qualities - grandeur, drama and contrast (especially in lighting), bright
colors, vividly painted ceilings.
Characterized by - town planning: the arrangement of cities according to predetermined
schemes, and the creation of great parks and gardens around residences of importance.
Elements
Plan –
• The most distinct shape of the Baroque style is the oval.
• long, narrow naves are replaced by broader, occasionally circular forms
Façade
• The facade consisted of many curves, often using the double curve (in at the sides, out in
the middle).
• Baroque pediments - were often highly decorated.
• The tips of pediments - sometimes turned into scrolls and gilded.
Ceilings and Domes -
• The ceilings and domes - large frescos or murals using what is known as "Trompe l'oeil"
painting.
• Trompe l'oeil - an art technique involving extremely realistic imagery in order to create
the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three dimensions, instead of
actually being a two-dimensional painting.
• The walls are often highly painted.
•
Tower –
• Sometimes a single one, sometimes pairs of them;
Always complex and highly decorated, were erected on the facade, and sometimes on the
dome, of churches

Windows
ovals or squares shaped
Windows topped by a segment of a circle,
Two other characteristics:
the complex great staircases -
sometimes becoming the dominating feature
began to appear in all aristocratic buildings.
The gallery, in origin a wide, decorated corridor
painted with illusionist scenes
Palace of Versailles
ROCOCO :
Rococo – rocaille – pebble work or shell work
18th Century
Predominately used in Secular Buildings
France, Germany, Austria
Characteristics –
Stressed asymmetry
Had less emphasis on religion
Was very decorative and used shell like curves;
Display shapes of nature – leaves, shells,
scrolls (floral elements) in surface ornament
Walls had carvings and gold gilding over door
frames
Painted details over built forms compiled with
Painting to create illusion of depth was used to
create a sense of flow with the use of abstract
and asymmetrical detail.
Elaborate decoration was another characteristic
of the Rococo style.
The use of gold was especially prominent,
helping to add clarity, harmony, sophistication, and a level of luxury to the pastel colors.
Use of asymmetry-

decoration on the exterior or interior of a building design from this time period - if cut in
half, the two halves do not reflect one another.
The two sides are different - to emphasize freedom, independence and movement within
the architecture and art of the time period.
Baroque vs. Rococo

Baroque
Rococo
• Originated in Italy
• Originated in France
• The Rococo was not one • Baroque decoration
applied to exterior was commonly

• architecture - was an applied to church
expression of art and the interiors.
interior; Not seen in
• The Baroque
interiors of Church
embraced formality
• Rococo age embraced
comfort, warmth, privacy and ceremony
and informality. • Baroque colors were
• the Rococo - gold and bold, contrasting

white and pastels. • Theme – Church/
• Theme – light hearted, religious
playful.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Architectural character
The Romans adopted the columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks, and joined
to it the Arch, the Vault and the Dome, which it is presumed they borrowed from
the Etruscans, and this union of beam and arch is the keynote of the style in its
earliest developments.
The various kinds of walling may be divided into two classes :
opus quadratum, i.e., rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar
joints, frequently secured with dowels or cramps,
and concrete unfaced or faced, used especially in Italy.
ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
There are no remains of Etruscan temples, but Vitruvius
gives a description of them.
The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was the most important Etruscan example
(dedicated B.C. 509), and is generally
taken as being typical.
Its cella was divided into three chambers containing statues of Jupiter,Minerva
and Juno, and was nearly square on plan,
with widely spaced columns and wooden architraves.
It was burnt in B.c. 83 and rebuilt by Sulla,
who brought some of the marble Corinthian columns from the Temple of Zeus
Olympius at Athens .
RECTANGULAR EXAMPLES:
Temple of Diana, Nimes

The so-called Temple of Diana, Nimes (No. 50 E, F, G), was probably a nymphaeum
(was a monument consecrated to the nymphs, especially those of springs ) connected
with some thermae.
The interior walls have detached Corinthian columns, supporting a cornice from
which springs a stone-ribbed barrel vault, the thrust of which is counteracted by
smaller continuous vaults over the side passages, probably a prototype of the
vaulting of many southern French Romanesque churches.
Nymph: a mythological spirit of nature imagined as a beautiful maiden
inhabiting rivers, woods Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath
complexes
The Great Temple, Baalbec

The Great Temple, Baalbec (A.D. 131-161) (No. 53), was dipteral decastyle, but
only six columns now remain.
It stood in a court 380 feet square with recessed porticos, in front of which was
a hexagonal cortile entered by a dodecastyle Corinthian portico in antis.
The buildings were constructed with large blocks of stone without cement, and
the columns were built up in three pieces.
The Temple of Jupiter, Baalbec

The Temple of Jupiter, Baalbec (A.D. 273), is peripteral octastyle with a vaulted
sanctuary at the west end, approached by a flight of steps.
The interior was ornamented with half-Corinthian columns having returned
entablature, from which sprung the coffered vault.
Between the columns were two tiers of niches.
Circular and Polygonal Examples:
The Temple of Mater Matuta,Rome
The Temple of Mater Matuta, Rome, formerly known as the

temple of Vesta, is situated in the Forum Boarium, and is circular peripteral,
having twenty Corinthian columns, 34 feet 7 inches in height and 3 feet 2 inches
in diameter, and therefore nearly eleven diameters high.
These surround a cella 28 feet in diameter, and rest on a podium 6 feet high.
It is built of Parian marble, with the exception of the podium, which is of tufa,
and is approached by a flight of marble steps.
The roof was probably of wood covered with bronze tiles.
The V-shaped section of the leaves indicates the .work of a Greek artist.
It is now the Church of S. M. del Sole.
The Pantheon, Rome

The Pantheon, Rome (Nos. 33, 37 A, B, c, 54, 55, 56, 57 E) is now, owing to the
investigations of M. Chedanne in 1892, known to belong to two distinct periods.
The circular portion, known as the Rotunda, occupies the site of an older
uncovered piazza, used as a "nymphaeum," or place for plants, flowers, and
running water, the level of its floor being 8 feet below the present level.
In front of this “ nymphaeum," and facing towards the south, was a decastyle
portico, forming a frontispiece to
a three-cell temple of the Etruscan type, built by Agrippa during the reign Of
Augustus, B.C. 27-A.D. 14.
The present Rotunda was erected by the Emperor Hadrian, in A.D. 120-124,
on the site of the more ancient “
nymphaeum," the portico to the Etruscan temple being taken down and re-erected
at the higher level.
As rebuilt this portico was made octastyle instead of decastyle, and was made to face
the north instead of the
south.
The Rotunda (now the Church of S. Maria Rotonda) is a circular structure

having an internal diameter of 142
feet 6 inches, which is also its internal height.
The walls, of concrete (opus incertum), with a layer of tiles every three feet in
height, are 20 feet in thickness,
and have eight great recesses, one of which forms the entrance ; three of the
remaining seven are semi-circular exedrae, the other four being rectangular on plan.
Two columns are placed on the front line of these recesses, above which are
relieving arches.
The eight piers have niches entered from the exterior of the building, formed
in three heights, of which the lower are semicircular on plan, and are 19 feet high
to the springing of their hemispherical heads, the second tier have their floor on the
samelevel as the cornice over the inner order, and the third tier are level with and
entered from the second cornice of the exterior.
In front of the Rotunda is the Corinthian octastyle portico, 1 10 feet

wide by 60 feet deep in the centre, the first, third, sixth and eighth
columns having two others behind them.
At the back of the portico are niches, and staircases by
which to ascend to the various parts of the edifice.
The columns, 42 feet 6 inches high, in front of the
recesses in the interior, are believed to be part of the original design of
Hadrian'sarchitect.
The lighting is effected solely by one circular unglazed opening, 27 feet in
diameter, formed in the crown of the dome, and still retaining its circular
bronze cornice
The Theatre at Orange, South France
The Theatre at Orange, South France (No. 34 B), held 7,000 spectators, and is
an example where the auditorium is constructed and not hollowed out ofthe side
of a hill.
In diameter it is 340 feet between the inclosing walls.
Staircases for access to the various levels were placed on either side of the stage,
which is 203 feet wide by 45 feet deep, and enclosed by return walls at right angles
to the back wall.
The great wall at the back of this stage, 314 feet long by 116 feet high, is orna-
mented by blind arcading, and has at the summit two tiers of corbelstones,
pierced with holes, through which the velarium poles were placed.
It originally had a portico attached to it.

The Flavian Amphitheatre, (The Colosseum), Rome:
The Flavian Amphitheatre, (The Colosseum), Rome (Nos. 62 and 63), commenced
by Vespasian in A.D. 70, and completed (with the exception of the upper story) by
Domitian in A.D. 82, is the most important example.
In plan it is a type of all the examples, consisting of a vast ellipse 620 feet by 513 feet,
having externally eighty openings on each story, those on the ground floor forming
entrances, by means of which the various tiers of seats are reached.
The arena proper is an oval 287 feet by 180 feet, surrounded by a wall 15 feet high.
The seats, in solid stone, rise up from the arena, having underneath them corridors
and staircases. The dens for the wild beasts were immediately under the lowest tiers
of seats, and consequently opened on to the arena, as at Verona (No. 64).
The auditorium has four ranges of seats, the two lower forming the grand tiers,
the third separated from the second by a wall, and the top range under the peristyle
forming the later addition.
Access to the various seats is from the eighty entrances by means of staircases
placed between the radiating walls and by corridors, placed at intervals as shown.
The radiating walls were cleverly constructed, concrete being used where least
weight, tufa stone where more weight, and travertine stone where the heaviest
pressures had to be supported (No. 62 B).
The masonry was laid without mortar, and the construction is strong and solid,
Joeing of an engineering character.
The system is one of concrete vaults resting on walls of the same material, 2 feet
3 inches thick, faced with travertine stone, 4 feet thick, and having an internal
lining of 9 inches of brickwork, making 7 feet in total thickness.
The supports have been calculated at one-sixth of the whole area of the building.
Roman Orders
Composite Order:
The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order
capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.
Height is 10 times the diameter.
Circular shaft has 24 flutes separated by fillets.
Tuscan Order:
The Tuscan order is in effect a simplified Doric order, with un-fluted columns
and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs .The order is named after Tuscany in Italy.
The column is 7 times the diameter in height. Shaft is unfluted.

Pillars of victory:
Pillars of victory, or memorial columns, were sometimes erected to record the
triumphs of victorious generals.
Trajan's Column (No. 58 B, 60 j, L), was erected 'in connection with his Basilica
and stood in an open court with galleries around at different levels, from which
the bas-reliefs on its shaft could be viewed.
The column, of the Roman Doric order, stands on a pedestal 1 6 feet 8 inches
square, and 18 feet high, ornamented with sculptured trophies on three sides, and
having a doorway on the fourth.
The column is 12 feet in diameter at the base and is provided with an internal
spiral staircase of marble, lighted by small openings. Its total height is 147 feet.
The sculptures, numbering over 2,500 human figures, besides animals, and carved
on a spiral band over 800 feet long and about 3 feet 6 inches deep, were probably
intended to represent the unwinding of a scroll of parchment illustrating incidents
of Trajan's war with the Dacians.
Bridges:
There are examples of two types of Roman bridges in Spain which are equally
impressive,
(a.) The many-arched type, as exemplified in the extreme
length of the bridges at Cordova and Alcantara,
(b.) The single-arched type, of which the romantic sweepT of the bridge at Toledo,
spanning the rocky valley of the Tagus, is the best example.
The Palace of Diocletian, Spalato,
The Palace of Diocletian, Spalato, in Dalmatia (No. 59) (A.D. 300), is another
famous example, which formed

the greater part of the mediaeval town of Spalato, and has thus been called a city
in a house.
The original plan of the palace was approximately a rectangle, occupying an area
of 9.5 acres.
There was a square tower at each angle, and in the centre of each of the north,
east and west sides was a gateway flanked by octagonal towers, between which
and those at the angles were subsidiary towers.
These gateways formed entrances to porticoed avenues 36 feet wide, which,
meeting in the centre, gave the palace the character of a Roman camp.
On each of the facades, between the towers, were rich entrance gateways;
the "golden" on the north, them"iron " on the west, and the " brazen " on the east,
ending these main avenues, which divided the in closed area into four parts,
each assigned to a particular purpose.
The two northern portions were probably for the guests and principal officers
of the household ; while the whole of the southern portion was devoted to the
palace, including two temples, that of Jupiter and the baths.
A circular vestibule, with a front portico in antis, formed an entrance to a suite
of nine chambers overlooking the sea ; here were placed the private apartments
and baths of the emperor, the finest being the portico,524 feet by 24 feet, on the
southern sea front.
This served as a connecting gallery, and was probably filled with works of art
(cf. Elizabethan gallery, page 555). The columns to the upper portion were
detached and rested on carved corbels, a feature also seen in the golden gateway.
Dwellings
These may be classified under:
a) The domus, or private house ;
b) The villa, or country house ; and
c) The insitla, or manystoried tenement.
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Located in the Greek mainland, the Aegean Islands, and throughout the Greek colonies in
Asia Minor (Turkey),Sicily and Italy. Urban civilization comprising of a number of
‘CITY STATES’ (Political Unit) such as ATHENS, CORINTH.
Architecture style – Classical style and is of columnar & trabeated style.
Architecture in the Greek classical antiquity reveals unique marble temples that were
characterized by three different orders: the austere Doric style, the elegant lonian style
and the Corinthian style, a mixture of the two previous styles.
Greek Architecture is best known for its Temples and sculptures. The second important
type of building that survives all over the Hellenic world is the open-air theatre. Other
architectural forms that are still in evidence are the processional gateway (Propylon), the
public square (Agora) surrounded by storied colonnade (Stoa), the town council building

(Bouleuterion), the public monument, the monumental tomb (mausoleum) and the
stadium.
Until the Archanic period, the Greeks typically constructed monumental buildings from
wooden timbers and clay bricks. Throughout the Archanic period, these materials were
superseded by stone, of which the supreme type was marble. Lesser varieties of stone
were often enhanced with a veneer of marble dust.
Types of orders:
Doric Order
Ionic Order
Corinthian Order
Important Buildings are:-

1.Parthenon at Athens (Temple)
2.Erechtheion at Athens (Temple)
3.Theatre Epidarus (an open air theatre)
4.Agora (market square & the city centre)
Acropolis
Acropolis is a Greek word meaning thigh city. The Athenian Acropolis rises from the
plain of Attica to 500 feet above sea level. In times of attack the Acropolis became the
last fort of defense. The Acropolis hill, so called the ‘Sacred Rock’ of Athens, is the
most important site of the city. The Acropolis contains some of the world’s most famous
structures built in the classical architectural style.
Parthenon at Athens (Doric Order)

Architect : Phidias, Ictinus, Callicrates
Erechtheion at Athens
Architect – (may have been) Mnesicles
Theatre Epidarus
Architect- Epidaurus
The Greek Agora: Market Place

The word Agora is Greek for ‘open place of assembly’ and, early in the history of
Greece, designated the area in the city where free-born citizens could gather to hear civic

announcements, muster for military campaigns or discuss politics. Later the Agora
defined the open-air, often tented, marketplace of a city (as it still does in Greek) where
merchants had their shops and where craftsmen made and sold their wares. The Ancient
Agora of Athens was the best known example, birthplace of democracy.

Indus Valley Civilization
2000-3000 B.C. Indus Valley – 2 sites excavated – Mohenjo Daro, Harappa.
cities developed out of earlier villages that had previously existed in the same region.
City –
streets in perfect grid patterns in both Mohenjo - Daro & Harappa – main thoroughfares
running N-S and E-W. Each city was divided into wards for protective purposes -
Massive citadels protected the city from floods and attackers City dwellers – traders &
artisans
Buildings
All the walls of both houses and public buildings – slope Foundation and walls - Burnt
brick laid in mud-mortar in English bond Upper stories – wood Flat roofs – wooden
beams and planking finished with top dressing of beaten earth. Openings spanned by
wooden lintels; corbelled arches houses opened to inner courtyards & smaller lanes
rappa
Punjab
• region of Pakistan. 2600 BC Towns – built over raised mud brick platforms
Citadel – Surrounded by a massive brick wall
• Had square towers and bastions.
Town –
Outside the city walls – cluster of houses – rest houses for travelers and caravans. No
division of society in the layout of the city. Large public buildings, market areas, large
and small houses, craft workshops have been found in the same neighborhood. Large
buildings – administrative/ religious buildings, granary
Granary
It is a brick structure that was built
on a massive brick foundation over
45 meters north south and 45 meters
east-west.
Two rows of six rooms that appear to be
foundations are arranged along a central
passageway that is about 7 meters wide
And partly paved with baked bricks.
Mohenjo daro -‘Mound of the dead’

The site was discovered in the 1920s and lies in
Pakistan's Sindh province.

Mohenjo-Daro
North –Agriculture and industries
South – Administration, Trade and commerce
West – Religious institutional and cultural areas around monastery and Great Bath.
East – Buddhist Stupa
Mohenjo-Daro
The city of Mohenjo-daro, now 2 miles (3 km) from the Indus, was laid out with
remarkable regularity into blocks, or “islands,” each about 1,260 feet (384 metres) from
north to south and 750 feet (228 metres) from east to west, subdivided by straight lanes.
The central block on the western side was built up artificially to a height of 20 to 40 feet
(6 to 12 metres) with mud and mud brick and was fortified by square towers of baked
brick. Buildings on the high summit included an elaborate bath or tank surrounded by a
veranda, a large residential structure, a massive granary, at least two aisled halls of
assembly.
It is clear that the citadel (for such it evidently was) carried the religious and ceremonial
headquarters of the site. In the lower town were substantial courtyard houses indicating a
considerable middle class.
The Great Bath

Dates to the 3rd millennium BCE and is believed to have
been used for ritual bathing. The bath is built of fine
brickwork and measures 897 square feet (83 square
meters).
It is 8 feet (2.5 metres)
Lower than the surrounding pavement. The floor consists
of two thin layers of sawed brick set on edge in gypsum
mortar, with a layer of bitumen sealer sandwiched between the layers.
Water was supplied by a large well
In an adjacent room, and an outlet in one corner of the bath led to a high corbelled drain
that emptied on the west side of the mound. The bath was reached by flights of steps at
either end, originally finished with timbered reads set in bitumen.
At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick edging that extends the entire width
of the pool. People coming down the stairs could move along this ledge without actually
stepping into the pool.
Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges. The
preserved columns have stepped edges that may have held wooden screens or window
frames.
Two large doors lead into the complex from the south and other access was from the
north and east.

A series of rooms are located along the eastern edge of the building this tank would have
been used for special religious functions where water was used to purify and renew the
well being of the bathers.
The Vedic Culture

Aryans entered India trough the N-W
Introduced independent religion – body of writings –
Vedas
Rig Veda – oldest Aryan text – source for Hindu
literature
Aryan social system
Vedic people –
originally nomads
Settled in the plains of India – became pastoral and
agricultural
Habitation – rudimentary structures of reeds and
bamboo thatched with leaves.
Beginnings of Indian Architecture – from temporarily
built structures to meet the
needs of forest dwellers
The Vedic Period

The early settlers had to protect themselves from wild
animals:
They surrounded their group of huts (grama) with a
special kind of fence or palisade.
his fence took the form of a bamboo railing the upright
posts (thaba)
The thaba supported 3 horizontal bars called suchi

(needles as they were threaded
through holes in the uprights).
This railing design – became an emblem of protection.
Used extensively to enclose villages, fencing around
fields, preserve anything special
or sacred, as entrances etc.
Village –
Aryan communities – several families each with own house (griha), cowshed and
granary in their compound
Houses centered around courtyards- Circular, Square and rectangular huts
Roof - Framework of bowed bamboo - conical or pyramidal roofs
Construction - Bamboo and thatch, wattle-and-daub, brick and tile
*wattle – woven lattice of wooden strips Daub – material of wet soil, clay, sand, animal
dung and straw.

Houses - Circular Plan
Bamboo construction-
huts were of beehive pattern
made of a circular wall of bamboos held together with bands of withes(branches)
covered either with domical roof of leaves or thatched grass
Circular – oval, barrel roof of bent bamboos covered with thatch
3-4 huts arranged around square courtyard Roofs covered with plans of wood
High class dwellers had their houses with unbaked bricks for walls and the doorways
were square headed openings with double doors.
To maintain the barrel shape of the roof - Stretch a withe across the end of the arch
like the cord of a bow
Resulting in a horseshoe shaped archway called chaitya or ‘sun-window.’
Most commonly observed in Buddhist architecture.
Architecture under Ashoka

3rd Mauryan ruler of Magadha – Emperor Asoka – ascended throne in B.C. 274.
Asoka – follower of Buddhism; made Buddhism as the state religion
Most notable buildings: Stupas, monolithic pillars, rockcut chambers, palaces.
Asoka –
wanted a permanent record of establishment of Budhhist faith.
Memorial of permanent nature,
Symbol of stability
Stupas – sacred mounds honoring Buddha – implied durability.
Asoka pillars – freestanding monolithic column on a sacred site.
2 pillars with lion capitals- 1 at Kolhua and 1 at Laurya Nandangarh (both in Bihar)

Sanchi stupa
Mauryan dynasty –
The foundation of Stupa at Sanchi –
laid by Ashoka – 3rd Century B.C.
This stupa was originally – a low
structure of brick,
half the diameter of the present
stupa.
hemispherical in shape
with raised terraces at the base.
Sanchi stupa
Shunga dynasty –
expansion of the Stupa - nearly double its original size
flattened dome - using stone slabs that entirely covered the actual brick Stupa.
The Asokan stupa was enlarged and faced with stones and decorated with alustrades,
staircases and a harmika on the top -
It was enclosed by a wooden railing and a stone umbrella at the top. Sanchi stupa
complex
Sanchi stupa
Stupa 1 or the Great Stupa:
Hemispherical dome – 120 ft. India.
54ft. High Components :
Its nucleus was a hemispherical brick
structure built over the relics of the Buddha,
a raised terrace encompassing its base,
and a railing and stone umbrella on the
summit, the chatra, a parasol-like structure
symbolizing high rank.
A hemispherical mound (anda)- The
domed shaped hemisphere.
contained actual relics of the Buddha; the
relic chamber, buried deep inside the anda, is called the tabena.
A square railing (harmika)- Square railing enclosing a pedestal- triple umbrella-
The harmika is inspired by a square railing or fence that surrounded the mound
A central pillar supporting a triple-umbrella form (chattra)

The chattra was derived from umbrellas that were placed over the mound to protect it
from the elements
A circular terrace (medhi) - The terrace—surrounded by a three-bar railing—

supports the anda.
16ft above the ground
it served as a platform for ritual circumambulation.
Access to medhi – double stairway on the southern side– Sopana
Stone railing
Emblem of protection
Uprights consist of octagona posts 9 ft. high
placed 2ft. Apart
3 horizontal rails or bars – 2ft wide; separated by
31/4 in.
Over this – beam- upper side rounded – coping
stone to the wall
Sanchi Stupa
Torana
5 Gateways at Sanchi –
4 at entrance to the main Stupa;
1 isolated in front of adjacent stupa.
Total height – 34ft.;
Width – 20ft at the broadest part.
2 square upright posts 15 ft. high Sanchi stupa
Torana
Connected above by 3 separate lintels
In between the lintels is a row of ornamental balusters.
The main motifs throughout reliefs carved on these four Toranas are the life of
Buddha, ‘Jataka’ stories depicting his previous lives, and Buddhist symbols.
Sanchi stupa
Symbolism:
Anda -the mountain home of the gods at the center of the universe.
The central pillar that holds the umbrellas - represented the pivot of the universe -
along which the divine descends from heaven and becomes accessible to humanity.
And the three circular umbrella-like disks represent the three Jewels, or Triantha, of
Buddhism, which are the keys to a true nderstanding of the faith:
Buddha;
dharma (Buddhist teachings or religious law);
sangha (monastic community)
Buddhist Rock-Cut Architecture

Rock-cut architecture:
3rd Century B.C. to early medieval times
Usually large halls and chambers
Cut out of the rock by means of pick and finished off by application of chisel.
Symbol of stability: immovable; attracted people living in impermant structures
Natural caves – abode of hermits; associated with Buddhist religion

Buddhist religion – 2 distinct movements – Hinayana and
Mahayana
Early phase – Hinayana (3rd to 2nd century B.C.)
It emphasizes individual salvation through self discipline and meditation.
Later phase – Mahayana (began from 5th century A.D.)
This sect of Buddhism believes in the heavenliness of Buddha and believes in Idol
Worship.
Hinayana rock- cut – monasteries – found in
Nashik, Bhaja, Kondane, Pitalkhora, Ajanta, Bedsa, Karli Karli Kondane Bhaja
KARLI KONDANE
BHAJA CAVES

1. Prayer halls
The prayer hall – Buddhist temple – Chaitya hall –
Large vaulted hall
Apse at the end – accommodated a stupa carved out of natural rock
Divided longitudinally by 2 colonnades into a broad nave and two aisles. Buddhist
Rock-Cut Architecture
Bhaja Caves
Bhaja Caves
Dimension: 55ft. Long and 26ft. Wide.
Side aisles – 3.5ft. Wide
Vault – at a height of 29ft from the floor level
Stupa – plain – consisting of a cylindrical base supporting a tall domical body with a
railing finial.
Caves at Karli
The exterior is asymmetrical - owing either to a flaw or fall in the rock face.
Dimensions – 124ft long, 46.5 ft. feet wide and 45 ft. high.
Two large columns which are the main feature of its frontage – free standing pillars
one on each side of the facade with their lion capitals they appear to guard
.
Caves at Karli
Entrance to the chaitya hall – 3 doorways – one in the center for priests - approached
by a raised pathway.
Interior – pillared (colonnaded) aisle, vault and sun window
Caves at Karli
Colonnade – pillars forming it are 37 in number.
Space between each column is less than the width of the column itself.
Pillars encircling the apse have plain octagonal shafts, while 15 pillars on either sides
are highly carved and decorated. Each pillar consists of a vase base on a plinth, an
octagonal shaft, a campaniform capital
with spreading abacus and each is finished off above a fine group of sculpted
statuary.
Each group consists of two kneeling elephants each animal bearing a male and female
rider. Buddhist Rock-Cut
2. Monastery
Arrangement of apartments for the accommodation of monks – Viharas
A typical vihara consisted of :
a square central hall entered by a doorway
vestibule./verandah/porti co in front of the hall
Doorways opened into square cells – abode of each monk

Construction
Wooden framework – inside (roof) and outside (front facade)
A selected portion of the naturally deep slope of a hill side roughly cleared until it
was perpendicular,
On this vertical surface the façade of the hall or monastery was marked out.
In the center was a large opening through which
access to the upper part was obtained,
the debris from interior could be removed,
Openings - filled in with wooden framework. Rock-cut architecture:
Mahayana
Ajanta & Ellora – 450-642A.d.

Ajanta:
28 monastic halls,
4 out of these are Chaitya halls,
remaining are viharas
Few – Hinayana system Rock-cut architecture:
Mahayana
Mahayana rock cut halls – 5 groups
8,9,10,12,13 – Hinayana
15-20 – small but elaborate Chaitya halls – eg. No. 19
21-25 viharas done first, then 26 – chaitya hall
Lastly – 1-5
Rock-cut architecture: Mahayana
Rock-cut architecture:
Mahayana
CAVE 19
This chaityagriha (16.05 X 7.09m) is datable to fifth century A.D.
The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.
This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the façade and particularly the two life
size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch).
The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. Rock-cut
architecture: Mahayana
CAVE 26
This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25.34 X
11.52m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.
The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa
front by an image of Buddha. Rock-cut architecture: Mahayana
CAVE 26
The façade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side
walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs.

Rock cut architecture: final phase
7th – 10th Century
Final phase of rock-cut architecture: Ellora, islands of Elephanta, Chennai. 
Rock-cut groups at
Ellora: Buddhist, Hindu and Jain
Elephanta: Hindu
Early 7th century: Mahayana Buddhist architecture declined; onset of Hindu style.
Important examples at Ellora: Vihara –
Das Avatar
Ravana ka Khai &
Rameswara
Dumar lena
Temple of Kailasa
Rock cut architecture: final phase

Temple of Kailasa
Built during the Rashtrakuta Dynasty
entrance gateway
Nandi shrine
Cloisters (monasteries) surrounding the
courtyard.
Chalukyan architecture
Beginning phase: 450 - 650 A.D.
Places influenced : Aihole and Badami Early phase: 600 – 750 A.D.
Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal
Aihole & Badami
450 AD to 650 AD
Temples at Aihole – 70 buildings
30 are contained inside a walled and bastioned enclosure
flat or slightly sloping roofs
Some temples are surmounted by upper story or tower (shikhara)
Pillared assembly hall – mandapa
E.g: - Ladh Khan temple, Durga Temple Chalukyan architecture Lad Khan Temple
Oldest building of the Aihole group.
Dedicated to Lord Shiva
A low, flat-roofed building.
Plan – 50ft. Side
3 of its sides – completely enclosed by walls, two of which are relieved by perforated
stone grills
4th side – open pillared porch

Lad Khan Temple
Roof
Large slabs of stone laid
pillars and
flat and carried on
corbels in imitation of
a wood frame structure. helped to
Stone battens between the roofing stones
make it watertight.
Grooves were chiseled near the joints of the slab.
Covering the entire length of the
joints, long narrow stones (battens)
were placed fitting
into the grooves on the principle
of ordinary roofing tiles.
Durga Temple
6th century AD
Apsidal ended structure measuring
60ft by 36ft.
In addition there is a large portico
on its eastern front 24ft. In depth so
its entire length
is 84ft.
Raised on a high and heavily molded plinth.
Topmost tier of its flat roof is 30ft from the ground.
Over the apse a short pyramidal tower has been added subsequently.
A passage formed by colonnade of a verandah is carried right around
The interior consists of a hall of 44ft. Long and divided by two rows of four pillars into
a nave and two aisles with an apsidal shaped cella.
The aisles are continued round this cella as a processional passage.
The roof of the nave is raised higher than that of the side

Pattadakal:
Papanath and Virupaksha temple (Vijayanagara+Chalukyan)

7th Century AD
The main entrance tower of Virupaksha Temple is east facing and 9 storied tower
with a pair of cow horn like projections on top.
The lower two tiers is made of decorated stone work.
Superstructure is made with brick and mortar. Virupaksha Temple
The main temple is east facing and has two large courtyards, one leading to the
other.
The first courtyard has a pillared hall called 100column hall at the far left corner,
Kalyanamantapa at the far right corner of the first courtyard.
pillars stand10-15 feet high and appear to be carved out of a single block of stone.
Virupaksha
Temple
In the open area in the center there are pillared cloisters with a series of sub shrines
the north, south and east edges.
The front portion has a row of decorated pillars.
Lion figure carved at the base of each of these pillars supporting the slender upper
portions.
The central pillared hall known as the Ranga Mandapa. Virupaksha Temple
Pair of elephant balustrades at the middle of the row gives access to the top of the
cloister platform. Further west, beyond a small inner hall, is the sanctum sanctorum of
Lord Virupaksha.

Two 4 armed guardian deities, about 8 feet tall, stand on either side of the entrance to
the inner hall.
The ceiling of this inner hall is decorated with an open lotus motif
A corridor surrounds the sanctum.
Dravidian Architecture
Pallava (600-900 A.D.)
Chola (900-1150 A.D.)
Pandya (1100-1350 A.D.)
Vijayanagar (1350-1565 A.D.)
Madura (from 1600 A.D.)
Pallava Architecture
Examples of Pallava Architecture
Kanchipuram
Tanjore
Pudukkottai
Rock architecture of the first phase takes two
forms – mandapas and rathas.
Mandapa –
open pavilion excavated in rock
Takes shape of a simple columned hall with
one or more cellas in the back wall
Ratha
is a monolithic shrine Pallava Architecture
Rock architecture of the first phase takes
two forms mandapas and rathas. Mandapa –

open pavilion excavated in rock
Takes shape of a simple columned hall with one or more cellas in the back wall
Ratha
is a monolithic shrine
Rathas of Mamallapuram (or Mahabalipuram) – monolithic temples/ shrines
8 in number; 7 are similar
Known as “seven pagodas” – derived from the budhhist viharas and temple.
North-west: Valaiyankuttai & Pidari
South: Draupadi, Arjuna, Bhima, Dharmaraja and Sahadeva
 North: Ganesh
Rathas – monolithic temples/ shrines –
8 in number; 7 are similar, 1 exception
Known as “seven pagodas” – derived from the budhhist viharas and temple.
North-west: Valaiyankuttai & Pidari
South: Draupadi, Arjuna, Bhima, Dharmaraja and Sahadeva
North: Ganesh
The exception – Draupadis Ratha
Smallest shrine
Base is supported by figures of animals – lions, elephants
5 Rathas – square in plan; pyramidal in
elevation
Dharmaraja ratha: -
Elevation is in 2 parts – a square portion
with lion pillared verandahs below
Bhima, Sahadeva and Ganesh ratha –
Oblong in Plan
2 or more stories high
Barrel Roof with Chaitya gable end Pallava
Architecture
Sahadev ratha – apsidal roof.
Bhima’s ratha- upper storey – barrel roof with gable at each end.
Important examples :
Shore temple, Vaikuntha Perumal Temple

First Pallava building to be constructed of dressed stone.
Overlooks the Bay of Bengal (Mamallapuram was the port city of Kanchipuram, the
Pallava capital).
Consist of two Shiva ShrinesResembling the Rathas.
It is built of cut stones rather than carved out of caves.
Its style is characterized by a pyramidal tower, vimana, that consists of stepped stories
topped by a cupola and finial. to those approaching the harbor in ships.
Sanctum was facing the ocean – forecourt or assembly hall, gateway placed at the
rear of the shrine
Central building is surrounded by a massive enclosure wall,
entry through the western side of the open courtyard.
Lion Pilasters (rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.) - holding up
the capital projects from every angle.
Ideashoeasovetheso
Shore
hashrimigillby traysrisi
Temple
andobs
Shore Temple
Each vimana consists of a square
garbagriha preceded by a shallow porch.
Porch is largely enclosed.
Circumambulation is defined by the
enclosure wall.
The compound is entered from the east
through a gate covered by a transverse
barrel
vault. Temples of the Cholas
E.g: Brihadeeswara Temple at Tanjore,
Gangaikondacholapur am.
Brihadeeswara temple:
Main structure - 180 ft. long;
Nandi pavilion, a pillared portico, large assembly hall aligned in the center of a
spacious walled enclosure. Temples of the Cholas
Grand tower - vimana –
3 parts –
square vertical base – square of 82 ft. side rises to height of 50 ft.
tall tapering body - pyramidal body mounts up in 13 diminishing zones until the
width of its apex equals 1/3rd of the base
domical finial – cupola stands on the square platform
Its surfaces are patterned by the horizontal lines of the diminishing tiers.

Pandya Architecture
Cholas were succeeded by the Pandyas. (1100 – 1350A.D.)
Pandyas – Dravidian style continued to develop
Surrounded the sanctum with high walls and emphasized more on the Gopuram
design –imposing size and rich appearance.
To give the temple the appearance of a citadel
a series of concentric walls enclosing open courtyards or prakarams
Walls – utilitarian- no aesthetic value with inner platform.
Vijayanagar Dynasty
Changes happening in the religious architecture – changes in the believes.
Elaborate ceremonies,
Pronounced anthropomorphic (human like) attributions of the deity
Elaborate temple system – increasing number of buildings within the temple enclosure
Main temple in the middle + separate shrines, pillared halls, pavilions and other
annexes – each having its special purpose and each occupying its appointed position in
the scheme.
More number of pillars and piers – richly sculpted.
Important examples : Vitthala and Hazara Rama temple Vitthala Temple
Started by Krishna Deva Raya in 1513
Rectangular courtyard 500 by 310 ft.
Surrounded by cloisters formed of a
triple row of pillars
Entrance – 3 gopurams – east and
south (more important).
6 separate structures – pillared halls
within the enclosure
Largest one – center - others around it
in their prescribed position
Vitthala Temple
Central building – dediated to Lord
Vishnu
long low structure with 3 parts :
Mahamandapa
Mandapa
Garba griha
Mahamandapa – portico, columned pavilion, deeply recessed sides – not square but
overall 100 ft. in length and width
Mandapa – closed assembly hall in the middle
Garba griha – sanctum sanctuary
Standing on a molded height with flight of steps, plinth 5 ft. in guarded on its elephant
3 free sides. Outline turrets (remains of of s the original Vitthala Temple

Mahamandapa–
56 pillars – 12 ft. high
40 – regularly spaced as colonnade or aisle around its outer edge
Remaining 16 form oblong court in the center.
Each pillar – sculpted from a large block of granite.
Each pillar is a bit different from the other.
Clusters of delicately shaped columns form the central portion of these broad supports
4-5 ft. apart having animal motif, half natural half mythical. Vitthala Temple
Mandapa –
entered from the east front through the ardha mandapa
square hall of 55 ft. side surrounded by an isle of 12 pillars with 4 others in the center,
one at each corner of a square dais.
At the far end of the assembly hall is the doorway to the cella behold which is a
orridor or vestibule leading to the chamber of the god, enclosed within the solid
masonry of the vimana.
Temples of Madurai
1623-1659
The Madura style - Improving and extending the existing shrines.
Increase in the structural formation of temple – expansion of temple rituals,
ceremonies – wider powers accredited to the deity of the temple.
Temple – 2 main formations –
Inner, covered and most sacred part –
central portion consisting of two flat-roofed courts, one enclosed within the
other covering a large rectangular space
Within the inner of these two courts is sanctum having richly gilt cupola
extending over the flat roofs – focus of the entire scheme.
Outer, open more public and less sanctified part –
Concentric series of open courtyards called prakarams enclosed within high
walls
open to the sky as they too large to be roofed
these prakarams provide ample space for the buildings connected with the more secular
aspect of the temple
Enlargement of the temple plan:
Beginning from the centre the cella and its portico both together comprising the
sanctum of the temple were the first and foundational structures
They consisted of a small chamber and its forecourt
A spacious flat-roofed structure enclosed the shrine
Within this court – pillared isles and small gopuram in front - on the east.
In the course of time –
The covered court itself became contained within another structure of the same type
The same process of dividing up its circling corridors by means of pillars and
pavilions was adopted.
Court – two entrances, east and west, or front and back each being marked by a

gopuram larger than the last
The next step towards enlarging the temple formation was that of enclosing the
entire composition within a rectangle by means of a high boundary wall.
Within the space was thus enclosed various structures were erected – pillared halls
or subsidiary shrines & structures of semi-religious character such as granaries
and store-rooms.
Minakshi Temple.
4 entrances – one in the middle of each of its 4 sides and each consisting of a
gopuram greater in size than any of those previously erected.
Series of gopurams – along the axis of the temple
Within the outermost enclosure two large and important structures are generally
found –
a hypostyle hall of a thousand pillars and
a square tank of water for ablutions, lined with steps and surrounded by an arcade.
Temples of Madurai
Pillars – not more than 12ft. High
At least 1000 pillars in temple of Madurai + 1000 in the hypostyle hall
It is a double temple as it has two separate sanctuaries one dedicated to Siva and othe
to goddess Minakshi.
These two shrines - occupy the largest space indise the main enclosure.
The outer wall of this surrounds an are – nearly a square – 850ft by 725 ft.
4 large gateways one towards the centre of ech of its four sides.
Admission is usually through the gopuram on the east which communicates with a fine
pillared avenue over 200ft. long by 310 ft.
4 gateways one in the middle of each side but smaller than the preceding

Minakshi TempleMost of this second enclosure is covered in with a flat roof but it is
partly open on the northern side.
Within there is another covered court its sides 250ft. By 156ft. and with only one
entrance, a doorway on the east
All the courts, corridors and halls making up these enclosures have colonnades of
pillarsarranged in long lines or groups
Inside this last enclosure the sacred shrine itself is situated comprising of-
An assemble hall
Vesibule
The cella – surmounted by a small sikhara which penetrates through the flat roof
covering the whole of this portion of the temples Indo-Aryan (nagara) style of
architecture
■ Northern India
■ Orissa, Central India, Rajasthan, Gujarat – Orissa – 8001250 A.D. – Central India –
950 – 1050 A.D.
Orissa
Built during Kalinga Dynasty. Orissan temple style –
■ Temple – Deul
■ Jagmohan - Square building or assembly hall in front of the the deul (mandapa)
■ As the style progressed and temple rituals developed – some other buildings were
added:
– Nat Mandir or the dancing hall
– Bhog mandir or hall of
Offerings Parts of Orissan temple
■ Pista - plinth
■ Bada (hall) – cubical portion of
the elevation of hall
■ Pida – pyramidal roof
■ Bada (Deul) – lower and
upright portion of deul
■ Chhapra – tall middle portion
of deul
■ Amla – flat fluted disc at the
summit
■ Kalasa – finial
lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar

■ Orientaion of temple is on the east west axis with entrance from the east.
■ Located at the centre of a large quadrangular enclosure – 520 ft x 465 ft.
■ Contained within a high and solid wall having a platform on the inner face – for
patrolling and defence Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar
■ Consists of 4 structures-

– Deul or Sri mandir
– Jagmohan or pillared hall (mandapa)
– Nat Mandir
– Bhog mandir
■Exteriors – elaborately sculpted
■Interior wall and ceiling – simple and plain; unornamented. Tower of Sri Mandir:
■ Sides measure 56 ft. at the base - but not a square plan due to its pagas (projecting
faces).
■ Tower Elevation –
– 1/3rd of its height – vertical
– Lower portion – bada
– At 50ft. – the tower begins to incline inwards into a parabolic curve to produce the
‘shoulder’ at 125 ft.
– Beki (neck of the tower)
– Amila –sila (fluted disc)
■ Middle section of tower – richly carved by means of horizontal moldings
■ Within the tower – ceiled chamber – well/chimney forming a hollow space
throughout the height. Jagmohan
■ Plan – oblong – 72 f. x 56 ft.
■ Lower story – Bada – 34ft. High
■ Above this square portion – roof in the
shape of a pyramid ■ Total height from
ground
100ft. Halls –
■ Each hall has
– a group of 4 massive piers in the centre to
support the solid mass of the roof
– sculpted patterns on shaft
■ Temple window – small mullioned
window –
■ Rectangular
opening filled with a row of uprights at close intervals
■ Each upright carred on its shaft a female figure along with upper and lower
Jagannatha Temple, Puri Location: Orissa, Puri Area:400,000 sq.ft
- Temple complex is surrounded by a thick fortified wall.
- There are 120 sub shrines in the temple complex
- The main temple is a curvilinear temple and crowning the top is the 'srichakra' (an eight
spoked wheel) of Vishnu. Also known as the "Nilachakra"
- Among the existing temples in Orissa, Shri Jagannatha temple is the highest.
- The temple tower was built on a raised platform of stone and, rising to 214 feet (65 m)
above the inner sanctum where the deities reside, dominates the surrounding landscape.
Location: Konark, Orissa
- The temple is attributed to king Narasingha deva
- Dedicated to the Hindu sun god Surya, what remains of the temple complex has the

appearance of a 100-foot (30 m) high chariot with immense wheels and horses, all
carved from stone. Once over 200 feet (61 m) high.
- This temple was called the "Black Pagoda" in European sailor accounts as early as 1676
because its great tower appeared black.
- Similarly, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the "White Pagoda"
- Declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1984, it remains a major pilgrimage site for
Hindus
Khajuraho group of temples, central India

■Built during Chandela dynasty.
■ Features –
– Not featured within an enclosure wall
– Every part is joined – erected as a unified structure
– Plan – similar to a latin cross plan with axis from east to west with entrance at the east
■ Components – – Garbagriha
– Mandapa
– Ardha mandapa
– Suporting structure – antarala or vestibule, maha-mandapa with a processional
passage around the cella
■Raised up on a lofty terrace
■ 3 main parts – – High basement story
– Walls and opening of the interior compartments above
– Grouping of roofs culminating in the shikhara
■Most outstanding feature –
– Decorative motif filling in the wall spaces between the openings
– Figures – human beings, divine people.
■Interiors – elaborately Central India
THE DELHI OR IMPERIAL

Earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is divided into
5 phases:
The Slave kings 1191-1246
Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320
Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1413
Sayyids 1414-1451
lodi Dynasty 1451- L1526
The Slave Dynasty

■Slave dynasty – members were not of royal blood, but belonged to a system of slavery.
■Mohammed Ghuri’s – Ruler of Ghurid dynasty
– His Slave – Qutb-ud-din Aibak
– Ghuri appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak as his governor of possessions in India.
■Shams-ud –din Iltutmish (ruled from 1211 to 1236) – son-in law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak
■The Qutb complex was built by Qutb alDin Aybak (reg. 1206 - 1211) who established

the first Islamic sultanate in the Indian subcontinent in Delhi in 1192.
■The Qutb complex consists of a mosque and two minarets enclosed within a series of
cloistered precincts.
■This rectangular complex measures about 235 m (north-south) by 155 m (east-west)
along the exterior.
■It was entered via four monumental gates along the north, east and south walls, of
which only the southern gate (Alai Darwaza) remains.
■The mosque, known as the Qutb or Quwwat ul Islam Mosque, occupies the southwest
corner of the complex.
■It consists of rectangular enclosures, all the later work of Aybak's successors.
■ The Qutb Minar (minaret) stands in the southeastern part of this enclosure.
■ The unfinished Alai Minar (minaret) stands in the northeastern part of the complex.
■A tall screen wall with pointed archways runs along the western edge of the precinct,
creating a qibla wall for the prayer spaces.
■In addition to these elements, the complex also contains several smaller buildings: the
Tomb of Iltutmish, Ala al-Din Khalji's madrasa, and the Imam Zamin Mosque.
■ Apart from the Qutb Minar, the Alai Darwaza, and the ruins of the Qutb Mosque, little
of the Qutb complex stands today. Alai Darwaza – Gateway of Alaud-din 2) Tomb of
Iltutmish
3) Iron Pillar
4) Qutb Minar. The rectangular blue structure encompassing the Iron pillar and
Qutb Minar is the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque.
5) Alai Darwaza
6) Tomb of Imanzam
7)Major Smith Cupola
8)Chaumukha Gate
9)Mosque
Quwwatul Islam Mosque

■ The mosque is one of the earliest extant mosques in India.
■The original dimensions of the mosque had a courtyard measuring 43 m (141 ft) by 33
m (108 ft).
■The prayer hall, located on the west measures 45 m (148 ft) by 12 m (39 ft).
■The mosque has grey colonnades made of greystone with three bays in east and two
bays deep on the north and the south.
■Extensions were made to the mosque during 1296 when its dimensions in north and
south were extended by 35 m (115 ft).
■The central arch of the mosque is ogee in shape and is 6.5 m (21 ft) wide
and 16 m (52 ft) tall.
■The side arches are smaller in size.
■ The screen is sculpted with religious texts and floral patterns.
■ Qutb al-Din Aybak later commissioned a maqsura, or screen wall, before the western
iwan.
■Made of yellow and red sandstone, this wall is 2.4 3 meters thick, 45.72 meters long

(running along the qibla wall) and 15.2 meters in height.
■This five-arched screen wall contains one grand central high arch with two smaller ones
on either side.
■All are pointed arches, created with the use of corbels by the Hindu masons.
■This maqsura was later adorned with Quranic verses in Nakshi letters by Muslim
calligraphers.
Qutub Minar
■Purpose – built to proclaim the prestige and authority of Islam
■Originally 238 ft. high
■Built in1200 A.D
■Stone minaret to the south of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque
■Construction was started by Qutb-uddin Aibak and completed by Firoz Shah
Tughlak.
■ An inscription over its eastern gate – it was built with material obtained from
demolishing '27 Hindu temples'
■ Tapers from a 15 m diameter at the base to just 2.5 m at the top with 72
■At first, the tower had 4 storeys.
– Lowest section stellate or wedge shaped fla
– Second has circular projections
– Third is star shaped
– Fourth is simply round
■4th or uppermost storey was composed of circular kiosk w a domical roof.
■5th storey was added a later date.
■The first 3 storeys are made of red sandstone;
– the 4th and 5th storeys are of marble and sandstone.
Qutub Minar
■ All the storeys are surrounded by a projected balcony encircling the minar
■Balconies are supported by stone brackets, which are decorated with honey-comb
design, more conspicuously in the first
storey
■Stalactite bracketing Tomb of Iltutmish
■Situated outside the northwest corner of
Quwwatu’l Islam mosque.
■It was constructed of new material, not

making use of the materials used in other
buildings in the Qutb complex.
■First building to employ the ‘squinch arch’
system.
■ Initially covered by a Dome.

Tomb of Iltutmish
■Square plan, compact structure
of side 42ft.
■Western side –closed to accommodate 3 mihrabs on its inner face
■Exterior – plain
■Interior –
– cubical hall of side 30ft., sandstone walls – motifs of extracts from Quran.
– have insertions of white marble.
■Afghan Turks from the village of Khalji, near Ghazni. Ala-ud-din Khalji -
■Alai Minar
– initial plan was to construct a minar double the proportion of the Qutb Minar.
– It was left incomplete
–upto foundations and main walls of the
mosque
– Minar had inner course of rubble
masonry rising upto one story high.
Alai Darwaza – Gateway of Ala-uddin
■ Southern entrance hall to the courtyard –
the only gateway - completed
Alai Darwaza
■Attached to the northern face of the
mosque within the mosque courtyard
■It had a pillared portion carrying a small
dome.
■Cubical structure of 55 ft. side in plan,
total height over 60 ft.
■In the middle of each side is a doorway opening into the single inner rom
– hall of 36ft. Side with a domed ceiling.
■ Arch – central opening – pointed
horse shoe or “keel” Construction –
■Alcove (semi vault f pointed arch) in In each angle of the hall.
■Recessed one within the other to make a support – load of dome
transferred to ground - circle to octagon – octagon to square base.
■3 outer facades – Islamic
■Inner façade on the north –
– Opening is not a pointed arch
– semi-circular, shallow trefoil, elaborately patterned with repetition of motifs.
Tughlaq Dynasty
■Ghazi Tughlaq came to power in 1321 in Delhi defeating the Khalji rulers.
■The Tughlaqs belonged to the Turkish origin of Muslim family and were in power at
Delhi for nearly a hundred years.
■Architecture during Tughlaq dynasty was flourished in the hands of three rulers.
– Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq who ruled from 1320 to 1325,

– his son, Mohammed Shah Tughlaq, ruled from 1325 to 1351,
– Firoz Shah Tughlaq who ruled Delhi from 1351 to 1388.
■Many buildings were constructed; change in the art of architecture under the Tughlaq
Period
– No more Lavish display of ornaments and richness of details
– more emphasis on simplicity and vastness
Tughlaqabad – third city of Delhi
■The architecture of the Tughlaqabad city was divided into two parts,
– one part consisted of the fortress
– the other part was the city, which extended out for the residential and military
requirements of the times.
■The walls were made up of sun-dried bricks.
■The huge outer walls - sloping,
■Semi-circular bastions with eyelets were present at regular intervals to
look down at the enemies.
Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din
Tughlaq
■situated in the South of the
fortress of Tughlaqabad
■ The tomb is connected to
the fortress by a 228.6 m long
walkway, that was supported
by 26 piers and arches and
crossed over the artificial lake
connecting his Tomb with his
Fort, but today lake or water
reservoir is dry scrubland.
Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq

■ The Ghiyas-ud-Din's tomb is in the form of a self-contained fortress in miniature with
the sloping walls of circular bastions with eyelets for archery.
■ The outer portion of the fortress-tomb is designed in the form of an irregular pentagon
with a spreading bastion at each angle.
■Its length is less than 300 feet
■The courtyard within the tomb is unsymmetrical.
■interior is overlaid with red sandstone and a decorative white marble
■a pointed dome rests on the intersection of small arched corners.
■ The major portion of the tomb-building is made with red sandstone, including the
dome, made of white marble.
■ The most attractive part -is the slope of the outer walls,
– these are inclined at an angle of seventy-five degrees
■Each side consist a tall pointed archway, three of which are doorways, while the fourth

one is closed to provide accommodation for the mihrab in its interior.
■ The architecture of the tomb's exterior portion resembles that of the structure of the
Alai Darwaza constructed earlier.
■ Mohammed Tughlaq the son and successor of Ghiyas-ud-Din ■
His major contributions were
■The fourth city of Delhi, fortified walls named Jahan-Pannah or the World
Refuge,
■a double storied bridge of seven spans named Sath Pul,
■Bijai Mandal, the presumably part of a "Palace of a Thousand Columns," ■
and several other buildings.
■However, the city was deserted and desolate -due to the unpredictable policy of
Muhammad Tughlaq to change the capital from Delhi to the city of Daulatabad.
■Later, Firoz Shah Tughlaq the successor of Muhammad Tughlaq revived the style
and reconstructed Delhi as the capital and was responsible for constructing a large
number of important building projects.
■ The architectural characters of the Firozian period were different from its predecessors
■He covered his creations with plastic ornamentation in a rich and varied order.
■His major creations were,
– Ferozshah Kotla, the fifth city of Delhi,

– three other fortress cities named as Jaunpur, Fathabad, and Hissar, Khirki Masjid
– the Begum-puri mosque at Jahanpanah, Kali Masjid, another mosque in the Dargah of
Shah Alam at Timurpuri and the Kalan Masjid at Shahjahanabad.
Tughlaq Dynasty
FEROZABAD, 1354AD
■by Firuz Shah Tughlaq who succeeded Mohammad bin Tughlaq.
■The only structure that remains today is the palace, Feroz Shah Kotla
■ Feroz Shah Kotla was the grand and opulent royal citadel of the city Tughlaq.
Dynasty
Feroz Shah Kotla
■Citadel walls: 15 metres high and have a slight slope on the outside.
■Many ruined structures:
– Mosque and the
Baoli (step well) are still recognizable. Tughlaq
Dynasty
Feroz Shah Kotla
■Pyramidal structure.
■It is a three-storey building specially commissioned by Feroz Shah to support the
Ashoka pillar
Tughlaq Dynasty

Khirki masjid – mosque of windows
■fusion of Islamic and traditional Hindu
architecture
■only mosque in North India, which is
mostly covered.
Tughlaq Dynasty
Khirki masjid – mosque of windows THE
LAYOUT
■Quadrangular shape
■design of the terrace:
– The roof is partitioned into 25 squares of equal size
– with 9 small domes in each square (totalling to 81 domes)
– and alternated by 12 flat roofs to cover the roof.
■ There are 4 open courts.
■ Towers on 4 corners
■3 protruding gateways, one in the middle of each face, with tapering turrets flanking
each gate
■The southern gate, with imposing steps at the main entrance, exhibits a combination of
arch and trabeated construction.
■ The turrets are circular in shape; the articulation on these gives them a three storied
appearance
FIROZ SHAH’S TOMB

■The dome with a square plan
■plain cemented walls unlike the marble
■The door, pillars and lintels - grey quartzites
■red sandstone - carvings of the battlements
■Door way - blend of Indian and Islamic architecture
■Entry to the tomb is through a passage leading to the doorway.
■Squinches are seen in the solid interior walls
■Another new feature not seen at any other monument in Delhi, built at the entrance to
the tomb from the south, is the stone railings.
Sayyid and Lodi Dynasty

■Sayyid –1414-51
■Lodi - 1451-1526
■Tombs – most commonly built structure during the Sayyid and Lodi dynasty.
– Spaces between the various cities were occupied by groups of memorial monuments,
great and small.
■Tombs took two separate forms
– Octagonal plan surrounded by an arched colonnade or verandah with a projecting
eave and one storey in height.
– Square in plan having no verandah and the exterior being two to three stories high.

■Both cases – surmounted by a dome with a range of pillared kiosks
rising above the parapet
– one over each side of the octagonal kind
– one over each corner of the square variety.
■ Square type – reserved for nobles
and others of high rank.
■3 large tombs – octagonal order –
for the rulers:
– Mubarak Sayyid
– Muhammed Sayyid
– Sikander Lodi
Mubarak Shah’s tomb
■Mubarak Shah’s tomb was the
second octagonal tomb in Delhi
after Khane jahan Telangani’s tomb,
■octagonal in plan
■massive dome
■8 octagonal roof kiosks (chhatri) on each side (in the middle); merlons on the parapet
■Enlargement and refinement of the proportions of Tughlaq prototype.

Muhammad Shah Sayyid’s tomb:
■octagonal maqbara (tomb)- width – 30ft.
■Width is equal to height
■near the SW corner of the Lodi Garden.
■Highly ornamented and some of the original coloured plasterwork is still visible
■Material: Delhi quartzite
■The drum of the mosque and the kiosks (chhatris) have been raised several feet
including the basement and the ornamental pinnacles (guldasta) at the corners.
■ This measurement is half the height of the entire building including the finial.
■ Each face contains 3 arched openings divided by pillars,
– two side openings narrower than the central one.
■octagonal central chamber surrounded by a veranda
■stone buttresses at the vacant corners of the structure (gives the tomb a pyramidal effect
as a whole)
■Inside - octagonal plan -23.5 ft. in diameter
■each side has an arched beam and lintel doorway.
■The Lodis introduced the concept of double domes built one
upon the other, leaving some space in between.
■Two different types of tombs with octagonal and square plans
respectively began to be constructed.
■The Tombs of Sikander Lodi (d.1517 AD) is of the octagonal type.
■ Gumbads – Domes
– Bara Khan ka Gumbad

– Chota Khan ka Gumbad
– Bara Gumbad
– Shish Gumbad
– Tomb of Shiabuddin Taj Khan
– Dadi Ka Gumbad
– Poli ka Gumbad
■Double Dome – outer dome to splendid heights, without allowing the inner chamber to
appear un proportionately tall.
■perfect proportion in interior as well as exterior
■ Ornamental garden – tombs in gardens, formal and elaborate arrangement. Lodi Garden
■Tomb of Muhammad Shah (who belonged to the Sayyid dynasty)
■Bada Gumbad (with adjacent mosque)
■Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi
■ Shisha Gumbad
• middle of the gardens is the Bara Gumbad
• Opposite the Bara Gumbad is the Shisha Gumbad
• Further into the gardens, are remains of a watercourse which connects the Yamuna
River to Tomb of Sikandar Lodi Bara Gumbad
■earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi
■square tomb 20mX20mX29m (purpose unidentifies)
■large rubble-construct dome
■The hall in front of the mosque served as a guest house.
■There are remains of a water tank in the courtyard.

■In each corner is a squinch arch to support the base of the dome
■Over the cornice is a blind arcade with an arch in each of 16 sides.
■Each face of the drum is described by an ogee arched niche set in a rectangular frame of
Muhammad Shah
■The chhatris were removed and replaced by semi – minarets called Guldastas
attached to the base.
■The dome is a double-dome
■At the top of the dome, there is a lotus instead of a small chhatri
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
Akbar (1556-1605)
■ Built the largest army ever in the history of the Mughal empire
■ Unlike Babur or Humayun, Akbar had both the time and the resources to build on a
monumental scale
■ Most of the monuments were constructed in or near Agra rather than in Delhi
■ Akbar initially ruled from Delhi, but two years later he moved to Agra. Tomb of

Sikander Lodi Tomb of Muhammad Shah
■ The city was renamed AKBARABAD in his
honor and became the greatest city in the
empire
■ The main part of the city lay on the west
bank of the Yamuna and was provided with a
drainage system to control the flow of
rainwater.
■ Humayun’s Tomb
■ Commissioned by Humayun’s wife and
construction began in 1564 during
Akbar’s reign
■ the architect of the tomb was the Persian architect, Mirak Mirza Ghiyas (also referred
to as
Mirak Ghiyathuddin) who was brought from Herat (northwest Afghanistan),
■ The tomb was in a walled compound
In the middle of each of the four sides of the enclosure an imposing gateway was
■
introduced.
■ On the west side –the main entrance
– Consisting of a large structure through an archway (which presents a beautiful view of

the tomb)
■ It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent
■ The main building – surrounded by spacious park like enclosure
– Immense square garden with the tomb isolated in the centre.
■ Garden layout –
– formal arrangement in pattern of squares and rectangular compartments
– with flowered parterres
– paths were paved with stones
■ Material used: Red sandstone and marble.
■ The central building stands on a lofty sandstone terrace, 22ft. High with arcaded sides.
■ Each archway opened into a small room for the accommodation of visitors and visitors
or their attendants.
■ Tomb occupied the middle of the upper surface of this platform.
■ Platform - 156 ft. side
■ Platform –
– square in plan except for certain projections
– chamfered angles.
Tomb structure:
■ The 4 sides-alike
– Each side – a central rectangular front face containing
■ an arched recess
■ flanked by embowed wings

■ Each wing – has a similar but smaller arched alcove
■ Marble dome rises to 140 ft. high with a cluster of pillared kiosks having cupola roofs
on each side.
■ Dome - Double dome
■ Instead of consisting of one thickness of masonry is composed of 2 separate shells –
outer and inner with an appreciable space in between
■ The outer shell supports the white marble casing of the exterior
■ Inner shell forms the vaulted ceiling of the main hall in the interior
Arched
Arched
Kiosk
Cupola
■ Light is coveyed into all parts – clerestory windows formed of perorated screens fitted
within the arched recesses of the facades.
■ Interior– group of compartments
– Largest in the centre for the emperor
– Smaller one in each angle for those of his family.
■ Each room is octagonal in plan and they are connected
by radiating or diagonalpassages
Agra
Fort 94-acre fort, a semicircular plan
■
■ walls are 17 feet high
■ Double Ramparts have

massive circular bastions at intervals
■ Four gates, one gate opening on to the river. (notable: Delhi Gate & Lahore Gate
■ Delhi Gate, which faces the city on the W side of the fort, is considered the grandest of
the 4 and a masterpiece of Akbar's time.
• 90-degree turn between the outer and inner gates make the entrance impregnable
• two octagonal bastions along with 70 smaller towers
• 500 buildings were built in the fort
• Some of them were demolished by Shahjahan to make way for his white marble palaces
and many by British.
Mughal Architecture
The Fort uses a double moat system water moat (reputedly filled with crocodiles) & a dry
moat (populated with man-eating tigers)

■ Some important monuments which were added later by Emperor Shah Jahan.
– Khas Mahal,
– Diwan-i-Am and – Moti Masjid.
■ These differ from the buildings of Akbar as these were executed in marble as against
the red sandstone used in Akbar's time.
Fatehpur Sikri – Akbar’s capital in Agra
■ Created on a site 26 miles west of Agra
■ Surrounded by a bastioned wall enclosing an irregular rectangular area approx. 2 miles
long.
■ Religious buildings within –
– The great mosque – Jami Masjid
– Southern gate or Buland Darwaza
– The tomb of saint Salim Chisti within a courtyard
– The mausoleum of Islam Khan on the northern side
■ Secular building – – Palace of Jodh Bai
– Houses of Mirium, the sultana
– Birbals house
Mughal Architecture
Jami masjid
■ Jami Masjid is the principal building of Fatehpur and the vastest, spanning 133.6
metres north to south and 165.2 metres east to west.
■ According to inscriptions on either side of the central archway of the prayer chamber,
the construction of the mosque was completed
in 1571-72.
■ Akbar acknowledged his deep gratitude and
respect for Shaikh Salim Chishti by
ascribing the mosque to him.
■ the Jami Masjid follows the conventional
structure of a mosque - it comprises
– an open courtyard
– with pillared cloisters on three sides
– the western end occupied by the sanctuary.
Mughal Architecture
■ The prayer hall has
– an arcade of pointed arches,
– toweringcentraliwan (hall)
– domes behinda fringe of chhattris.
Mughal Architecture
Façade –
■ Large rectangular fronton in the centre
– containing a spacious alcove
– a pillared arcade extending on each side to form the wings
■ Behind this central feature rises a large dome

■ Smaller domes over each
wing with ranges of pillared kiosks along the parapets.
Mughal Architecture
Interior –
■ 3 doorways – entrance to the nave
■ Aisles on each side - arcaded wings of the façade.
■ The nave is a square hall containing mihrab on its
western side and covered by dome
■ From the central nave/hall- to aisles through the archways
■ Chapel at the middle of the length of the aisle and domed roof.
Mughal Architecture
Buland Darwaza
Buland Darwaza or the loft gateway was built by
■
Akbar in 1601.
– to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.
■ Height – 134 ft.
Steps – 42 ft. high ■ Total height – 172 ft.

■ Across front – 130 ft.
■ Front to back -123 ft.
■ It is made of red and buff sandstone, and decorated by carving and inlaying of white
and black marble.
Mughal Architecture
■ 2 aspects
– Frontal highest aspect
– Backside consisting of a lower ad plainer portion towering above the courtyard of the
mosque
■ 3 planes comprising a large face and smaller ones on the sides receding at an angle.
■ The central plane – rectangular
– Surface – arched and domed recess
■ Narrow faces –
– 3 stories with varied openings
Mughal Architecture
■ Large recess in the centre.
■ Semi dome resting on 5 surfaces in the form of half a decagon.
■ Decorative treatment of outer façadewide border emphasizing the rectangular
formation
■ The shape provided ample space for ornamental inscription.

Mughal Architecture
Secular Buildings, Fatehpur Sikri
Jodh Bai’s Palace
■ Plan – nearly square – 320ft by 215 ft
■ On the north – Hawa Mahal (hanging pavilion)
■ Interior – almost symmetrical 2 storied building surrounding a quadrangle
Mughal Architecture
■ In the middle of each side these interior structures rise up into separate block with a
detached block at each angle in both stories.
■ Each of these blocks – self contained suite.

■ Volute forms in the design of niches and brackets.
■ Blue glazed tiles and roof and cupola.
Mughal Architecture
Jahangir ( 1605 – 1627)
■ In comparison to the continual architectural activity maintained during the greater part
of Akbar's regime, architecture during his son Jahangir’s reign -uneventful.
■ Jahangir – more interested in -in the school of miniature painting in the Mughal regime,
and whenever constructional work was considered there more frequently took the form
of laying out large formal gardens
■ He privileged paintings of events from his own life instead of illustrating fictions and
encouraged portraiture from the nature such as birds, flowers, and animals.
■ Apart from the paintings, Jahangir constructed few architectural buildings that resulted
a major change from sandstone to marble.
Mughal Architecture
Akbar’s mausoleum at Sikandra
■ This mausoleum is situated on the out skirts of the Agra City.
■ The tomb of Akbar was built by his son prince Salim also called Jahangir.
■ Akbar planned the tomb and selected a suitable site for it.
Akbar during his lifetime itself had completed the tomb and laid out a beautiful
–
garden.
■ After his death, Akbar's son Jahangir completed the construction in 1605– 1613.
– the topmost portion of mausoleum in marble was constructed by his son, Jahangir.
■ The entire tomb is constructed of red sandstone but for the top storey which is
constructed in white marble.
■ Tomb building –
–square plan
– 320 ft. side
– total height of over 100 ft.

■ In the middle of each side of the outer enclosure is a gatehouse
– 3 of these being false doorways added for symmetry,
– south – main entrance
■ Entrance gateway –
– Pleasing proportion and bold inlaid
ornamentation
– Provided with 4 graceful white marble
minarets one rising above each corner
■ Garden of great size enclosed by
walls.
■ Shape - low truncated pyramid built
up in 3 stories
– First, a massive terrace comprising
the basement
– An orderly arrangement of red
sandstone pavilions in 3 tiers forming the middle portion
– An open court surrounded by a marble screen - the uppermost story
■ The cenotaph is at a level below the ground level, while the false cenotaph is at the top
floor.
■ The ground floor is surrounded by cloisters except at the centre on the southern side.
■ These cloisters are divided by massive arches and piers divisible into many bays.
■ The basement of the tomb is constructed over 300 feet side and 30 feet high, with a
series of arches in its four sides.
■ From the southern gateway, access is achieved to the tomb chamber through a corridor.
■ The graceful grouping of arcades and kiosks,
■ Top story -
– is a huge structure with a solid cornice,
– enclosed within a range of delicately perforated screens
– above each corner rises a tall and graceful kiosk.
■ The inner portion of the story is an open court bounded by arcaded cloisters, with a
delicately carved monument occupying the centre. Shah Jahan
■ During the early years of his reign, Shah Jahan preferred Agra to Delhi as a place of
residence.
■ upon Shah Jahan's accession, the fort at Agra was renovated to include three major
courts:
– Halls of Public and Private Audience (Diwan-i Khass and Aam);
– and a residential court known as the Garden of Grapes (Anguri Bagh).
■ In 1638, Shah Jahan moved his capital from Agra to a city in Delhi.
– Known as Shahjahanabad, the new capital city was laid out from 1639-1648 on the
bank of Yamuna river.
■ The principle feature of this project consisted of a palace fortress for his own
accommodation on a larger and more comprehensive scale – forming a city within a
city. Red Fort, Delhi Red Fort, Delhi
■ Twice the size of the fort at Agra, the Red Fort - high, red sandstone wall that

surrounded the white marble palaces.
■ Plan –
– oblong – 3100ft. long and 1650ft. wide
–aligned north to south.
■ Enclosed within a high and strongly fortified wall in which there are two main
gateways
Lahore Gate - One in the middle of the
–
long side on the west
■ Principal and ceremonial
entrance – Delhi Gate- on the south
side
■ Private use
■ From these two gateways two thoroughfares
pass into the fort interior
intersecting one another at right angles.
Mughal Architecture
These thoroughfares communicate directly

■
with a large rectangular area
occupying nearly 2/3rd of the whole space
and itself contained within an enclosure.
– This inner area – 1600ft. X 1150 ft.

– Eastern side aligned along the eastern rampart overlooking the wide expanse of the
river bed
– Accommodates whole of the private and royal apartments
■ Palaces, pavillions
– Outside this within the rectangular space remaining are the service quarters such as
barracks, servants houses and other edifices.
■ Palace enclosure is nearly symmetrical
■ 4 parts –
– A large quadangle containing the Diwan – I – Aam or Hall of Public Audience
– On each side of this – two square open spaces designed in the form of ornamental
gardens and courtyards
– Range of marble palaces – one side facing the gardens and the other –
open view of the river.
■ Plan – regular and formal, laid out in squares; hardly any oblique line or curve
■ Palace enclosure is nearly symmetrical
■ 4 parts –
– A large quadangle containing the Diwan – I – Aam or Hall of Public Audience
– On each side of this – two square open spaces designed in the form of ornamental

gardens and courtyards
– Range of marble palaces – one side facing the gardens and the other –
open view of the river.
Plan – regular and formal, laid out in
■
squares; hardly any oblique
line or curve
Moti Masjid
■ Inside the fort is a congregational mosque known today as the Moti (Pearl) Mosque
because of the translucent white marble used on the interior.
■ The mosque comprises
– a rectangular prayer hall, about 48 by 19m,
– divided by cruciform piers into three aisles of seven bays
– supported on cusped arches and
– surmounted by three bulbous domes.
Rang Mahal
■ It was also known as Imtiyaz Mahal (Palace
of Distinction)
■ This Palace was originally painted on the
interior
■ It has tiny pieces of mirrors embedded into
its wall and ceiling creating a picturesque
effect
– Hence, these apartments were also known as
Sheesh Mahal (House of Mirrors)
■ Its ceiling was overlaid with gold and silver which used toreflect in the central pool
■ This central pool was fed by Nahr-i-Behisht
■ In its center there is a Marble Basin, which is said to hold an Ivory Fountain
■ Painted palace
■ Lavishly ornate ■ 153 ft by 69ft.
■ The entrance is through five broad
archways with cusped arches and
faces a garden
forecourt to the west.
■ Consists of a main central hall with
smaller compartments at each end – 6
ompartments in total.
■ Originally –
– exterior arches – filled in with
perforated marble screens
– Triple arches of lattice work placed across the centre of each side for privacy.

Mughal Architecture
Nahr-i-Behisht – canal of paradise
■ The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions on a raised platform along the
eastern edge of the fort, overlooking the Yamuna River.
■ The waters from the Yamuna are drawn via the ‘Shahi Burj’ tower at the northeast
edge, to accumulate in the ‘Nahr-iBehisht’ (Stream of Paradise), connecting the
pavilions running through the centre of each.
Mughal Architecture
Nahr-i-Behisht – canal of paradise
■ It irrigated the whole palace running through many channels, feeding
– the fountains in the gardens, – the pools covered with water lilies and the baths.
■ ‘Nahr-i-Behisht’ is a conduit ensuring full and continuous supply of water throughout
the entire enclosure.
■ Jami Masjid, Delhi Jami Masjid, Delhi
■ Near the Red Fort
■ Elevation – – 3 gateways
– Entry to public – north and south gateway
■ Quadragle of 325ft. Side
■ Red sandstone, black and white marble
■ Cloisters on the 3 sides of the courtyard
■ Square tank in the courtyard for ablution
■ 2 Minarets- at each end – 4 stages
■ 3 large bulbous domes of white marble Interior –
■ 1 great hall divided into aisles by massive piers supporting engrailed arches Interior
Arched mihrabin the west wall of each Panels containing ornamental cusped arch and
foliated arches are the motifs on the walls, piers and pavement.
■ Jami Masjid, Agra
■ Built by Shah Jahan in 1648 in honour of his daughter – Jahanara Begum.
■ 130ft. By 100ft.
■ Arches
– Tudor Arches
–
– Not enriched with foliations

– Wide intervals between the arches
■ 3 domes - lack height
■ Minarets – not very tall
■ Kiosks along its parapet
■ Central fountain and basin in which kiosks at the angles repeat those above
Taj Mahal
Plan - rectangle aligned north and south and measuring 1900ft. By 1000 ft. side. The
entire garden portion is enclosed within a high boundary wall having broad octagonal

pavilion at each corner and a monumental entrance gateway in the centre of the
southern side
■ The mausoleum is elevated on a plinth 22ft. High, square in plan and 186ft.
■ Side with its angles chamfered
■ This shape is carried up so as to form a building 108ft. High having a marble cupola
above each corner
■ Over the centre towering to a complete height of 187ft. Is the great bulbous dome
■ A minaret in 3 stages and crowned by a kiosk rises from each corner of the plinth to a
height of 137ft. Proportions –
■ Width is equal to the height
■ Height of the façade in the centre is the same height as the dome
– The top of the parapet above the large alcove is the middle point of the whole elevation
Dome
■ Shape and volume of dome - Supported by a lofty drum
■ Upper part of the dome – rises up to form the foliated base of the finial
■ Arrangement of compartments in the interior of the Taj – inspired by Humayun’s Tomb
■ Same octagonal hall with subsidiary chambers in the angles and
■ all are connected by radiating passages.
■ The main hall is in two stories of arcades
■ Over this is a semi-circular vault forming the inner shell of the double dome
■ there is a large void above this ceiling equal in area to he hall itself
Interior Decoration
Intricate - nearly 30 different types of
■
precious and semi-precious
gemstones appearing in the chamber's
stonework.
■ The walls are ornamented throughout with floral and abstract patterns formed by dado
bas-reliefs, intricate pietra dura inlays and complex calligraphic panels, Pietra dura –
pictorial mosaic work using semi-precious stones.
■ The royal cenotaphs are enclosed by an intricately carved octagonal marble screen
(jali),
■ Cenotaph surfaces are inlaid in detail with semi-precious stones forming patterns of
fruits, flowers and vines.
■ Marble from Makrana – takes on subtle variations of tint and tone according to the
changes in the light picturing the passing colour of the monument. Mughal Garden,
Taj Mahal
■ Out of the total area of 580 meter by 300 meter, the garden alone covers 300 meter
by 300 meter – symmetrical
■ The Islamic style architecture of this garden symbolizes spirituality and according to
the Holy Quran, the lush green, well watered is a symbol of Paradise in Islam.
■ The raised pathways divide each of the four quarters into 16 flowerbeds with around

400 plants in each bed.
■ Reflected their love for nature
■ Babur- Kabul Bagh at Panipat to commemorate his victory over Ibrahim Lodi in 1527.
■ Park like enclosures surrounded most of the architectural projects of the Mughals
especially – tombs
■ Spacious gardens were also created solely as pleasure resorts – elaborate and
comprehensive compositions. E.g.:
■ Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh in Kashmir
■ Shalimar Bagh, Lahore
■ Built by Shah Jahan in 1637
■ Garden is formed by means of
■ rectangular terraces arranged in descending levels
■ with the aim of maintaining continuous flow of water throughout the entire system, as
fountains, pools, basins, cascades
■ these gardens contained more than a hundred species of plants,
■ evergreens, screwpines and other trees, roses, violets, sunflowers and several varieties
of jasmines.
■ The layout is rigidly conventional and axially symmetrical
■ There is pattern in the conception but it is too geometrical to be rhythmic
■ To discipline nature and not to imitate it.
■ Mughal garden – rectangular arrangement of squares often subdivided into smaller
squares to form the favorite figure of the char bagh.
■ The quadrilateral Charbagh concept is based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned
in Quran
■ Paved pathways and water channels follow the shapes of these quares, oblique or
curved lines being very rarely used.
■ Mughal garden features:
■ Chenar tree – finds a prominent place in the Kashmir garden compositions
■ Orchards, avenues or groups of cypresses around the tombs
■ the main visual effects - obtained by means of parterres and borders of flowering and
aromatic plants.
■ At central points in the scheme, masonry pavilions, loggias, kiosks and arbours were
erected.
■ To ensure privacy it was the custom for the entire garden to be enclosed within a high
wall.
■ Shalimar Bagh, Lahore –
■ Oblong 1600 ft. by 700 ft. so that its longest measurement from end to end is over 1/3rd

or a mile.
■ To provide the water supply required to maintain such a garden - need for a canal
■ Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
■ Aurangabad – new capital
■ Mausoleum of Rabia Daurani , Aurangzeb
RAIBA DAURANI MAUSOLEUM
■ Inspired by the Taj Mahal
■ Badshahi mosque
■ The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan was commissioned by the sixth Mughal
Emperor Aurangzeb.
■ Constructed between 1671 and 1673
■ It is the third largest mosque in Pakistan and the seventh largest mosque in the world.
The red sandstone of the walls
contrasts with the white marble of the
domes.
■ Aurangzeb's mosque's architectural
plan is similar - the Jama Masjid in
Delhi;
though it is much larger.
■ The minarets are 196 feet (60 m) tall.
■ 7 cities of Delhi
■ 1. Qila Rai Pithora- Pruthvi Raj
Chauhan
2. Siri fort- Alauddin Khilji
3. Tughlakabad- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
4. Jahanpanah -Mohammad bin
Tughlaq
5. Ferozabad- Firuz Shah Tughlaq
6. shergarh/ Purana Qila- Sher Shah Suri
7. Shahjahanabad- Shah Jahan
PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE
• The Indo- Islamic architectures in India were introduced during the Islamic rules in
different provinces.
• These styles were neither Islamic nor Hindu but the fusion of both. The Muslim rulers
tried to reshape the Hindu architecture by adding arch, dome and minar to their
constructions as well as they also borrowed several Hindu styles and applied to
decorate their buildings due to which many new features were introduced in their
building art.
• The Muslims rulers during this period mostly created mausoleums, mosques, minarets,
forts and palaces.
• Local craftsmen mixed their style to the Islamic architecture which resulted to develop

• This special architecture. Migration of Persian craftsmen to India also played a major
role in the development of this provincial style. They amalgamated their architecture
with
local style and created amazing Islamic architecture.
• In few parts of the country, climatic conditions were also responsible for the
rovincial style as one kind of building material being common in some regions and rare
in others, all of which naturally affected the character of the building art.
• The provincial style of architecture developed from Punjab province and gradually
expanded to the other parts of India.
• They were divided into the separate style of architectures of Punjab, Bengal, Gujarat,
Malwa, Bijapur and Kashmir respectively that produced wonderful architectures in
India during the Muslim
• PUNJAB
- The undivided Punjab was the first state where Indo-Islamic architecture emerged as a
provincial style with the Muslim invasion – Ghazni and Ghor
• Islamic architecture made its way to the cities of Multan and Lahore through separate
routes during different periods.
- Earlier the architecture in Multan region was mainly of timber construction.
- Multan - group of the five tombs
- These tombs are Shah Yusuf Gardizi's tomb, Shah Bahau-1-Haqq's tomb, Shadna
Shahid's tomb, Shah Shams-ud-din Tikrizi's tomb and Shah Rukn-i-Ala'm's tomb.
- These are made up of brick and wood, decorated with glazed tiles.
- Shah Rukn-i-Alam.
• Present located in Multan, Pakistan.
• It is the mausoleum of the Sufi saint Sheik Rukn-Din Abul Fateh
• The bricks are carved deep into the timbering walls at appropriate intervals and their
brickwork is ornately chiseled with glazed tiles.
JAUNPUR
• Under the Sharqi dynasty Jaunpur became a great centre of art, culture and
rchitectural activity.
• During the rule of Shamsuddin Ibrahim (1402-1436 AD) several palaces, osques,
tombs and other buildings came up, the most prominent being the Atala Masjid built in
1378.
• Later other important buildings were produced that include
• Khalis Mukhlis Masjid (1430 AD),
• Jhanjiri Masjid (1430 AD)
• Lal Darwaza Masjid (1450 AD) and
• the Jami Masjid (1470 AD).
• Pylons built on the facade to accentuate entrances etc. are a common feature.
• Arches - 'Tudor'
• The predominantly Hindu masons and artisans were more comfortable with the pil

bracket (trabeate) system of construction.
• The pillars have square monolithic shafts with bands the capital out of which clusters of
brackets emerge. These have a feel of rough execution.
ATALA MASJID
- The Atala masjid stands on the site of Hindu temple of Atala Devi. It was built in 1408
by Sultan Ibrahim, Sharqi Sultan of Jaunapur on foundations laid during the reign of
Tughlaqid Sultan Firuz Shah- 3
A large number of it’s
-
pillars,brackets,lintels
and flat ceilings were extracted from Hindu
monumets.
-The Mosque complex consists of a long
rectangular prayer hall that opens onto a
large courtyard to the west.
GUJARAT
The early phase of the architecture belonging to
the 14th century is represented
by the
• Tomb of Baba Farid

• Jama Masjid of Bharuch (1300),
• Jami Masjid at Cambay (1325) and the
• Hilal Khan Qazi's mosque in Dholka (1333).
• Under the rule of Ahmed Shah (early 15th century) and Mahmud I Begarha (1459-
1511) different types of mosques, tombs and gateways were built at Ahmedabad, Dholka
and Sarkhej.
• Ahmedabad is a city full of architectural masterpieces which include
• the Jami Masjid (built by the city founder Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1423), utubuddin's
mosque (1454),
• Rani Sipri Mosque (1505),
• Sidi Bashir's Mosque (1510), which is famous for its shaking minarets,
• Kankaria Lake, constructed in 1451 by Sultan Qutb-ud-Din.
• Sidi Basheer Mosque Jami Masjid at Ahmadabad – 1423 Rani Sipri Mosque
Malwa
• The Indo-Islamic architecture in Malwa province took place with the invasion of
Muslim rulers to these areas in the late medieval period.
• cities of Dhar and Mandu - Islamic architectures developed during the Sultanate
period.
• The major architectures during the development of Indo Islamic architecture in Malwa
were constructed in the Mandu city.
• The kingdom of Malwa Sultanate was founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri of Ghuri
dynasty in 1392
• Dhar - capital of his kingdom.
• Initially construction - from the temple materials.

• They created new architectures on the ruins of temples.
• First phase - began about 1400.
• Introduction of original Islamic elements as well as motifs
• Decoration - colour played an important role
• This colour consequence was obtained by two methods, partially by the use of various
coloured stones and marble, and partially by means of encaustic tiles.
• The principal material - sandstone, different kinds of marble and other stones of
different tints and textures. Several semi-precious stones such as jasper, agate, and
cornelian were combined with the marble in the decoration of the interiors of buildings
• First phase - concentration was mainly focused on the creation of mosques.
• The earliest buildings of this period are the
• Kamal Maula Masjid (1400) and the Lat Masjid (1405) at Dhar
• Dilawar Khan Masjid (1405) and the Malik Mughith mosque (1452) at Mandu.
The pointed arches between the pillars in central portions of the scheme, and their
porticos provide an aerial grace in these mosques
• The second phase - started with the establishment of the capital of Mandu – 15th
century
• Mandu developed the Islamic architecture during the reign of Hushang Shah
(1405-35), the second ruler of the Ghuri dynasty.
• The great Jami Masjid, with the Ashrafi Mahall was the two major creations of
this period.
• The largest and most important Indo Islamic architecture in Malwa - the Jami Masjid.
• Other important buildings in Mandu are the:
• Jahaz Mahal - a 120 meter long 'ship palace' built by Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Khilji
between two artificial lakes Munj Talao and Kapur Talao
• Taveli Mahal with two wells called Ujali and Andheri Baoli
• Hindola Mahal,
• Dilawar Khan's Mosque
• Hoshang Shah's Tomb
• Jami Masjid, Jahaz Mahal, Ashrafi Mahal, Hoshang Shah’s Tomb Hindola Mahal
-The Hindola Mahal - simplicity, boldness, and well-proportioned.

-minimal ornamentation and stands out boldly through massive inclined buttresses.
-In addition, the pointed arches on the building’s interior reflect how Malwa architecture
was influenced by the Delhi styles.
The Jami Masjid, Malwa

• The courtyard of the mosque - surrounded by arched arcades on its four sides, and 11
openings in each side forming a facade to the pillared halls inside. Three large
domes, a symmetrical pattern of cylindrical cupolas
• All the buildings of this era:
• each of those faced with white marble,
• and the doorways, windows and cornices were elegantly carved,

• in certain places patterns in stones were inlaid, with friezes of blue and yellow glaze.
The third phase - influenced by music, poetry and other artistic forms of expression.
• tombs, mausoleums, summer-houses,
monuments, palaces, forts, and pavilions.
•ground floors – a series of compartments
grouped around a central
courtyard with pools and fountains
•Above ground floor -arcaded walkways
roofed with fluted domes.
• Such great buildings of that era now

known as
• Baz Bahadur's Palace,

• Nil Kanth Palace,
• Rupmati's Pavilion
- Chishti Khan's Palace
THE DECCAN
Gulbarga
• The architecture of the Deccan – independent style - It derived its elements from the
architectural styles of the Sultan of Delhi and Persia.
• Examples:
• Gulbarga Fort and the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga.
• Bidar Fort, Mahmud Gawan's Madrassa and the Ali Barid's Tomb Gulbarga Fort
Bidar Fort
In the Deccan, the Bahamani
•
Sultans
built a number of mosques, mausoleums and forts.
The Jami Masjid at Gulbarga
• built in 1367 A.D. is a true example of the

Deccan style.
• It has corridors on three sides.

• It is unique in that it has no open courtyard, the whole structure being covered.
• Instead of minarets, it has four domes in the four corners.
• The central dome above the prayer hall is the 1argest.
• The mosque is said to have been built under the a Persian architect.
JamiMasjid, Gulbarga
THE DECCAN
Hyderabad
• The Qutub Shahi and Nizam Shahi dynasties contributed greatly -Deccan style of

architecture.
• the seven Qutub Shahi kings ruled Golconda for 170 years. The Charminar built in
1591 by Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah to celebrate his victory over an outbreak of plague
in 1591.
•It is a square structure resembling a gateway.
•It is open on all four sides with lofty arches.
•Four three storeyed minar stand in the four corners.
• intricately carved minarets built with granite and lime-mortar.
• The roof has a double screen of arched openings and bulbous cupolas Charminar,
Hyderabad Tombs of the Qutb Shahi Rulers of Golconda.
• The mausoleums are either square or octagonal.
• slender minarets, balconies, large arches, bulbous domes with rows of petals at the base.
• Numerous turrets, cupolas and patterns in glazed tiles add to the beauty of the
onuments.
- Verses from the Quran have been artistically inscribed.
- Hindu motifs like the lotus, chain and pendant adorn the walls. The Tomb of
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah is built on a double terrace. BIJAPUR
• The Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur constructed several mosques, tombs and palaces.
• The most distinct monument of this period - the Gol Gumbaz built by Mohammad Adil
Shah, which is largest masonry dome in the world.
• Bijapur is also famous for the
• Sat Manzil, Ibrahim Roza,
• Bara Kaman, Mehtar Mahal, Nagar Khana and the Gagan Mahal.
• Ibrahim Roza is the tomb of Adil Shai Sultan Ibrahim II (1580-1627 AD).
• The main features of the building art of Bijapur were the dome
• They were almost spherical in shape, and rises out of a band of conventional petals at its
base.
• These forms were repeated to the turrets to provide an ornamental finishing,
surmounted the principal angles of the minarets.
• This specific Bijapur arch was fuller in its curve and had four-centre.
• In the Islamic architecture of Bijapur province, they used cornice, a characteristic

architectural ornament in most of the buildings
•JAMI MASJID, BIJAPUR
•The first building constructed in the beginning of the Adil Shah's regime was the Jami
Masjid, built by Ali Shah I (1558-80).
•The dome of the mosque is a
• hemispherical in shape,
• its peak rising up into a massive metal finial
• crowned by the symbol of the falcate
• JAMI MASJID, BIJAPUR
Gol Gumbaz.
The third major monument at Bijapur of the Adil

Shahi dynasty is the mausoleum
of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-57) commonly
known as the Gol Gumbaz.
• Mohammed Adil shah started construction of his own tomb to bury his mortal remains
right after his ascent to the throne in 1626.
• The mausoleum has been built in dark grey Basalt stone and the facade is decorated
with plaster.
• The tomb is a giant cube topped with a hemispherical dome.
• The entire structure is fitted on a 600 feet podium.
• Staircases in the walls of the main building lead to the seven-story octagonal tower at
each of the four corners.
• Each story has seven arched windows and all are capped by smaller domes.
• The seven floors of the towers are demarcated by a projecting cornice and a row of
arched openings marking each level.
• A broad eighth story gallery, accessible by winding staircases in the four towers, circles
the dome and hangs out at around 3.3 m.
• This gallery - the “Whispering Gallery”.
• gallery reflects any sound for over eleven times.
KASHMIR
• The Islamic architecture of Kashmir is typified by use of woodwork.
• The best illustrations of wooden architecture of Kashmir are
• Kadals - the wooden bridges
• Ziarats - the wooden shrines
• Most of the wooden constructions - deodar trees.
• Some of the famous examples of wooden architectures of Kashmir are:
• Jami Masjid at Srinagar constructed by Sikandar Butshikan (1400 AD),
• Fort of Hari Parbat,
• Shah Hamdan in Srinagar,
• the Pattar Masjid (1623)
• Akhun Mulla Shah's mosque (1649).
-Due to the presence of wood in abundant amount, suitability to the climate, country, and
the needs of the people, the wooden onstructional method became in regular use.
-They constructed not only the walls, but also - the piers for the support of any
superstructure;
• in the case of an ordinary pillar - single tree trunks were generally
employed.
- Mostly a variety of cedar tree or deodar tree is used for the wooden
construction.
- Log construction in the series of bridges or kadals can be found around the river Jhelum
at Srinagar.
- Kadals
- The Indo Islamic architecture of Kashmir - mosques and tombs, where the
tombs are known as ziarat

- These are composed with the same architectural elements;
- consisting of lower cubical structure of the building containing the hall or
chamber,
- a pyramidal roof
- over the whole - a slender tower.
- Several other external features such as small subsidiary shrine and a range of cloisters
are added later.
- The greatest example of this kind of Indo Islamic architecture in Kashmir is the mosque
of Shah Hamadan in Srinagar.
- Shah Hamadan mosque is situated in the bank of the Jhelum River.
- It is an irregular masonry foundation composed of ancient temple materials.
- It is a square of 70 feet side, and is two storied in height.
Above the construction, a low
-
pyramidal
roof is present, surmounted by an open
spectator area for the muezzin,
over which rises the tower with its finial.
The tower is 125 feet high from

-
the
ground whose lower portion of the wall is made up of
logs, trimmed square
and laid in alternate courses.
The entire structure is a wooden structure.
The pyramidal roof of the mosque projects in three
tiers and are composed
of beams that contains planks on the above covered
with turf where roof
garden exists.
Under the roof garden there are multiple layers of
birch-bark, used as a
water-proof layer resistant to rain or snow.
The interior portion of the mosque does not posses any
special structural
features.
It consists eight sided tapering pillars with foliated
bases, the arched mihrab,
its panelled walls stained to a rich brown, the painted
ceiling and the many
coloured prayer carpets on the floor
- Jami Masjid, Srinagar

- It is the most important architectural building in a wooden style of Kashmir, which was

founded by Sultan Sikandar Butshikan in 1400 AD and later enlarged by his son
Zain-ul-Abidin.
- Architecture - a courtyard and its wooden pillars.
- It is a combination of brickwork with a large amount of timber work
- It consists a square courtyard surrounded by four sides with wide arcades, with a
lofty exterior wall making a rectangle of 285 feet side. The courtyard contains
- an arched arcade - a large structure creating a square frontage in the centre , a
pyramidal roof and steeple (tower or spire) rise above.
- The middle of each side is a structural wooden structure named as "ziarat".
- Among these four "ziarat" formations:
- three sides resolve themselves into
entrance halls,
on the west - larger and more
-
predominant, denotes the position of the nave of the sanctuary.

The nave is an open space
-
contained
within a double range of tall wooden pillars, with an
arched mihrab
occupying the interior wall.
These lofty arcades extend around the entire building
where they are
composed to form several ranges of pillars, varying
from 25 feet to nearly 50
feet in height.
Colonial Architecture in India
• Colonial architectural styles – not just British, but also with the invasion of French,
Portuguese.
• The British viewed themselves as the successors to Mughals and used
architectural style as a symbol of power.
• The colonialists had followed various architectural styles within India including:
Gothic, Imperial, Christian, English Renaissance and Victorian being the essentials.
• In its later phase the colonial architecture culminated into what is called the
Indo-Saracenic architecture.
• The Indo-Saracenic architecture combined the features of Hindu, Islamic and
western elements.
• The colonial architecture exhibited itself through institutional, civic and utilitarian
buildings such as post offices, railway stations, rest houses and government buildings.
“Indigenous ethnic Architecture”
•
The
Indo-Saracenic (also known as Indo-Gothic,
Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal,

Hindu-Gothic) was an Architectural style
movement by British Architects in
the late 19th century in British India.
It drew elements from native Indo-Islamic and
Indian Architecture and
combined it with the Gothic revival and Neo-
Classical styles favored in
Victorian Britain.
Saracenic was a term used by the Ancient Romans
to refer to a people who
lived in desert areas in and around the Roman
Province of Arabia and who
were distinguished as Arabs.
The buildings built in India by Indo- Saracenic style
of architecture were built
according to advanced British structural
engineering standards of the 1800's
including infrastructures of iron, steel and poured
concrete.
These type of buildings were employed with
domes, pointed arch, vaulted roofs,
pinnacles, minarets, pierced open arcade and
open pavilions.
• Indo-Saracenic had become almost universally accepted as the appropriate style for
substantial public building in India.
• The Indo-Saracenic style gained further impetus from its close association with the
Gothic.
• Though the two had of course a wholly different origin, they shared an
exuberant surface decoration, arched gateways and other features;
• In Bombay and Madras especially, the predominant style for government and
commercial offices - the Bombay Victoria Terminus, 'a free treatment of Gothic
with an Oriental'.
• Indo-Saracenic designs were introduced by British imperialist colonizers, promoting
their own sense of “rightful self-glorification”. Public and Government buildings were
often rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an
unassailable and invincible British Empire.
• Onion (bulbous) domes
• Overhanging eaves
• Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches
• Vaulted roofs Domed kiosks

• Many miniature domes
• Domed chhatris
• Towers or minarets
• Harem windows
• Open pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs
• Pierced open arcading
• Indo-saracenic architecture Brackets, cornices, domes, chhatris and finials and
various surface ornamentations were applied.
-Decorative parapets which incorporated lotus motifs and also the cusped arch could be
seen.
-In many buildings the forms were attenuated and the facades were given a greater
spatial variety and depth. British Architecture in India
• British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947
• The British arrival in 1615 overthrew the Mughal empire.
• The major cities colonized during this period were Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi,
Agra, Bankipore(Patna),Karachi, Nagpur, Bhopal and Hyderabad. St Andrews
Church, Madras
• The building is circular in form and is sided by two rectangular sections - one is the
entrance porch.
• The entrance is lined with twelve colonnades and two British lions and motto of East
India Company engraved on them.
• The interior holds sixteen columns and the dome is painted blue with decorated
with gold stars
Victoria Memorial
- The memorial was designed by Sir William Emerson (the then president of the Royal
Institute of British Architects) using Indo-Saracenic style, incorporating Mughal elements
in the structure.
- The style encompassed a blend of British architectural style with that of
Egyptian, Venetian, Deccani, Mughal and other Islamic styles.
• Build of Makrana marble brought from Jodhpur, Rajasthan, it measures 103 m by 69
m with a height of 56 m.
• The plan of the building consists of one large central part covered with a larger
dome.
• Colonnades separate the two chambers.
• Each corner holds a smaller dome and is floored with marble plinth.
• The memorial stands on 26 hectares of garden surrounded by reflective pools
Gateway of India
• The Gateway of India is a monument built during the British Raj in Mumbai (formerly
Bombay), India.

• The monument was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and
Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder on their visit to India in 1911.
• Built in Indo-Saracenic style, the final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914
and the construction of the monument was completed in 1924.
• The architect George Wittet combined the elements of the Roman triumphal arch and
the 16th-century architecture of Gujarat
• Its design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles;
• The arch is of Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style.
• The gateway is built from yellow basalt and reinforced concrete.
• The stone was locally obtained, and the perforated screens were brought from
Gwalior. Portuguese architecture in India
- Portuguese: 1498 to 1961
- The Portuguese landed in India in 1498, predominantly as merchants and
eventually gained control over Goa where they ruled for over four
centuries.
• The cultural influences of Portuguese however, are still fresh and continue to
exist in different parts of Goa, especially in the historic city of Margao.
• The Portuguese - Catholic houses faced the street with unique large ornamental
windows opening onto verandas.
• Bold colours were painted on houses creating distinct identity.
• The covered porches and verandas were designed for socializing.
• Front doors were lined with columns, and railings were popular in embellishment
Basilica of Bom Jesus
-‘Basilica of Bom Jesus’ the finest examples of baroque style of architecture.
-This Renaissance styled church
- constructed with plaster and laterite
- comprising of three storeys – holding - mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier
• The interior - comprises of white marble flooring with inlaid gem, highly
embellished gilded alters and paintings depicting scenes from life of St. Francis
Xavier.
• The construction of this church began in 1594 and was completed in 1605.
• The church, cruciform on the plan, has a three storied façade having where the main
entrance is flanked by two smaller entrances.
• The entire façade has basalt casing and the remaining part is exposed in laterite
including the buttressed.
• late-Renaissance structure, fronted by a façade combining elements of Doric,
Ionic and Corinthian design.

• The Basilica of Bom Jesus contains the tomb and mortal remains of St Francis Xavier.
• His ‘incorrupt’ body is in the mausoleum to the right, in a glass-sided coffin amid a
shower of gilt stars.
French Architecture in India
• French: 1673 to 1954
• Many streets retain French names, and French-style villas are common sight.
• The city is still divided into two significant parts by a Canal : The French Quarter
and the Tamil Quarter.
• In the French quarter, the buildings are typically colonial style with long
compound walls.
• Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Pondicherry
This 100 years old historical church is 50 mts. long 48 mts. wide and 18 mts. high
• Latin cross shape in plan
-Gothic style.
Mattancherry Palace
• Dutch: 1605 to 1825
• The palace is a quadrangular structure built in Nālukettu style, the traditional Kerala
style of architecture, with a courtyard in the middle.
• Temples in the courtyard - 'Pazhayannur Bhagavati', the protective goddess of the
Kochi royal family.
• the nature of its arches and the proportion of its chambers are indicative of European
influence in basic Nāluketttu style.
• carved wooden ornate ceiling, traditional Kerala flooring, which looks like polished
black marble but is actually a mixture of burned coconut shells, charcoal, lime, plant
juices and egg whites

1. ARCH: a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical
load primarily by axial compression.
2. CROWN: the highest part or point of a convex construction, as an arch, vault, or

roadway.
3. IMPOST: the uppermost part of an

abutment, often in the form of a block,
capital, or molding, from which an arch
springs.
4. ABUTMENT: the part of a structure receiving and

supporting the thrust of an arch, vault, or strut.

5. BEAM: a rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads
across space to supporting elements.
6. TRANSVERSE SHEAR: an external shear force at a cross section of a beam or

other member subject to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces
on one side of the section.
7. VERTICAL SHEARING STRESS: the shearing stress developed along a cross

section of a beam to resist transverse shear, having a maximum value at the
neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces.
8. BRICK: a masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and
hardened by drying in the sun or firing in a kiln.
9. COMMON BRICK: brick made for general building purposes and not specially
treated for color and texture.
10. FACING BRICK: brick made special clays for facing wall, often treated to
produce the desired color and surface texture.
11. DRY-PRESS PROCESS: the process of forming brick by molding relatively dry
clay having a moisture content of 5% to 7%under high pressure, resulting in sharp
edged, smooth-surfaced brick.
12. KILN: a furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying

something, especially one for firing pottery, baking
bricks, or drying timber.

13. FIRE BRICK: a brick made of fire clay and used for lining furnaces and
fireplace
14. MODULAR BRICK: a brick having nominal dimensions of 4x22/3x8in.

(10268x203mm)
15. NORMAN BRICK: a brick having nominal dimensions of 4x22/3x12 in.

(102x68x305mm)
16. BOND: any of various arrangements of masonry units having a regular,

recognizable, usually overlapping pattern to increase the strength and enhance the
appearance of the construction.
17. RUNNING BOND: a brick or masonry bond composed of overlapping

stretchers.
18. COMMON BOND: a brickwork bond having a course of headers between every
5 or 6 courses of stretchers.
19. ENGLISH BOND: a brickwork bond having alternate

courses of headers and stretchers in which the headers are
centered on stretchers and the joints between stretchers
line up vertically in all courses.

20. FLEMISH BOND: a brickwork bond having
alternating headers and stretchers in each course,
each header being centered above and below a
stretcher.
21. CLOSER: a masonry unit specially formed or cut to finish a course or complete
the bond at the corner of a wall.
22. SKYSCRAPER: a building of exceptional height and

many stories, supported by a steel or concrete frame work
from which the walls are suspended.
23. EDIFICE: a building, especially one of large size, massive structure, or imposing
appearance.
24. STOREY: a complete horizontal division of a

building, having a continuous or nearly continuous floor and comprising the space
between two adjacent levels.

25. LOFT: one of the upper floors of a ware house or factory, typically unpartitioned
and sometimes converted or adapted to other uses, as living quarters, artist
studios, or exhibition gallery.
26. CRAWL SPACE: an area in a building having a clearance less than human
height, buy accessible by crawling, especially such space below the first floor that
is enclosed by foundation walls.
27. CELLAR: a room or set of rooms, for the storage of food, fuel, or the like,
wholly or partly underground and usually beneath a building.
28. ATTIC: a room or space directly under the roof of a building, especially a house.
29. FLOOR: a continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout

building, having a number of rooms and constituting one level in the structure.
30. MEZZANINE: a low or partial story between two main stories of a building,
especially one that projects as a balcony and forms a composition with the story
beneath it.

31. BASEMENT:a story of building that is wholly or partly below ground level.
32. FAÇADE: the front of a building or any of its sides facing a public way or space,
especially one distinguished by its architectural treatment.
33. VERANDA: a large, open porch, usually roofed and partly enclosed, as by a
railing, often extending across the front and sides of a house.
34. COLONNADE: a series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature

and usually one side of a roof.
35. PORCH: an exterior appendage to a building, forming a covered approach or

vestibule to a doorway.

36. PORTICO: a porch having a roof supported by columns, often leading to the
entrance of a building.
37. PORTAL: a doorway, gate, or entrance, especially an imposing one emphasized

by size and stately architectural treatment
38. ROTUNDA: a round, domed building, or a large and high circular space in such
a building, especially one surmounted by a dome.
39. ATRIUM: an open, sky lit court around which a house or building is built.

40. COURT: an area open to the sky and mostly or entirely surrounded by walls or
buildings.
41. ORIENTATION: the position of a building on a site in relation to true north, to

the points on the compass, to a specific plate or feature, or to local conditions of
sunlight, wind, and drainage.
42. PLAZA: a public square or open space in a

city or town.
43. PRAVILION: a small, often ornamental building in a garden.
44. PERGOLA: a structure of parallel colonnades supporting an open roof of beams

and crossing rafters or trelliswork, over which climbing plants are trained to grow.
45. CEILING: the overhead interior surface or lining of a room, often concealing the
underside of the floor or roof above.

46. COVE: a concave surface forming part of a ceiling at its edge so as to eliminate
the usual interior angle between the wall and the ceiling.
47. TERRA COTTA: a hard, fired clay, reddish-brown in color when unglazed, used
for architectural facings and ornaments, tile units and pottery.
48. ADOBE: sun-dried brick made of clay and straw, commonly used countries with
little rainfall.
49. BASILICA: an early Christian church, characterized bya long, rectangular plan, a
high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof,
two or four lower side aisles, a semicircular apse at the end, a narthex, and often
other features, as an atrium, a bema, and small semicircular apses terminating the
aisles.

50. BAPTISTERY: a part of a church or a separate building in
which baptism is administered.
51. AISLE: any part of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the
nave by a row of columns or piers.
52. NAVE: the principle or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the
choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles.
53. HUE: one of the three dimensions of color, the property of light by which the
color of an object is classified as being red, yellow, green or blue, or an
intermediate between any contagious pair of these colors.
54. COLUMN: a rigid, relatively slender structural member

designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads
applied at the member ends.

55. CONCRETE: an artificial, stone like building material made by mixing cement
and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set
and bind the entire mass.
56. CEMENT: a calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used
as an ingredient in concrete and mortar
57. PORTLAND CEMENT: a hydraulic cement made by a burning mixture of clay

and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine
powder, named for its resemblance to a limestone quarried on the isle of Portland
England.
58. CURE: to maintain newly placed concrete or mortar at the required temperature
and humidity for the first seven days following placemen, casting, or finishing to
ensure satisfactory hydration of the cementitious materials and proper hardening.
59. DESIGN: the creation and organization of formal elements in a work of art.
60. FORM: the shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance
or material.
61. SCALE: a certain proportionate size, extent, or degree, usually judged in relation
to some standard or point of reference.
62. MODULE: a unit of measurement used for standardizing the dimensions of

building materials or regulating the proportions of an architectural composition.
63. ANTHROPOMETRY: the measurement and study of the size and proportions of
the human body.
64. DOME: a vaulted structure having a circular plan and usually the form of portion
of sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all
directions.
65. LANTERN: a superstructure crowning a roof or dome having

open or windowed walls to let in light and air

66. OCULUS: a circular opening especially one at the crown of a dome.
67. PANELED DOOR: a door having a framework of stiles, rails, and sometimes
muntins, filled with panels of a thinner material.
68. DUTCH DOOR: a door divided horizontally so that the upper or lower part can
be opened or closed separately.
69. LOUVER: an opening fitted with slanting, fixed

or, movable slats to admit air but exclude rain
and snow or to provide privacy.

70. BATTEN DOOR: a door constructed of vertical boards held together by
horizontal battens and diagonal bracing.
71. DRAFTING: drawing done with the aid of such instruments as T-squares,
triangles, compasses, and scales especially for the systematic representation and
dimensional specification of architectural and engineering structures. Also called
as mechanical drawing.
72. OBJECT LINE: a solid line representing a contour` of an object.
73. CONTOUR LINE: an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation on a

surface, or its representation on topographic plan or map.
74. PROJECTION: the process or technique of representing a three-dimensional

object by projecting all its points by straight lines, either parallel or converging, to
a picture plane.
75. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION: a method of projection in which a tree-
dimensional object is represented by projecting lines perpendicular to a picture
plane.

76. PLAN: an orthographic projection of the top or section of an object or
structure on a horizontal plane, usually draw to scale.
77. SITE PLAN: a plan showing the form, location, and orientation of a building
or group of buildings on site, usually including the dimensions, contours,
landscaping and other significant features of the plot.
78. Trimetric projection: an axonometric projection of a

three- dimensional object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that all
three principal axes are foreshortened at a different rate.
79. CAVALIER DRAWING: a paraline drawing of an oblique projection,

having the receding lines perpendicular to the picture plane drawn to the same
scale as the lines parallel to the picture plane.
80. AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION: the

orthographic projection of a three-dimensional
object inclined to the picture plane in such a way
that its three principal axes are foreshortened.

81. AXONOMETRIC: a paraline drawing of an axonometric projection, having
all lines parallel to the three principal axes drawn to scale but diagonal and
curved lines distorted.
82. ISOMETRIC: a paraline drawing of an isometric projection, having all lines

parallel to the principal axes drawn to true length at the same scale.
83. ELECTRICITY: the science dealing with the physical phenomena arising
from the existence and interaction of electric charges.
84. CURRENT: the rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit per unit time,
measured in amperes.
85. RESISTANCE: the opposition of a conductor to the flow of current, causing

some of the electric energy to be transformed into heat and usually measured
in ohms.
86. OHM: the SI unit of electric resistance, equal to the resistance of a conductor
in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere.
87. GENERATOR: a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy.
88. DIRECT CURRENT: an electric current flowing in one direction only and
having a magnitude that does not vary or varies only slightly.
89. PHASE: the fractional part of a period or cycle through which

lines have advanced, measured from a specific reference point
and often expressed as an angle.
90. LIGHTING ROD: any of several conducting rods installed at

the top of a structure and grounded to divert lighting away
from the structure. Also called air terminal.

91. ELEVATOR: a moving platform or cage for carrying passengers or freight
from one level of a building to another.
92. ESCALATOR: a power-driven stairway consisting of steps attached to a

continuously circulating belt, used for moving passengers up and down
between floors. Also called moving staircase moving stairway.
93. NAIL. A straight, slender piece metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or other
building materials as a fastener.
94. FIRE-ALARM SYSTEM: an electrical installed in a building to

automatically sound an alarm when actuated by a fire detection system.

95. HEADER: a framing member crossing and supporting the ends of joists,
studs, or rafters, so as to transfer the weight to parallel joists, studs, or rafters.
96. TRIMMER: a beam, joist, or rafter

supporting one end of header at the edge of
an opening in a floor or roof frame.
97. TERRAZZO: a mosaic floor or paving composed of

marble or other stone chips, set in a cementitious or
resinous matrix and ground when dry.
98. VINYL SHEET: a resilient floor covering

composed principally of polyvinyl chloride in
combination with mineral fillers, pigments, and
fiber, felt, or foam backing.

99. FORTIFICATION: a defensive military work constructed for the purpose
ofstrengthening a position.
100. BASTION: a projecting part of rampart or

other fortification, typically forming an irregular pentagon attached at the base
to the main work.
101. PARAPET: a defensive wall or elevation of earth or stone protecting

soldiers from enemy fire.
102. RAMPART: a broad embankment of earth raised as a fortification around

a place and usually surmounted by parapet.

103. CASTLE: a fortified group of buildings
usually dominating the surrounding country and
held by a prince or noble in feudal times.
104. CITADEL: a fortress in a commanding position in or near city, used in

the control of the inhabitants and in defense during attack or siege.
105. BARBICAN: an outwork on the approach to a

castle or town, especially a watchtower at the gate or
drawbridge.
106. FOUNDATION: the lowest division of a building or other construction,

partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and
transmit its loads directly to the earth.
107. RAFT: a mat providing a footing on yield soil, usually for an entire
building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of
construction.
108. FRAME: a skeletal structure of relatively slender members designed to

give shape and support to a building or other construction.
109. BRACED FRAME: a structural frame whose resistance to lateral forces

is provided by diagonal or other type of bracing.
110. RIGID FRAME: a structural frame of linear members rigidly connected

at their joints. Applied loads produce axial, bending, and shear forces in all
members of the frame since the rigid joints restrain the ends of the members
from rotating freely. In addition, vertical loads cause a rigid frame to develop

horizontal thrust at its base. A rigid frame is statically indeterminate and rigid
only in its plane. Also called moment resisting frame.
111. HINGED FRAME: a rigid frame connected to its supports with pin
joints. The pin joints prevent high bending stresses from developing by
allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when strained by support settlements,
and to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature.
112. LAMINATED GLASS: two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat
and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments
if the glass is broken.
113. ACOUSTICAL GLASS: laminated or insulating glass used for sound

control.
114. WIRE GLASS: flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire
mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or
excessive heat. Wire glass is considered a safety glazing material.
115. HINGE: a jointed device, usually consisting of two leaves joined together
by a pin, on which a door, gate, or shutter swings, turns, or
moves.

116. STRAP HINGE: a hinge having two long leaves for securing to the
adjacent faces of a door and doorjamb.
117. CONDUCTION: the transfer of heat from the warmer to the cooler
particles of medium or of two bodies in direct contact, occurring without
perceptible displacement of the particles themselves.
118. AIR CONDITIONING: a system or process for simultaneously

controlling the temperature, humidity, purity, distribution, and motion of the
air in an interior space especially one capable of cooling
119. HOUSE: a building in which people live.
120. SHELTER: something beneath, behind, or within which person is

protected from storms or other adverse conditions.
121. HUT: a small, simple dwelling or shelter, especially one made of natural
materials.
122. JOINERY: the art or craft of forming joints, especially in wood work.
123. END JOINT: any joint formed by uniting two members end to end so as
to increase their length. Also called lengthening joint.
124. SCARF JOINT: a lengthening joint made by overlapping the trapped,

notched, or halved ends of two members and holding them in place with bolts,
straps, keys, or fishplates, to resist tension or compression.

125. SOLID MASONRY: a wall constructed of brick or other solid masonry
units laid contiguously with all joints solidly filled with mortar and adjacent
wythes bonded by masonry headers or metal ties.
126. CAVITY WALL: a masonry wall having a facing

and backing completely separated except for metal ties
and enclosing an inner space serving to prevent
penetration by water.
127. WEEP HOLE: a small opening in a cavity wall, retaining wall, or other
construction for drafting off accumulated moisture, as from condensation or
leakage.
128. COMPOSITE WALL: a masonry wall having at least one wythe

dissimilar to the other wythe or wythes with respect to type or grade of
masonry unit or mortar.
129. MORTAR: a plastic mixture of lime or cement, or a combination of both,

with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
130. CEMENT MORTAR: a mortar made by mixing Portland cement, sand,

and water.
131. CEMENT-LIME MORTAR: a cement mortar to which lime is added to

increase its plasticity and water retentivity.
132. RUBBLE: rough fragments of broken stone or the masonry

built such stones.

133. BONDSTONE: a stone for bonding facing masonry to a masonry
backing. Also called as binder.
134. CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT: a precast masonry unit of Portland

cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded various shapes.
135. STRETCHER BLOCK: a concrete masonry unit having nominal

dimensions of 8x8x16in. (203x203x406mm).
136. MEASURE: a unit or standard of measurement used to ascertain the

dimensions, quantity, or capacity of something.
137. SQUARE MEASURE: a unit or system of units for measuring area,

derived from units of linear measure.
138. VOLUME: the size or extent of a three dimension object or region of

space, measured in cubic units.
139. HORSE POWER: a unit of power equal to 550 foot pounds per second
or 745.7 watts.
140. DORIC ORDER: the oldest and simplest of the five classical orders,
developed in Greece in the seventh century BC and later imitated by the
Romans, characterized by fluted column having no base, a plane cushion
shaped capital supporting a square abacus, and an entablature consisting of a
plane architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona
of which has mutules on its soffit.in the roman Doric order, the columns are
more slender and usually have bases, the channeling, is sometimes altered or
omitted and the capital consist of a band like necking, and echinus, and a
molded abacus.

141. ORDER: any of five styles of classical architecture characterized by the
type and arrangement of column and entablatures employed, as the Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite order.
142. ARCHITRAVE: the lower most division of classical entablature, resting

directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze.
143. IONIC ORDER: a classical order that developed in the Greek colonies
of Asia mainly in the sixth century BC characterized especially by the spiral
volutes of its capital. The fluted columns typically had molded bases and
supported an entablature consisting of an architrave of three fascias, a richely
ornamented frieze and a cornice corbeled out on egg-and- dart and dentil
moldings. Roman and renaissance examples are often more elaborate and
usually set the volutes of the capitals 45
degrees architrave.
144. ORNAMENT: an accessory, article, or

detailed that lens grace or beauty to something to which it is added or of
which it is an integral part.

145. ARRIS: a sharp edge or ridge formed by to surfaces meeting at exterior
angle. Also called piend.
146. GLOSS: the degree of surface luster of a dried paint film, ranging in
decreasing order of gloss from high gloss, semigloss, egg shell, to flat.
147. ENAMEL: any paint or varnish drying to a very smooth, hard, usually
glossy finish.
148. PIGMENT: a finely ground, insoluble substance suspended in liquid

vehicle to impart color and opacity to paint.
149. PLASTER: a composition of gypsum or line, water, sand, and sometimes

hair or other fiber, applied in pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings in
a plastic state and allowed to harden and dry.
150. PLASTIC: any of numerous synthetic or natural organic materials that are
mostly thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight and
that can be molded, extruded or drawn into objects, films or filaments.
151. PLATE: a rigid, planar, usually monolithic structure that disperses

applied load in multi directional pattern, with loads generally following
shortest and stiffest routes to the support.
152. PLUMBING: the system of pipes, valves, fixtures and other apparatus of
a water supply or sewage system.
153. WELL: a hole drilled or bored into the earth to obtain water, petroleum or
natural gases.
154. AQUIFER: a geological formation containing or conducting ground

water, especially one capable of providing water in usual quantities to springs
or well.

155. SANNITARY WARE: plumbing fixtures, as sinks and toilet bowls, made
of vitreous china, proclaim enamel, or enameled metal.
156. VALVE: any device for controlling or stopping the flow of liquid or gas
by a movable part that opens, partially obstructs, or shuts a passage, pipe, inlet
or outlet.
157. DRAIN: any pipe or channel by which a liquid is drown off.

158. DRAINAGE SYSTEM: a system of pipes, traps, and other apparatus for
conveying sewage, waste water, or rain water to public sewer or private
treatment facility.
159. VENT: a pipe connecting a drain near one or more traps to a vent stack or
stack vent.
160. VENT SYSTEM: a system of pipes supplying a flow of air to or from a

drainage system or providing a circulation of air within the system to protect
trap seals from siphonage and back pressure.
161. REINFORCED CONCRETE: concrete in which steel reinforcement is

embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in a resisting
force. Also called ferroconcrete, betonarme.
162. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB: a rigid planar structure of concrete

designed to act together with principal and secondary reinforcement in
resisting applied forces.
163. ROOF: the external upper covering of building, including the frame
structure for supporting the roofing.
164. FLAT ROOF: a roof having no slope, or with only a slight pitch so as to
drain rain water.

165. PITCH: the slope of a roof commonly expressed in inches of vertical rise
per foot of horizontal run.
166. PITCHED ROOF: a roof having one or more slopes.
167. HALL WAY: a corridor or passage in ahouse hotel or other buildings.
168. CORRIDOR: a narrow passage or gallery connecting parts of a building

especially one into which several rooms or apartments open.
169. SUITE: a connected series or group of rooms arranged to be used

together.
170. CLOSED PLAN: a floor plan consisting of

fully enclosed spaces or distinct rooms linked by
doorways.
171. OPEN PLAN: afloor planhaving no fully enclosed space or distinct

rooms.
172. VESTIBULE: a small entrance hall

between the outer door and the interior of the
house or building.

173. GALLERY: a long, relatively narrow room or hall, especially one for
public use and having architectural importance through its scale or decorative
treatment.
174. PARABOLIC SURFACE: a rotational surface generated by the

revolution of a parabola about a vertical axis.
175. ENCROACHMENT: the unauthorized extension of a building, or a part

therefore, on the property or domain of another.
176. SETBACK: the minimum required distance from every structure to the
property lines f a lot, established by a zoning ordinance to provide for air,
light, solar access and privacy.
177. PROPERTY LINE: one of the legally defined and

recorded boundariews of a parcel of land. Also called a
lot line.

178. EASEMENT: a legal right held by specified person or the public to make
limited uses of the land, of another as a right-of-way.
179. FILL: to raise an existing grade with earth, stone, or other material, or the
quantity of material used in building up the level of an area.
180. CUT AND FILL: an excavating operation in which the excavated

material is moved to another location and used as fill.
181. SOIL: the top layer of earths surface consisting of disintegrated rock and
decayed organic matter suitable for the growth of plant life.
182. TOP SOIL: the fertile surface layer of soil, as distinct from the sub soil.
183. GRAVEL: small [ebbles and stones, or a mixture of these with sand,
formed either naturally or by crushing rocks, especially such material that will
pass a 3-inches (76 mm) sieve and be retained on a no.4 (4.8 mm) sieve.
184. SOLAR ENERGY: energy derived from the sun in the form of solar
radiation.
185. SOALR ORIENTATION: the placing of a building in relation to the

path of the sun, either to maximise the amount of heat gained from solar
radiation during the coldest months or to minimise the amount of heat gained
in the warmest months.
186. SOUND: the sensation stimulated in the organs of the hearing by

mechanical radiant energy transmitted as longitudinal pressure waves through
the air or other medium.

187. ACOUSTICS: the branch of physics that deals with the production,
control, transmission, reception, and effect of sound.
188. ROOM ACOUSTICS: the qualities or characteristics of a room,

auditorium, or a concert hall that determine the audible of speech or fidelity of
musical sounds in it.
189. ACOUSTICAL CLOUD: one of a number of acoustic pannels installed

near the ceiling of a concert hall to reflect sound for improving the acoustic
quality of music.
190. REFLECTING SURFACE: a non absorptive surface from which

incident sound is reflected, used especially to redirect sound in a space. To be
effective, a reflecting surface should have a least dimensions equal to or
greater than the wavelength of the lowest frequency of the sound being
reflected.
191. STRAIGHT-RUN STAIR: a stair extending from one level to another

without turns or winders.
192. FLYER: one of the steps in a straight flight of stairs.
193. BALUSTER: any of number of closely placed

supports for a railing. Also called banister.
194. NEWEL: a post supporting one

and of a handrail at the top or bottom
of a flight of stairs. Also called newel
post.

195. SEDIMENTARY ROCK: a class of rock formed by the deposition of
sediment, as limestone, sandstone or shale.
196. LIMESTONE: a sedimentary rock formed chiefly by the accumulation

organic remains, as shells or coral, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate,
and used as a building stone and in a manufacture of lime.
197. METAMORPHIC ROCK: a class of rock that has undergone a change

in structure, texture or composition due to natural agencies, as heat and
pressure especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline.
198. STRUCTURE: a stable assembly of structural elements designed and

constructed to function as a whole in supporting and transmitting applied
loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the
members.
199. TEMPLE: an edifice or place dedicated to the worship or presence of

deity.
200. SACRED: of or pertaining to religious objects, rites, or practices, as

opposed to the secular or profane.
201. SECULAR: of or pertaining to the temporal or worldly rather than the

sacred or spiritual. Also, profane.
202. MENHIR: a prehistoric monument consisting of an upright

megalith, usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with
others.
203. ZIGGURAT: a temple-tower in Sumerian and Assyrian architecture,

built in diminishing stages of mud brick, with buttressed walls faced with
burnt brick, culminating in a summit shrine or temple reached by a series of
ramps; thought to be of Sumerian origin, dating from the end of the 3rd
millennium B.C. Also, Zikkurat.

204. DOLMEN: a prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large
upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slabs, found especially in britian
and france and usually regarded as a tomb.
205. STONEHENGE: a megalithic monument erected in the early Bronze Age

c2700.B.C. on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, consisting of four
concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar stone
believed to have been used by a sun cult or for astronomical observations.
206. OBELISK: a tall, four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a

pyramidal point, originating in ancient Egypt as a sacred symbol of the sun
god and usually standing in pairs astride temple entrances.

207. PYLON: a monumental gateway to an ancient
Egyptian temple, consisting either of a pair of tall
truncated pyramids and a doorway between them
or of one such masonry mass pierced with a
doorway, often decorated with painted reliefs.
208. ALTAR: an elevated place or structure upon which sacrifices are offered
or incense burned in worship, or before which religious rites are performed.
209. PEDIMENT: a wide, low-pitched gable surmounting a colonnade or

major division of a façade.
210. TYMPANUM: the triangular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking
cornices of a pediment, often recessed and decorated with sculpture.
211. AGORA: a market place or public square in an

ancient Greek city, usually surrounded with public
buildings and porticoes and commonly used as a place
for popular or political assembly.
212. ACROPOLIS: the fortified high area or citadel

of an ancient Greek city.

213. TRIBUNAL: a raised platform in an ancient Roman basilica for the seats
of magistrates. Also called as tribune.
214. MOSQUE: a Muslim building or place of

public worship. Also Masjid, Musjid.
215. KA`BA: a small, cubical stone building in the courtyard of the Great
Mosque at Mecca containing sacred black stone and regarded by Muslims as
the House of god, the objective of their
pilgrimages, and the point toward which
they turn in praying. Also Ka`baa, Ka`abah.
216. PYRAMID: a masonry mass having a rectangular base and four stepped
and sloping faces culminating in single apex, used in ancient Egypt and pre-
Columbian Central America as a tomb or
platform for temple.

217. MINARET: a lofty, slender tower attached to a
mosque, having stairs leading up to one or more
projecting balconies from which the
muezzin calls the Muslim people to prayer.
218. VIHARA: a Buddhist monastery in Indian architecture often excavated

from solid rock, consisting of central pillared chamber surrounded by a
verandah onto which open small sleeping cells. Adjacent to this cloister was
a courtyard containing the main stupa.
219. CHAITYA: a Buddhist shrine in India, usually carved

out of solid rock on a hillside, having the form of an aisled
basilica with stupa at one end.
220. CHATTRI: an umbrella shaped finial symbolizing

dignity, composed of stone disk on vertical pole.

221. TORANA: an elaborately carved, ceremonial gateway in Indian Buddhist
and Hindu architecture having two or three lintels between two posts.
222. VEDIKA: a railing enclosing a sacred area as a stupa.
223. AMALAKA: the bulbous stone finial of a Sikhara.
224. SIKHARA: a tower of Hindu temple usually tapered convexly and

capped by amalaka. Also called sikra.
225. STUPA: a Buddhist

memorial mound erected to
enshrine a relic of Buddha and
commemorate some event or mark a sacred spot. Modeled on a funerary
tumulus,it consists of an artificial dome-shaped mound raised on a
platform,surrounded by an outer ambulatory with a stone vedika and fours
toranas, and crowned by a chattrithe name for the stupa in Ceylon is dagoba,
and in Tibet and Nepal, chorten. Also called tope.

226. PAGODA: a Buddhist temple in the form of a square or polygonal tower
with roofs projecting from each of its many stories, erected as memorial or to
relics. From the stupa, the Indian prototype, the pagoda gradually change in
the form to resemble the traditional multistoried watchtower as it spreads with
Buddhism to china and japan. Pagodas were initially of timber, but from the
sixth century on, were more frequently of brick or stone, possibly due to
Indian influence.
227. THEATER: a building, a part of building, or an outdoor area for housing

dramatic presentation, stage entertainment or motion-picture shows.
228. GREEK THEATERS: an open-air theater, usually hollowed out of the

slope of a hill side with a tiered seating area around and facing a circular
orchestra baked by the skene, a building for the actors use.
229. CHORUS: the group of actors in ancient Greece that served as the major
participants in or commentators on the main action of the drama.

230. SKENE: a structure facing the audience in an ancient Greek theater,
forming the background before which performances were given.
231. PARODOS: one of the two side passage ways to an ancient Greek
theater, between the stage and the seating area, through which the chorus
entered orchestra.
232. PARASKENION: either of two wings flanking and projecting forward

from the skene of an ancient Greek theater, containing apartments for the
actors.
233. DIAZOMA: an aisle between the lower and upper tiers of seats in
ancient greek theater, concentric with orchestra and the outer wall and
communicating with the radial aisle.
234. AMPHOTHEATER: an oval or round building with tiers of seats around

a central arena, as those used in ancient roam for the gladiatorial contests and
spectacles.
235. PODIUM: a raised platform encircling arena of an ancient roman

amphitheater, having on it the seats of privileged spectators.
236. BATTEN: a length of a metal pipe hung from the gridiron, for suspending
scenery or an equipment, as drop scene, flats or lighting units. Also called
pipe batten.

237. BALCONY: a gallery that projects over the main floor of a theater or
accommodate additional people.
238. LOBBY: a hall serving as a passage way or waiting room at or near the
entrance to a theater, hotel or apartment house. Also called foyer.
239. BOX OFFICE: the office of a theater or stadium at which tickets are sold.
240. TRUSS: astructuralframebasedon the geometric rigidity of the triangle

and composed of linear members subjected to only axial tension or
compression.
241. BUTTRESS: an external support built to stabilize the structure by

opposing its outwards thrusts, especially a projecting built into or against the
outside of a masonry wall.

242. VAULT: an arched structure of stone, brick or
reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall,
room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space.
243. FLYING BUTTRESS: an inclined bar of an masonry carried on a

segmental arch and transmitting an outward and downward thrust from a roof
or vault to a solid buttress that through its mass transforms the thrust into a
vertical one. Also called arc-boutant.
244. CORBEL VAULT: a vault constructed by corbelling courses of stone

masonry. The resulting stepped surface can be smoothed or curved, but no
arch action is incurred.
245. PINNACLE: a subordinate vertical structure terminated in a

pyramid or spire, used especially in gothic architecture to add
weight to a buttress pier.

246. VISION: sight: the act or power of sensing with the eyes.
247. CAMOUFLAGE: the obscuring of a form or figure that occurs when its
shape, pattern, texture, or coloration is similar to that of its surrounding field
or background.
248. CURTAIN WALL: an exterior wall supported wholly by the structure

frame of a building and carrying no loads other than its own weight and wind
loads.
249. RETAINING WALL: a wall of treated timber, masonry, or concrete for

holding in place a mass of earth. A retaining all can fail by overturning,
sliding, or settling. Also called breast wall.
250. CANTILEVER WALL: a retaining wall

of reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete
masonry, cantilevered from and securely tied
to a spread footing that is shaped to resist
overturning and sliding.

251. WINDOW: an opening in the wall of building for admitting light and air,
usually fitted with a frame in which are set operable sashes containing panes
of glass.
252. WINDOWSILL: the horizontal member at the base of a window opening

especially the ledge formed by such a member.
253. PIVOTED WINDOW: a window having a sash that

rotates 90 degrees or 180 degrees about a vertical or
horizontal axis at or near its center used in air conditioned
multistory or high-rise buildings and operated only for
cleaning, maintenance or emergency ventilation.
254. FRENCH WINDOW: a par of casements window

extending to the floor and serving as a doorway, especially
from a room to an outside porch or terrace.
255. TREATED WOOD: wood that has been coated or

impregnated with chemicals to improve its resistance to decay, insect
infestation, or fire.
256. PLY WOOD: a wood panel product made by bonding veneers together
under heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to each other
and symmetrical about the center ply.

PRINCIPLES OF
DESIGN
The principles of design is used to organize or arrange the structural elements of design.
They are:
Balance
Proportion
Rhythm
Emphasis
Unity
BALANCE:
Balance is a concept of visual equilibrium, and related to our physical sense of balance.
Balance may be of two types, symmetrical and asymmetrical.
• Symmetry means a mirror image; one side is the mirror image of the other.
Symmetry can occurs in ant orientation as long as the image is same on either side
of the central axis.
• Asymmetric balance means create balance without symmetry. That means neither
mirror image nor axis is required.
PROPORTION:

Proportion refers to the size and scale in various elements of design. Most standard
measurement of universe is human body, so we judge the appropriateness of size of
objects by that measure.
RHYTHM:
Rhythm can be described as a timed movement through space, an easy connected path
along which the eye follows a regular arrangement of motif. The presence of rhythm
creates order in the composition.
Rhythm is largely depending upon the element of pattern and movement to achieve its
effect.
EMPHASIS:
Emphasis denotes the special weight or special attention given to something considered
important. Emphasis is also referred as a point of focus. Usually there is primary or main,
point of emphasis.
Contrast achieves emphasis by setting the point of emphasis apart from the rest of its
background. Contrast of colour, texture or shape, size and scale will produce attention to
a specific point.
UNITY:
Unity is a relationship among the elements of a visual that helps all the elements function
together. Unity gives a sense of oneness to a visual image. Unity is the underlying
principle that summarizes all the principals and elements of design.
Unity can be achieved through the effective and consistent use of any of the elements.
Unity can also be achieved by the consistency of form and colours.

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
Elements are components or part which can be isolated and defined in any visual design
or a war art. They are following:
• Line
• Form, Shape and space
• Movement
• Color
• Pattern
• Texture
Line:
The most basic element of design is a line. Lines are useful for dividing space and
drawing the eye to a specific location. Lines also communicate emotion and state of mind
through its character and direction.
• Horizontal line suggests a feeling of rest.
• Vertical line communicate a feeling of loftiness and spirituality.
• Diagonal lines suggests a feeling of movement or direction.
• Horizontal and vertical lines in the combination indicate the stability and solidity.
• Curved lines do vary in meaning, deep, acute curve suggest confusion. Soft
shallow curves suggests comfort, safety, familiarity and relaxation.

Form, shape and space:
Form and shape are areas or masses which define objects in space. Form and shape can
be described as organic and geometric. Organic forms are natural occurring, and
geometric forms are which has regular shapes, square, rectangle, circle, cube, cone,
sphere etc.
Form and shape can be brought as positive and negative. In two dimensional
compositions the objects continue the positive forms, while the background is a negative
form.

Movement:
Movement is a process of relocation Of objects in space over time. Movement may be
literal and compositional. Compositional movement may be classified as static and
dynamic.
a) Static movement of the eye that jumps between the different components of the
image, attracted by similarities and simply shifting of shapes an colours.
b) Dynamic movement is characterized by the movement of the eye that flows
smoothly from one are of the composition to another, guided by continuations of
line or form.

Pattern:
Pattern can be described as the repeating unit of shape or forms. Pattern exists in nature
as well as in designed objects.
In architecture, motif is repeated in various ways to form a pattern. For example temples
in south India have a roughly pyramidal form where elements of repeated pattern are used
in different sizes.
Texture:
Texture is a quality of an object which we sense through touch. It exits as a literal
surface which we can feel, but also as a surface which we can see. Texture are of many
kinds, rough, hard, smooth, soft etc, all surfaces can be described in terms of texture .

COLOUR THEORY
COLOUR WHEEL
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

RED PURPLE RED-ORANGE
YELLOW GREEN RED-PURPLE
BLUE ORANGE BLUE-PURPLE
BLUE-GREEN
YELLOW-GREEN
YELLOW ORANGE
HUE: It is the name of the colour.

SATURATION: It is referred to degree of purity of hue.
a. HIGH SATURATION is for bright colour.
b. LOW SATURATION is a greyed out colour.

INTENSITY: It refers to the brightness/dullness of hue.
LUMINANCE: It is the measure of amount of light reflected from hue.
VALUE: Its degree of lightness/darkness of hue.
LIGHT
MIDTONES
DARK
SHADE: When black is added to a colour, the hue produced is called as shade.
TINT: When white is added to a colour, the hue produced is called as tint.
TONE: When grey is adding to a colour, the hue produced is called as tone.
TEMPERATURES
There are two types.
WARM Colours: Red, orange and yellow
COOL Colours: Blue,green and violet
COLOUR SCHEME
ACROMATIC: A scheme is one that is colourless, using black, white and grey.
MONOCHROMATIC: This scheme uses variations in light and saturation of a single
colour. It uses one hue and adding white, black or grey to create tints, tones, and shades.
COMPLEMENTARY: This scheme consists of two colours that are opposite to each
other on the colour wheel like red and green, blue and orange, etc.
ANALOGOUS: It is made of two- four colours next to each other in the colour wheel.
TRIADIC : Three colours that are evenly spaced around the colour wheel.
SPLIT-COMPLEMENTARY: A base colour and the two colours adjacent to its
complementary colour.
TETRADIC (rectangle): It has four colours arranged into two complementary pics.
SQUARE: It consists of four complementary colours spaced around the colour wheel.

COLOUR PSYCOLOGY
Color psychology is the study of color as a factor in human behavior. This includes very
diverse studies, ranging from quantifying individual color preference to investigating the
relationship between shirt color and match outcome in a football match.
Red: Red has shown to increase BP and stimulate the adrenal glands. While red has been
proved to be a color of vitality and ambition. It has been shown to be associated with
anger.
Orange: This color relieves happy feelings of self-pity, lack of self-worth and
unwillingness to forgive.
Yellow: Yellow is happy and uplifting color. It can also be associated with intellectual
thinking.
Green: Green creates feelings of comfort, laziness, relaxation and calmness.
Blue: lighter blue makes us feel quiet and away from the rush of the day. These colors
can be helpful in eliminating insomnia.
Purple: Purple has been used in the care of mental or nervous disorders because they
have shown to help in balancing the mind and transform obsessions and fears.
Brown: This color brings the feelings of security and stability.
Black: Black is passive and can prevent us from growing and changing.
White: White is the color of ultimate purity. This color brings feelings of peace and
comfort while it dispels shock and despair.

MATERIALS
1) BRICK
Brick is a molded rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln until
hard and used as a building and paving material.
A bricks contains
Silica(sand)-[50%-60%] It prevents cracking, shrinking and wraping of raw
bricks. It thus imparts uniform shape to the brick.
Alumina(clay)-[20%-30%] It imparts plasticity to the earth so that it can be
moulded.
Lime -[2%-5%] It prevents shrinkage of raw bricks.
Iron oxide-[5%-6%] It imparts red colour to the brick.
Magnesia-[less than 1%]It imparts yellow tint to the bricks and decreases
shrinkage
Brick has following terminology
• Strecher- Longer side of the brick

• Header- Width of the brick
• Frog (depth is 10mm-20mm)- The depression provided in the face of brick
during its manufacturing is called frog. It should be laid upward and filled
with mortar for brick bonding.
• Arris/Angle- It is the edge.
• HALF or BAT – A brick cut across the length.

• THREE-QUARTER- A brick cut tothree quarter of its length.
• QUARTER CLOSURE- A brick cut to a quarter of its length.
• KING CLOSURE- A brick with one corner cut away, leaving one header
face at half its standard width.
• QUEEN CLOSURE-A brick cut in to two equal pieces, forming a thin
brick.
• SPLIT – A brick cut in to two equal pieces, forming a thin brick.
BOND
Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as ‘Bond’. The following are the
types of bonds:
• HEADER BOND- A bond whose face shows only header. It is often used
for curving wall with a small radius of curvature.
• STRETCHER BOND- It consists only the series of stretcher. It is a

simplest repeating pattern and it will create a wall only half brick thick.
• ENGLISH BOND- It consists of alternate row of stretcher and headers. It

has one complete row of stretcher and the header in the next row.
• FLEMISH BOND- It consists alternate course of stretcher and header in

one row.
There are two types of Flemish Bonds
➢ SINGLE FLEMISH- It cannot be obtained by making less than one

and half brick wall.
➢ DOUBLE FLEMISH- It is enabling to one brick wall. It presents
the same appearance on both front and rear.

• RAT TRAP BOND- In this type bricks are laidon edge. This is green
building technology. It is a cavity wall construction with added advantage
of thermal comfort. The interior remains cooler in summer and warmer in
winter. It is a cost saving method.
TYPES OF WALL
• CURTAIN WALL- Curtain wall refers to a building façade that is not load
bearing but provide decoration. A curtain wall is designed to air and water
filtration. As it is non-structural it can be made of light material such as
glass, steel, aluminum, stone veneers, louvers, metal panels etc.
• PARTITION WALL- It is wall that separates room or divide the room. It
is a non-load bearing wall. It may be construct of many material such as
bricks, clay blocks, steel panels, terracotta, concrete, glass sheet, wood etc.
• CAVITY WALL- Cavity wall consist of two skin separated by hollow
space. The skins are commonly masonry such as brick or concrete. It is
best used for thermal insulation and sound insulation.
• RETAINING WALL- A retaining wall is a structure that hold or retained
soil behind it. There is much type of materials that can be used to create
retaining wall like concrete. Retaining wall resists movement of earth, soil
and water.
2) CEMENT
It is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other materials
together. It is usually a grey powder before mixed with other material.
• Portland cement is the most common type of cement used around the
world.
• Limestone is the basic raw material for cement. Cement contains lime,
silica, alumina, iron and gypsum. Cement is made by heating all these
materials at 1450 C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination.
• Water + cement= grout

Water+ cement+ sand= mortar (a paste used to bind building blocks like
stones, bricks etc)
Water+ cement+ sand+ aggregate= concrete
USES:
➢ The important use of cement is as component of mortar in masonry, and
of concrete.
➢ Cement is used in floors, beams, roofing, pipes, plasters etc.
3) SAND
It is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles. It is defined by size being finer than gravels and coarser than
silt.
The most common constitute of sand is silica and then calcium carbonate.
Sand is classified as fine sand (0.075- 0.425 mm), medium sand (0.425- 2 mm)
and coarse sand (2-4.75).
The types of sand are following:
• PIT SAND (COARSE SAND) : It is also called Badarpursand. This type
of sand is produced in deep pit of abundant supply and it is generally in
red-orange colour. The course grain is grain sharp and angular in shape.
• RIVER SAND: River sand is produced from river streams and banks and
is fine inquality unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rouned grains
generally in white-grey colour. River sand has many uses in the
construction purpose such as plastering.
• SEA SAND: Sea sand is taken from sea shore and it is generally in distinct
brown colour in fine circular grains. Sea sand is avoided for the purpose of
construction
USES:
➢ Sandismixed with cement to be used in masonry construction.
➢ It is used for making bricks, cement.
➢ Sand is main component in common glass.
➢ Mixing sand with paint produce a texture finished wall.
4) GYPSUM
It occurs in sedimentary rock formation. Gypsum rock is mined and quarried,
crushed and ground into fine powder. It is usually white, colourless or grey. Its
crystals are transparent and transluscent.

Dehydrated Gypsum commonly known as Plaster of Paris. It has low thermal
conductivity and very good fire resistance.it gives firm surface on which colour
can settle. Plaster of Paris gives a decorative interior finish. It is used in coating
walls and ceilings and also for creating designs.
USES:
➢ Gypsum blocks are used like concrete block in building construction.
➢ Gypsum mortar in an ancient mortar used in construction.
➢ Gypsum board used as a finish for walls and ceilings and is known as dry
wall because no mortar, sand and plaster are used the wall are built
without water.
Gypsum board is fire resistant and sound insulation.
➢ For making ornaments and scultptures, variety of gypsum like ‘Alabaster’
and ‘satin spin’ are used.
➢ It is a component in Portland Cement.
➢ Used as a binder in fast dry tennis court clay, fertilizer and soil
conditioner.
➢ Used in foot creams, shampoos and hair products.
5) STONE
Stone is a rock or a piece of rock shaped or finished for a particular purpose,
especially
(i) Rock that is used in construction
(ii) A gravestone or tombstone
(iii) A grindstone, millstone or whetstone
CLASSIFICATION OF STONE:
There are mainly 3 classes of stone that as follows:
• INGENOUS STONES: It is formed when molten magma cools.
a) Plutonic stone: It results when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the
earth’s crust.
b) Volcanic stone: It results from magma reaching the surface as lava
• SEDIMENTARY STONES: It is formed by the deposition ofeither clastic
sediments, organic matter or chemical precipitates, followed by compaction of the
particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.

• METAMORPHIC STONES: It is formed by subjecting any stone type to different
temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original stone was
formed.
USES:
➢ For building and decoration.
➢ Used as aggregates due to strong physical properties.
➢ Used in farming and manufacturing industries.
➢ Used to make mortar, Portland cement and concrete.
6) SANDSTONE
It is a sedimentary rock. It is mainly composed of sand sized mineral or rock
grains and is commonly found in brown, red, purple and pink colour. It is
relatively soft and easy to curve.
It is porous which allows fluid to easily penetrate the rock. It is resistant to
weathering which is why it commonly used as building and paving material.
Major producer of sandstone in India is Rajasthan.
7) MARBLE
It is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone. It is composed primarily of the
mineral calcite (CaCO3). It has a granular texture. It is usually a light coloured
rock and is white when it formed from a limestone having very few impurities.
Marble that contains impurities can be bluish, grey, pink, yellow or black.
a) CRUSHED STONE: It is used as an aggregate in construction of highways,
building foundation, railroad beds, etc.
b) DIMENSION STONE: It is used in monuments, sculptures, buildings, flooring
etc.
a. Marble and granite are proven to be the most heat resistant material
available on earth.
b. Houses built with marble are cooler in summer and warmer in winter.
Marble is not acid resistant.
Marble is mostly found in Rajasthan. It is also found in Madhya Pradesh and
Gujrat.
There are variety of marbles in India.

• MAKRANA- It is found in Nagpur district of Rajasthan. Taj Mahal and
White House are made of Makrana marble.
• RAJNAGAR MARBLE
• YELLOW MARBLE
• BIDASAR / FOREST GREEN
• ABU BLACK
8) GRANITE
It is a coarse grained, light coloured igneous rock. Naturally It has a rough
texture. Granite is often used as dimension stone. It is strong enough to bear
significant weight, it resists weathering and it accepts good polishing.
Granite is harder and more durable than marble.
Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore is the world’s first temple entirely made of
granite.
9) PAINT
Paint is liquid that after application convert into a solid film . it is most commly
used to protect , colour or provide a texture to projects. It is a mixture is four
important elements.
PIGMENTS- gives pant its colours and opacity

ADDITIVES – holds the paint to the surface of pigment to pigment and also
provides resistance to fungus and rust .
BINDERS – this holds the paint together and also binds it to the surface being
painted. It provides durability and also gives gloss to the surface.
SOLVENTS- this gives paint ability to spread over surface.
OIL BASED PAINT is used as paint for woods, metals etc as these material
absorb oil.
WATER BASED PAINT is used on walls as they absorb water.
TYPES OF PAINT
• PRIMER: It is a preparatory coating before painting which prevents the
surface from rusting.
• DISTEMPER:It is the most economical paint.Water based
• EMULSION: It gives a rich and matt finish to the walls.Water based
• ENAMEL/LUSTRE (oil paint): It is not mixed with water. It is slow
drying. It is long lasting and produces a rich effect on the wall.Oil based
• VARNISH: It is a solution of resins in drying oil. It gives a hard and
glossing finish. It used for both indoor and outdoor.Water based
• ACRYLIC PAINT: It is a fast drying paint.Water based
• ALUMINIUM PAINT: It is an all-purpose paint. It provides a reflective
coating and is highly resistant to weather.
TYPES OF FINISHES (gloss):

• MATT: It is the lowest level of gloss.
• EGG SHELL/ SATIN: It gives silk like gloss.
• SEMI-GLOSS: It gives more gloss compared to egg shell finish.
• GLOSSY: It is the highest level of gloss.
With respect to glossy finish
ACRYLIC > EMULSION > DISTEMPER > VARNISH
10) TERRA-COTTA
It is made of clay and originally known as burnt-clay. It is capable for being
moulded and kilned to make building blocks. It is used for walling or in the form
of slabs for applied internal and external wall finished. Its colour varies from buff
to red and is also available in grey.
It has a non-porous surface that can be readily cleaned with soap and water.

CONSTRUCTION
1) DOORS
Doors may be defined as openable barriers secured in a wall opening. It is
provided to give access to inside of the room.
Minimum width Minimum height
DOOR IN PLAN
Single panel Double panel
TYPES OF DOORS
• BATTEN DOOR: These doors consist of vertical boards called batten,

screwed and nailed.
• FLUSH DOOR: This door consists of frame which has tiles, top and
bottom rails.

• LOUVERED DOOR: These allow ventilation through them as well as
maintain privacy.
• REVOLVING DOOR: It is used in public places to provide entrance to

one and exit to another person.
• SWING DOOR: It is used in public places. This door swings on double

hinge, opens in either direction.

2) WINDOWS
TYPES OF WINDOWS
• FIXED WINDOW: It cannot be open as it is only for light entry.
• CASEMENT WINDOW: This is a window that is attachedto its frame by

one or more hinges. Casement windows are hinged at the side. Window
hinged at the top is called awing window and that at the bottom is called
hopper window.
• SKYLIGHT: A flat or slope window built into a roof structure and is

used for day lighting. It helps save energy, lowers the cost and reduces
environmental impact.

• DORMER: It is structure element that protrudes from the plane of sloping
roof surface. It is a source of light and ventilation and also increase the
area of room and create more usable space.
• BAY WINDOW: It is a multiple panel window, with at least three panels

set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.
• ROSE WINDOW / CATHERINE WINDOW : It is a circular window

having a highly complex design.

3) ARCHES
It is a curved structure that spans a space and may and may not support the load
above it. It is also called as vault.
TYPES OF ARCHES
• POINTED / LACENT
• GOTHIC EQUILATERAL
• SEGMENTAL

• FLAT
• CIRCULAR
• TUDOR ARCHIS A LOW
➢ KEYATONE is wedge shaped stone at the apex of an arch.

➢ Each wedge shaped unit in the arch is called VOUSSOIRS.
➢ CROWN is the highest point of the arch.
➢ The lowest voussoir is called SPRINGER.
➢ The height from the springing line to the crown is called RISE.
➢ EXTRADOS refers to the upper and outer surface of the arch whereas
INTRADOS/SOFFIT refers to the under or lower surface of the arch.
➢ HAUNCH is the side of the arch from the springing line to the crown.
➢ SPAN refers to the horizontal distance between the two springers.
➢ IMPOST is a projecting block at the base of the springer

4) COLUMN
It is an element that transmits weight of the structures above to the other structural
element below.
Classical order
a) GREEK
• DORIC ORDER
It is the oldest and simplest column. It doesn’t have a base and
stands on a flat surface. Its height is four to eight times of its
diameter.
E.g. Colosseum, Parthenon
• IONIC ORDER
It is more complex and more cylinder than Doric order. It has a
base as well as a shaft. Its height is eight to nine times of its
diameter.
E.g. Temple of Hera at Samos ( the first great ionic temple),
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Parthenon has some ionic
elements.

• CORINTHIAN ORDER
It is the most ornate order and has an elaborate capital decorated

with acanthus leaves and scrolls.
E.g. Pantheon
b) ROMAN
• TUSCAN ORDER (Roman Doric)
It is simpler than Doric order. The shaft is almost plain. Its height
is usually seven times of the diameter.
• COMPOSITE ORDER
It is mixed order, combination of Ionic order and Corinthian order.

Its height is ten times of the diameter.

PARTS OF A COLUMN
5) FOUNDATION
Foundation is used to transfer the imposed load of a building or structure on to a

suitable substratum. The type of soil determines the type of foundation to be used.
TYPES OF LOAD
• DEAD LOAD are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to

structure throughout the life span. Dead load is primarily due to self
weight of structural members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent
equipments and weight of different materials. It majorly consists of the

weight of roofs, beams, walls and column etc. which are otherwise the
permanent parts of the building.
• LIVE LOADS / IMPOSED LOADS are either movable or moving loads

with out any acceleration or impact. These loads are assumed to be
produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building including
weights of movable partitions or furniture etc..
• WIND LOADS is primarily horizontal load caused by the movement of

air relative to earth. Wind load is required to be considered in structural
design especially when the heath of the building exceeds two times the
dimensions transverse to the exposed wind surface.
• SNOW LOADS constitute to the vertical loads in the building. But these
types of loads are considered only in the snow fall places.
• SEISMIC LOAD Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and
horizontal forces on the building. The total vibration caused by earthquake
may be resolved into three mutually perpendicular directions, usually
taken as vertical and two horizontal directions. The movement in vertical
direction do not cause forces in superstructure to any significant extent.
But the horizontal movement of the building at the time of earthquake is to
be considered while designing.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
a) SHALLOW FOUNDATION
b) DEEP FOUNDATION
6) FLOORING
Flooring is a pavement covering of a floor or for the work of installing floor
covering. Floor covering is a term used to describe any material applied over a
floor structure to provide walking surface.
TYPES OF FLOORING:
• BRICK FLOORING
• CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
• LINOLEUM: It is made from renewable materials.
• MARBLE FLOORING
• TILES: They are made of clay
• NATURAL STONE FLOORING: It is used in flood prone areas.
➢ Limestone- It has great strength.
➢ Sandstone- It has perfect finish , high tensile stress, breakage
resistance and durability.
➢ Quartz stone- It is fireproof and non-slippery stone.
• WOODEN FLOORING: It is applied in badminton courts, dancing halls,
residences etc.
➢ Hardwood- It is made from oak, cherry, walnut, maple etc.
➢ Softwood- It is made from pine, fir, cedar etc.
Bamboo is not technically wood but is also used for flooring.
• TERRAZZO: It is a coloured marble aggregate used with white or
coloured cement.
7) STAIRS
Stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it
into smaller vertical distance, called steps.
The horizontal part of stairs is called Tread and the vertical part of the stairs is
Riser.
Winder is the step that is narrower at one end than the other.

ACHYUT KANVINDE [INDIAN]
-Achyut Purushottam Kanvinde was an Indian
architect
-Who worked in functionalist approaches with
elements of Brutalist architecture.
-He received the Padma Shri in 1974.(Brutalist
architecture is a style of architecture which
raised in the mid of 20th century) IIT KANPUR
PHYSICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF AGICULTURAL

DUDH SAGAR DAIRY, GUJRAT
SCIENCES, BANGLORE
LABORATORY, AHMEDABAD
ANANT RAJE [INDIAN]

-Studied in JJ School of architecture
-Worked with Louis khan in Philadelphia
- He taught at the University of Pennsylvania
INSTITUTE OF FOREST
MANAGEMENT, BHOPAL
MUMBAI GALBABHAI
TRAINING INSTITUTE

MAFCO WHOLESALE MARKET, THE INDIAN STATISTICAL
MUMBAI INSTITUTE, DELHI
B.V.DOSHI [INDIAN]
- Important figure of south Asian architecture
-Worked with Le-Corbusier in Paris
-Worked with Louis khan on designing of IIM Ahmedabad
-Got Padma Shri and pitzker prize
IIM BANGLORE, KARNATAKA CEPT UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD
SANGATH , AHMEDABAD ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING, INDORE

HUSSAIN -DOSHI GUFA,
TAGORE HALL, AHMEDABAD
AHMEDABAD
NIFT, DELHI PREMABHAI HALL, AHMEDABAD
CHARLES CORREA [INDIAN]
• Chief architect of Navi Mumbai
Awards:
• Padma shri;
• Padma bushan;
• Royal gold medal(from royal institute of British architects);
• Agha Khan (for Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly)
• Founder of Urban Design Research in Mumbai

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur
Madhya Pradesh Legislative Bharat bhawan, Bhopal

Assembly,Bhopal
National craft museum, New Delhi MRF Headquarters, Chennai
Kanchenjunga Apartments LIC Building, New Delhi

mumbai

INCREMENTAL HOUSING, MUMBAI City Central Mall, Kolkata
Ismaili Centre, Toronto, Canada Champalimaud Centre, Lisbon
EDWIN LUTYENS [BRITISH]

-In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "Lutyens'
Delhi".
-In collaboration with Sir Herbert Baker, he was also the main architect of
several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed
Viceroy's House, which is now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan
CONNAUGHT PLACE, NEW DELHI RASHTRAPATHI BHAVAN, NEW DELHI INDIA GATE

LOUIS KHAN [AMERICAN]
IIM AHMEDABAD
KIMBELL ART MUSEUM,

SALK INSTITUTE, USA
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY , DHAKA TEXAS
EERO SAARIN [FINNISHAMERICAN]
DULLAS AIRPORT, WASHINGTON DC

MEMORIAL ARCH, USA THE AUDITORIUM MIT
Massachusetts TWA TERMINAL
MASSCHUSETTS THE CHAPEL,

MIT
FRANK LOYD WRIGHT [AMERICAN]
- His philosophy of designing is called

“ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE”
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM

TALIESIN, LOWA COUNTY, FALLING WATERS,
Johnson wax headquarters
WISCONSIN PENNSYLVANIA
BETH SHOLOM
FL WRIGHT’S ENNIS HOUSE , GAMMAGE AUDITORIUM,
SYNAGOGUE,PHILADELPHIA
LOS ANGLES TEMPE, ARIZONA
IMPERIALHOTEL, TOKYO DARWIN D MARTIN HOUSE, ROBIE HOUSE, CHICAGO

NEW YORK

HAFEEZ CONTRACTOR [INDIAN]
1. He has designed many skyscrapers in India, primarily in the city of

Mumbai.
2. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in January 2016 by
the Government of India
LOKHANDWALA MINERVA,
HARINANDINI GARDENS, MUMBAI MUMBAI
IMPERIAL TOWERS, MUMBAI BAYER’S INDIA HOUSE, MUMBAI
DLF CENTER, CONNAUGHT PLACE THE 42, KOLKATA

LAURIE BAKER [INDIAN]
-British born Indian architect
-Renowned for his low cost energy efficient architecture
-Used curved walls to enclose more volume
-He liked brick work than plastering
-Called as Gandhi of architecture
-Cost reduction by including the use of rat trap bond.
ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE UNIVEERSITY LUCKNOW PSYCHIATRIC CENTER
THE INDIAN COFFEE CHENGALCHOOLA SLUM DWELLING

HOUSE,TRIVANDRUM UNITS, TRIVANDRUM
CENTER FOR DEVELOMENT STUDIES, ST.JOHN'S CATHEDRAL,

SURAT TIRUVALLA

MITRANIKETHAN, VEGAMON CHITRALEKHA FILM SALIM ALI CENTER,
& VELLANAD STUDIO, AAKULAM COIMBATOR
LE-CORBUISER [FRENCH]
-Real name: Charles Edouard Jenneret-Gris

-He is born in Switzerland and became citizen of French. He is urban
planner
-He used the‘the golden ratio’in his modular system for the scale of
architectural proportion
-He prepared the master plan of Chandigarh city, India
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION,

PALACE OF SOVIETS, TOKYO AHMEDABAD

SECRATARIAT, CHANDIGARH CHANDIGARH COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,
OPEN HAND MONUMENT,

CHANDIGARH VILLA SAVOYE, PARIS
UNITED NATIONS SANSKAR KENDRA,

VILLA SARABHAI, AHMEDABAD HEADQUATERS AHMEDABAD
ASSEMBLY BUILDING, CHANDIGARH GOVERNOR’S PALACE, CHANDIGARH

RAJ REWAL [INDIAN]
His work is characterised by concern for climatic sensitivity, human

architecture and the promotion of craftsmanship and new technologies
ASIAN GAMES VILLAGE, DELHI CIDCO HOUSING, NEW COAL INDIA COMPLEX,
MUMBAI KOLKATA
FRENCH EMBASSY GAS TRAINING INSTITUTE, HALL OF NATIONS(PRAGATHI

STAFFQUATERS, NEW DELHI NOIDA MAIDAN), DELHI
INDIAN EMBASSY, BEJING, LIBSON ISMAILLI CENTER, NEHRU MEMORIAL

CHINA PORTUGAL PAVILION, NEW DELHI

PARLIAMENT LIBRARY BUILDING, NEW DELHI STATE TRADING CORPORATION, NEW DELHI
SATISH GUJRAL [INDIAN]

An architect of the Belgium Embassy in
New Delhi was selected by the
international forum of architects as one
of the finest buildings built in the 20th
century. Satish Gujral was awarded
India's second-highest civilian honour
Padma Vibhushan in 1999
CHRISTOPER CHARLES BENINGER [INDIAN]
ALLIANCE FRANCHISE, NEW DELHI BRIDGE AT IIM KOLKATA

NAGALOKA CAMPUS ,NAGPUR YMCAINTERNATIONAL CAMPSITE, PUNE

SOME ARCHITECTS AND
THEIR WORKS:
CP KUKREJA JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY

GUSTAVE EIFFEL EIFFEL TOWER
HABIB RAHMAN NEW SECERTARIAT, KOLKATA

EUGENE STATUE OF LIBERTY
HERBERT BAKER
FARIBORZ SABHA LOTUS TEMPLE (BAHAI TEMPLE) PARLIAMENT HOUSE
F W STEVENS VICTORIA TERMINUS IM PEI LOUVRE PYRAMID

P N MATHUR CHANAKYA THEATRE, DELHI JANTAR MANTAR
JAI SINGH
FIDAI KHAN PINJORE (OR) YADAVINDRA

RANJEETH SABHIKI YAMUNA APARTMENTS (MUZAFFAR HUSSAIN) GARDENS
INDIRA GANDHI INDORE

SARAT DAS STADIUM
REZA KABUL SREEPATHI ARCADE, MUMBAI
SHIVNATH SRI RAM CENTER, NEW DELHI

PRASAD

INDIA INTERNATION
CENTER BUDDHA JAYANTHI GARDEN
MM RANA
JOSEPH.A.STEIN
WORLD HABITAT
CENTER
MIES VAN DER ROHE FARNSWORTH HOUSE USA
MOSHE SAFDIE HABITAT, MONTREAL

JOHN UTZON SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
MINORU YAMASAKI WORLD TRADE CENTER, NY

JAMES HOBAN THE WHITE HOUSE, WASINGTON
KULDIP SINGH NDMC BULIDING, NEW DELHI NORMAN FOSTER HONG KONG BANK
NARASIMHA DEVA SUN TEMPLE KONARK

KT RAVINDRAN RAJIV GANDHI MEMORIAL

FAMOUSE BUILDINGS AND ITS ARCHITECTURE
INDIA BUILDNGS
FATEHPUR SIRKI AND ITS BUILDINGS [OLD DELHI]:

Some of important buildings in Fatehpur Sikri:
ANUP TALAO
BULAND DARWAZA
DIWAN-I-AM
DIWAN-I-KHAS
• JAMA MASJID

• PANCH MAHAL
• BIRBAL’S HOUSE
• TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
• TAJ MAHAL
DELHI AND ITS BUILDINGS [NEW DELHI]:
• SWAMINARAYAN AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE

• LOTUS TEMPLE / BAHAI TEMPLE
• LAXMI NARAYAN TEMPLE
• HUMAYUN’S TOMB
• PURANA QUILA
• JANTAR MANTAR
• RED FORT [LAL QUILA]

QUTUB MINAR
INDIA GATE
PARLIAMENT HOUSE
KASHIMIRI GATE
AJMERI GATE

DELHI GATE
TURQMAN GATE
LODI TOMB
RAJ GHAT

JAIPUR:
Also called as pink city.
• HAWA MAHAL
• LAXMI NARAYAN TEMPLE OR BIRLA

MANDIR
• JANTAR MANTAR
• AMBER FORT
• JAIGARH FORT

JODHPUR
Also know as blue city
• UMAID BHAWAN PALACE
• MEHRANGARH FORT
• JASWANT THADA
MUMBAI
• GATEWAY OF INDIA

• CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS
• THE BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE (BSE)
• THE JEHANGIR ART GALLERY
• THE RAJABAI TOWER
• THE BOMBAY HIGH COURT

• RAJIV GANDHI SEA LINK
• ELEPHANTA CAVES
CHANDIGARH
• THE CAPITOL COMPLEX
• THE HIGH COURT
• THE SECRETARIAT

• THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
ANDHRA PRADESH
• CHARMINAR
• GOLKONDA FORT
• HIGH COURT
• STATE ASSEMBLY BUILDING

• HUSSAIN SAGAR
• TIRUMALA VENKATESWARA TEMPLE
• THE VICTORIA JUBILEE MUSEUM
TAMIL NADU
• MEENAKSHI SUNDARESWARA TEMPLE

• SHORE TEMPLE
• PANCHA RATHAS
• DRAUPADI’S RATH
• ARJUN RATH
• NAKUL – SAHDEV RATH
• BHIM RATH

• GANESH RATH
• DHARMRAJ YUDHISHTIR’S RATH
• AIRATESVARA TEMPLE
KERALA
God’s own country
• PADMANABHAPURAM PALACE
• PANDALAM PALACE

• SHAKTHAN THAMPURAN PALACE
• ARANMULA PALACE
• KANAKAKKUNNU PALACE
• BOLGATTY PALACE

BIHAR
The land of lord budha.
• VISHNUPADA TEMPLE
• MAHABODHI TEMPLE
• BUDHA STATUE
• SHER SHAH SURI TOMB
• ROHTAS GARH FORT

• ASHOKA PILLAR
• PATNA HIGH COURT
• VISHWA SHANTI STUPA
GUJARAT
• LOTHAL
• THE SUN TEMPLE

• AKSHARDHAM
• DWARKADISH TEMPLE
• SOMNATH MAHADEV TEMPLE
• SARKHEJ ROJA
• CEPT CAMPUS
• ADALAJ – THE STEP WELL

• THE SIDI SAIYYED MOSQUE
• THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• VAISHNO DEVI MANDIR
• DAL LAKE
•MANASBAL LAKE

• THE AMARNATH CAVES
• NISHANT BAGH
ORISSA
• KONARK SUN TEMPLE
• THE LEANING TEMPLE OF HUMA
• RATNAGIRI / PUSHPAGIRI UNIVERSITY

• UDATAGIRI AND KHANDAGIRI CAVES
• LINGARAJA TEMPLE
• THE JAGANNATH TEMPLE
MADHYA PRADESH
• KANDRIYA MAHADEVA TEMPLE
• LAKSHMANA TEMPLE

• SANCHI STUPA
• THE SHAUKAT MAHAL
• MOTI MASID
• LAKSHMI NARAYANA TEMPLE
• TAJ-UL-MASJID
• BHARAT BHAWAN

• GWALIOR FORT
• CHATURBHUJ TEMPLE
• TELI KA MANDIR
• GUJARI MAHAL
• JAS VILLAS

WEST BENGAL
• THE DAKSHINESWAR KALI TEMPLE
• BELUR MATH
• TIPU SULTAN’S MOSQUE
• THE VICTORIA MEMORIAL
• HOWRAH BRIDGE
• WRITER’S BUILDING

• SHAHEED MINAR
• THE CALCUTTA HIGH COURT
• THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

CALCUTTA
SOME OTHER SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS MONUMENTS IN INDIA
GOL GUMAZ, BIJAPUR, KARNATAKA

• ST. FRANCIS XAVIER CHURCH, GOA
• THE CELLULAR JAIL, PORT BLAIR,

ANDMAN NICOBAR ISLANDS
• GHATS OF BANARAS / VARANASI, UTTAR

PRADESH
• BARA IMAMBARA, LUCKNOW, UTTAR

PRADESH
• THE GOLDEN TEMPLE, AMRITSAR, PUNJAB
• WAGAH BORDER, AMRITSAR, PUNJAB

• TOWER OF VICTORY – (VIJAY STAMBH)
SOME OTHER SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS, MONUMENTS OF

THE WORLD
THE BURJ AL ARAB, DUBAI
• THE NATIONAL CONGRESS BUILDING/PLAZA OF

THREE POWERS, BRASILIA
• STONEHENGE, GREAT BRITAIN, UK
NOTRE DAME, PARIS

• THE COLOSSEUM, ROME
THE FLATIRON BUILDING, NEW YORK
• THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
• LOUVRE MUSEUM, PARIS
• THE EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS
• THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK

• THE PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS, KUALA LUMPUR,
MALAYSIA
• THE SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE, SYDNEY
• TORII GATE, JAPAN
• SPHINX, GIZA, EGYPT
• THE STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK, USA
• LONDON EYE, LONDON, UK
• LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, UK

• TOWER BRIDGE, LONDON, UK
• THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE, NEW YORK
• THE PARTHENON, GREECE
• CAPITOL COMPLEX, WASHINGTON D.C.
• THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA, ITALY
• PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX, ITALY
• ST. PETER’S BASILICA, ROME, ITALY

• WESTMINSTER TOWER, LONDON, UK
• TAIPEI 101, TAIWAN, CHINA
• BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI
• CHRIST THE REDEEMER, RIO DE JANERIO,

BRAZIL
• THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, SAN FRANCISCO,

CALIFORNIA

• THE CN TOWER, ONTARIO, CANADA
• THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA, EGYPT
• CHICHEN ITZA, MEXICO
• NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, USA
• THE GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA, USA
• DIET (PARLIAMENT OF JAPAN)

• BUNDESTAG, BERLIN, GERMANY
• THE KHALSA HERITAGE MEMORIAL,

ANANDOUR SAHIB
• CHAPEL OF NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, RONCHAMP
• THE SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEM, NEW

YORK

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. The captain of Indian Hockey PrabathTirkey
Team won Asia cup 2007 was
2. Other name of konark sun temple Black pagoda
3. Which architects were in the team Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers, Peter Rice
that designed the centrepom
4. What does the raft foundation Flat slabs acting as foundation
mean?
5. The Bull’s Eye is A circular or oval opening in a wall
6. IIt Kanpur was designed by AchyutKanvinde
7. Which architect designed the TullioInglese
Harwood-stone house?
8. Surkhi is used as a substitute for sand
9. MERCOUSER consists a group of Latin America
countries of
10. Architect of Parliament House of Herbet Baker
Delhi is
11. Radha Mohan cup is associated Polo
with
12. Mauryan empire was founded by Chandragupta
13. Buddha Jayanthi Garden has been Ram Sharn
landscaped by
14. India International Centre is Joseph Allen Stein
associated with
15. The governor of the which state Tamil Nadu
had to resign because of arrest of
a leading politician of that state in
an ignoble manner
16. Diesel Locomotive Works is Varnasi
situated at
17. Sarnath is associated with Lord He preached his first summon there.
Buddha because
18. UstadVilayat Khan is associated Instrumental music
with
19. Process of splitting of heavy Nuclear Fission
nucleus into two or more equal
halves is called
20. Where wealth Accumulates Men Gold Smith
Decay
21. Donald Duck, Uncle Scrage, Walt Disney
Mickey Mouse was created by
22. Scurvy is caused by the deficiency Vitamin C
of
23. Ajanta Caves situated in Guptas
Maharastra were built during the
period of
24. Who was awarded Nobel Prize for ArvidCarisson
path breaking contributions to
develop treatment against

Parkinson’s disease?
25. RashratrapatiBhawan was Roman Style
designed in
26. Khajuraho Temples are situated at Madhya Pradesh
27. Which mode can provide better Solar Energy
and cheaper rate of electrification
in rural areas?
28. The first Ship Building Yard of Mazgoon dock
India was built at
29. Universities in the presidency 1857
towns in India were established in
30. NDMC building has been designed Kuldeep Singh
by
31. First woman to climb Mt. Everest KunkoTabei
on May16 , 1975 was
32. Walt Disney, creator of Mickey America
Mouse was a Cartoonist of
33. What is the approximate length of 1500 miles
the Grand Trunk Road?
34. A red rose viewed through a green Black
coloured glass appears
35. Red and yellow mixes to give Orange
36. Which US President was also an Thomas Jefferson
architect?
37. The Hindusthan-Tibet road Shimla with Gangtok
connects
38. Which is an example for old folded Western Ghats
mountains?
39. Statue of Liberty is situated in Liberty Island-New York
40. Indus Valley people had trade Mesapatomia
relationship with
41. Which Indian City is known as ‘City Jaipur
of forts’?
42. Which Indian City is known as ‘City Udaipur
of lakes’?
43. Who is the Architect of Falling F L Wright
Water?
44. Western Ghats was formed as a Faulting of earth’s crust
result of
45. Mountain range spread over only Ajanta
one state is
46. Norway to Alaska is the shortest Arctic ocean
air route through
47. Continent with highest mean Antarctica
elevation in the world is
48. Satish Gujral is A well known painter
49. The colour of marble will be Black
hottest when exposed to sun
50. Best Landscape Photography is 2:00 pm
taken at

51. Which City is known as ‘City of Venice
Canals’?
52. Who made the famous sculptor of Michael Angelo
‘David and Moses’?
53. The Archiect of New Secretarit,
Kolkata is
54. Most essential element required Light
to perceive an object is
55. Which one of the following is used CFL Lamp
to reduce consumption of
electricity to greatest extend?
56. Which finish imparts a glossy look Distemper
to walls?
57. What does Fresco mean? Painting on freshly laid lime plaster
58. Which cement is used for general Portland Cement
construction work?
59. Victoria Memorial is situated at Kolkata
60. A white colored interior looks It reflects more light
large because
61. The famous Padmanabhapuram Tamil Nadu
palace is located in the state of
62. ‘Charles De Gaulle’ airport is at Paris
63. Where was the electricity supply Darjeeling
first introduced in India?
64. Shanti Van is the Samadhi of Jawaharlal Nehru
65. Which river is known as India’s Kasi
River of Sorrow?
66. Gujarat has experienced drought Successive monsoon failure
for consecutive years because of
67. The only land-located country in Laos
South east Asia is
68. Sahyadri is the traditional name of Western Ghats
the
69. Golden Temple is a religious place Sikhs
of
70. The shortest air-route from Perth Perth-Ankara-Paris-London
to London is
71. Which city is not situated on the Lucknow
bank of river Ganga?
72. Amarnath Temple is located in Jammu and Kashmir
which state?
73. Who wrote ‘ We The People’? NaniPalkjiwala
74. According to the Ancient India Jambudweepa
geographical concept
‘Baratavarsh’ was a part of
75. Which Indian river has rift valley Damodar
due to down warping?
76. Dry farming in India is extensively Deccan Region
practiced in
77. Rain fall on map is shown by Isohyets

78. ‘DakshinGangothri’ is India’s permanent station at Antarctica
79. The Nagahills form the watershed Myanmar
between India and
80. Raj Ghat is located at New Delhi
81. Which of the following rivers has a The Mississippi
birds foot delta?
82. Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka
83. The British Crown assumed 1858
sovereignty over India from East
India Company in
84. Chaitya Cave, one of the finest Karle
specimens of sculpture, is at
85. Gaza strip and west Bank town of Israel
Jericho is situated in
86. The ‘Seven Pagodas’, a group of Pallavas
rock-cut temples were built by
87. Welfare state is the aim and Democratic socialism
objective of
88. Who built ‘The Tower of Victory’ Rana Kumba
at chittorgarh?
89. Financial Year in India begins in April
90. The deepest lake in India is Baikal
91. MTCR stands for Missile Technology Control Regime
92. The Great Barrier Reef is the Coral formations in Australian waters
93. Lotus Temple has been designed FariburzSaaba
by
94. The Home Rule Movement was Annie Besant
started during British Rule by
95. Which Indian city is known as the Bangalore
Electronic city of India?
96. Which country is known as ‘Land Finland
of Thousand Lakes’?
97. The Karakoram Highway connects Pakistan-China
which two countries?
98. An essential feature of federal Division of Powers
Government is
99. Author of ‘GeetGovind’ Jaidev
100. Myanmar is new name of which Burma
country?
101. Panchayati Raj was introduced in? 1959
102. The song VandeMataram was Ananda math
taken from?
103. BirjuMaharaj is Associated with Kathak
104. The Great Pyramid is located in Egypt
105. Ancient Greek cities were built on Acropolis
hills called
106. The apex of sloping roof running Ridge
from end to end is called
107. Where is museum Jawaharlal Jaipur
Kendra?

108. Type of arc in Gothic Period Point
109. Ellora is located in Aurangabad
110. Indo-Aryan style of foundation Orissa
was introduced in
111. Which is the tallest brick tower of QutubMinar
the world?
112. Who is the architect of Aryan low B V Doshi
cost housing at Indore?
113. For which project did Charles Vidhan Sabha, Madhya Pradesh
Correa receive the Agha Khan
award?
114. Alai Darwaza was built in Khalji dynasty
115. Where is Rajabhai Tower? Mumbai
116. Ajanta Caves belongs to which Buddhist
religion?
117. Gateway of India is made of Basalt
118. Architect of RashtrapatiBhawan Edwin Lutyens
119. Who wrote the book ‘An Organic F L Wright
Architecture’?
120. Parthenon is an example of Greek architecture
121. A projecting feature constructed Plinth
at the base of wall is called
122. Shore Temple was built of Granite
123. One square meter is equal to 10.76 sq.ft
124. What should be the average height of 6’6”
the door?
125. Where is Bharat Bhawan? Bhopal
126. Maximum number of steps in flight of 12 steps
staircase should have is
127. Petronas Towers were built with Concrete
128. Scientists of which country have India
developed a handheld scree ning
device that can detect malaria in
less than 30 minutes?
129. Colour of Eyes depend up on Iris
pigment present in
130. Oil refinery located near the oil Nunmati
field is
131. Rainfall on the East-Coast of Tamil Retrading Southwest Monsoon
Nadu occurs during October to
November due to
132. Which fish are breed exclusively in Trout
the cold region of India?
133. Malik Kafur was the general of AllauddinKhilji
134. Sarnath Temple is located in Gujarat
135. He average elevation of the 4 km
Tibetan Plateau above sea level is
136. Taj Mahal is situated on the bank Yamuna
of the river
137. Which High Court is the oldest Kolkata

one?
138. Which is the hardest pencil? 2H
139. World’s Largest International Amsterdam
Airport situated below the mean
sea level is
140. Rajasthan canal receives water Sutlej
from
141. Who is the architect of F L Wright
Guggenheim museum?
142. The layer of brick in masonry is Course
called
143. Most common brick bond English bond
144. Masonry of smooth square stone Ashlar
in regular course in rubble work is
called
145. Sunk Panels formed in ceiling, Coffers
vault and dome
146. Find out the material that is highly Asbestos
fire resistant?
147. What is seasoning of Timber? Removing moisture from timber
148. What is scaffolding? Temporary support for workmen
149. An order of column without base Doric order
is called
150. Where is Acropolis? Athens
151. Where is GolGumbaz? Bijapur
152. Brick work with alternate course English bond
of stretcher and header
153. KandariyaMahadev is found in Khajuraho
group of temple of
154. The representation of building cut Section
by a vertical plane is called
155. Where is Hall of Nation? Delhi
156. Who designed Asian Games Raj Rewal
Village?
157. Who si the architect of Shreepati Reza Kabul
Arcade?
158. Where is Shore temple? Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu)
159. What is the size of the brick? 9’*4.5’*3’
160. Buddhist barrel vault and hall pf Chaityahall
worship is called
161. Horizontal distance between the Span
support is called
162. A pillared hall roof rest on column Hipostyle
called
163. ‘Assembly Hall’ in Chandigarh is Le Corbusier
deigned by
164. The Washington Monument was Stone
built with
165. Sheet thickness of 16G is nearly? 0.060 inches
166. The Horizontal projection at the Plinth

base of the wall is known as
167. The intensity of sound is Decibles
measured in
168. The term scicography means Study of shadows
169. The Sydney Opera house is built Restressed Concrete
with
170. Guggenheim museum is built with Concrete
171. Which architect designed the ArataIsozaki
Centre of Science and Industry?
172. Olympic torch relay began in 1952
173. The Head Quarters building of New York
UNO is located at
174. Who designed the wexnercenter ? Peter Gisenman
175. The highest part of an arch is Crown
called
176. A window projecting outward Bay Window
from a wall and reaching upto the
ground is known as
177. The World Telecommunication May 17
day is observed on
178. Makrana is a type of Marble
179. Night blindness is caused due to Vitamin A
deficiency of
180. RathYatra is a major festival in the Puri
Temple at
181. The Tomb of Shershah Suri is at Sasaram
182. Granite ia an Igneous rock
183. The raw iron received from ores is Pig Iron
known as
184. Which is the latest addition to the Tor steel
list of building materials?
185. Which country’s government France
report is known as Yellow Book?
186. Which city planned in grid Ludhiyana
pattern?
187. Mother India’s author is Katherine Mayo
188. Centre Building research institute
is at
189. Banaras Hindu University was founded Raja Ram Mohan Roy
by
190. Which architect designed the Waltes Gropius
Getty Centre?
191. HUDCO is an organization for Housing development
192. What is the time taken for 27 days
concrete to set?
193. Victoria Memorial was built by Lord Curzon
194. ‘Value’ means Lightness or darkness of a colour
195. ‘Monochromatic’ means Tones of a single colour
196. India Gate is designed by Edwin Lutyens
197. Wooden type of flooring is preferred Badminton Courts

in
198. Green colour is a mixture of Blue and yellow
199. Granite is not available is one of Red
the following colours
200. Which one of the following is Slate
commonly known roofing
material?
201. Elephanta caves are in an island Mumbai
near
202. The place of origin of earthquake Epicentre
is called
203. Surajkand is a tourist centre of Haryana
204. Khajuraho Temples are situated in Haryana
205. The colour of porcelain is White
206. Which of the following colours is Violet
seen on the outerside of rainbow?
207. Energy efficiency in buildings Insulated roof
cannot be achieved by one of the
following
208. In Chandigarh, most of Le Exposed Concrete
Corbusier buildings are made with
209. Which state is largest producer of Rajasthan
marble?
210. 30 St.Mary are located at London
211. Hermitage, largest and oldest Saint Petersburg, Russia
museum of the world located at
212. Statue of Liberty is made of Copper
213. Leaning tower of pisa is leaned in 5.50 degrees
the angle of
214. Meenakshi temple was built by madhura
215. Lingaraj temple (bhuvaneswar) Jajatikesari
was built during the dynasty of
216. Where is Hindolamahal Mandu, Madhya pradesh
217. City which is called Rome of east Goa
218. Largest island in world greenland
219. Tomb of salimchisti is located in Fatehpursikri
220. Awards connected to architecture Pitzker prize , agha khan

221. Cement is invented by Jolmsmeaton
222. Architectural style of tajmahal Persian architecture
223. Which is the largest unreinforced Phanthenon
concrete dome in the world
224. Victoria memorial is a Museum
225. Who built Red fort Shah jahan
226. Who gave the first colour theory Issac Newton
227. Horizontal part of stair case Tread
228. MS Bar means Mild Steel bar
229. What is brick ballast Broken brick part
230. The upper most part of molding Cornice
wall or just below the roof

231. 1 hectre= 10000 sq.mts
232. No of columns in 144
rashtrapatibhawan
233. Indus vally civilization is called Bronze age
234. Lingaraja temple is made of Sand stone and Latrite
235. Who built Charminar? Quliqutub shah
236. Which is not monochromatic white
colour?
237. Saint Peter Cathedral (Rome) was 1541 to 1561
built during
238. MaithriMandir is situated in Auroville
239. Which architect designed the Louis Khan
Kimball Art Museum?
240. When was Nepal declared as a 2006
Secular Nation?
241. National Library of India is New Delhi
situated at
242. The first Kanshi Ram Khel Ratna Praveen Kumar
Award was given to
243. Which architect designed the Peter Eisenman
wexner center?
244. Which architect designed the Richard Rogers
Lloyds Building?
245. What is span? Length between two supports
246. Exfoliation of rock takes place due Hydration and oxidation
to
247. Who built the ‘Jama Masjid’ in Shah Jahan
Delhi?
248. What separates Daman and Diu? The Gulf of Khambat
249. Walt Disney belongs to America
250. ‘Hall of Nations’ has been Raj Rewal
designed by
251. LIC, Connaught Palace has been Charles Correa
designed by?
252. A special Oscar Award has been Satyajith Ray
giving by US Academy of Motion
Pictures to
253. Talkatora Swimming Pool built for RCC shell roof
Asiad has
254. Who designed the city of New Edwin Lutyens
Delhi?
255. Humayun Tomb was built by Haji Begum
256. Length of Pencil is 16.5 cm
257. Charbagh garden is a Persian style
258. How many UNESCO World 35
Heritage Sites are there in India?
259. The horizontal member of a truss Pudio
is called
260. Temporary land on a slab is called Live load
261. Who built rock garden? Nek Chand

262. Lingaraj temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu
263. Al Haram Mosque is located at Mecca
264. Camlecase is an art of Writing
265. Height of Statue of Liberty 93 m
266. Which person is famous for brick Lauri Baker
work in Kerala?
267. Headquaters of the department of Pentagon
defense of defense of USA
268. Great Sphinx is made of Lime stone
269. Style of architecture of Hawa Mughal architecture
Mahal
270. What is Sanchi Stupa? Relic of Buddha
271. Mezzaine floor is An additional floor between floor and
ceiling of a storey
272. The term applied to the surface Matt finish
finish which is free from gloss or
polish is
273. What is an vault? An arched masonry
274. A recess or groove along the edge Rebate
of a board to receive another
board or a door is known as
275. Raft foundation means Flat slab acting as foundation
276. Eaves means Lower edge of an inclined roof
277. Skirting means Protective tiling at the base of wall
278. What is the height of BurjKhalifa? 829.8 m
279. Snocem is coloured _______. cement
280. Where is Muketeswara temple? Bhubaneshwar
281. For a cube, elevation seen from a Square
side will be
282. Construction of the first Roman architecture
technically advanced dome was
began in
283. Which is India’s oldest university? Nalanda
284. The architecture charater of Astronomical
JantarMantar is
285. Reinforced concete was invented Joseph Monier
by
286. Who is the architect of Connaught Le Corbusier
Palace?
287. Concrete was widely used in Roman Architecture
288. Rose window is also called Wheel window
289. Garbha-griha was introduced by Guptas
290. Where is TelikaMandir? Gwalior
291. How many stories does 5
QutubMinar consists?
292. Which structure was erected to Gateway of India
welcome the landing of King
George and Queen Mary?
293. Brahadeshwara Temple is located Tanjaur
at

321 Name the Indian singer who is Remo Fernandez
also known as an architect.
322. Lauri Baker is associated with Low cost housing
323. Architect Louis Khan is associated IIM Ahmedabad
294. Gandhi Labor Institute was B V Doshi

designed by
295. Who is the first woman architect ZahaHadid
who received Pritzker Prize?
296. Where is Delhi Gate? Ahmedabad
297. Who is the architect of Glass I M Pei
Pyramid of Louvrein, Paris?
298. A1 sheet is divided into how many 2
A2 sheets?
299. Ajanta caves are an example of Rock-cut architecture
300. What is carpet area? Area between the walls
301. Where is Jahaz Mahal? Mandu
302. Name the software on which Auto Cad
architectural drawings are being
prepared.
303. Elevation of cylinder would be a Rectangle
304. The Cantilever is- Part of beam which Project beyond its
support
305. Where is Srirangam Temple? Tiruchirappalli
306. Chashm-e-shahi in Kashmir is built Shah Jahan
by
307. Shakti sthala is located at Delhi
308. Sarnath Temple is located at UP
309. The dome of RashtrapatiBhawan is Stupa
influenced by
310. ‘Star Temple’ is located at Haryana
311. Vertical part of steps os staircase Riser
is called
312. Hawa Mahal has 953 windows
313. The tallest building is located in UAE
which country
314. Which door opens from both Flap door
sides?
315. Lotus Temple consists of how 27
many number of petals?
316. Where is Amba Vila Palace? mysore
317. Who is the chief architect of Navi Charles Corres
Mumbai?
318. Year of completion of Lotus 1986
Temple
319. Which is the most durable paint? Synthetic paint
320. A wedge shaped stone on the Key stone
apex of arch is called

with
324. Architect of modern India Pt Allahabad
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14th
November 1889 at
325. Who was the designer of the Minoru Yamasaki
World Trade Centre?
326. Sydney Opera House was Jon Utzon
designed by
327. Who designed the Sun Temple at Narsimh Dev
Konark?
328. Rourkela Steel Plant was Germany
established in collaboration with
329. Headquarters of Red Cross is Geneva (Switzerland)
located at
330. The first Pyramid was built by Cheops
331. What was the earlier name of Krungthep
Bangkok?
332. The fourth story of QutubMinar is Marble (other stories are made of
made of Sandstone)
333. The capital of POK (Pakistan Muzaffarpur
occupied Kashmir)
334. Where did Aryans settle first? Indus Valley
335. Who was the architect of Taj UstadEsa
Mahal at Agra?
336. Kalahari desert is located in South Africa
337. Red Square is located in which city Moscow (Russia)
338. What was the capital city of the Patliputra
Mauryan Dynasty
339. Name the famous port city of Lothal
Harappan Civilization.
340. Which was the first city to have an London
underground railway system?
341. Who designed Rajiv Gandhi K T Ravindran
Memorial Perumbudur?
342. The Great Wall of China was built Shithe Hwang Ti
by
343. JantarMantar was created by Jai Singh
344. Who is the architect of Bharat Charles Correa
Bhawan, Bhopal?
345. Where was the first TV Centre of Kolkata
India set up?
346. Lingaraj Temple is situated in Bhubneshwar (Orissa)
347. The Sphinx is in Egypt
348. Bhakra Dam is built on which Sutlej
river?
349. India House is located in London

350. Taj Mahal is the typical example of Indo-Persian Architecture
351. Which city was the summer Shimla
capital during British Raj?
352. Where is the world’s largest Mahabalipuram
panoramic sculptural relief
located?
353. In which place of India can we find Ellora
cave temples of three faiths?
354. Which foreign influence is seen in Persian
the rock cut architecture of India?
355. Which is best used as a sound Glass-wool
absorbing material in partition
walls?
356. Interior of any room will appear White
larger when painted with which
colour?
357. Howrah Bridge is a Steel structure
358. Nalanda is Ancient centre of higher learning
359. Sound reflected material Mirror
360. The well-known work of Leonardo Mona Lisa
da Vinci is
361. Who is the architect of Falling F L Wright
Water?
362. Mill Owner’s Association Building Le Corbusier
in Ahmedabad was designed by
363. Eiffel Tower is located in Paris
364. Shajahanabad is a part of which Delhi
one of the following cities
365. The temple of Angkorvat is in Cambodia
366. Aswan dam is situated on which Nile river
river?
367. BulandDarwaza is located in FatehpurSikri
368. There are maximum forests in Madhya Pradesh
which State of India?
369. Which is an Earthquake resistance RCC framed
structure?
370. Famous Akshardham Temple is Delhi
located at
371. Mohenjodaro and old Jaipur are
planned on
372. Which one is the oldest structure Grid iron pattern
from amongst the following?
373. Which one of the flowing is not a Fossil fuels
renewable energy source?
374. Ozone layer around the Earth Ultraviolet Rays
prevents penetration of
375. Which place in India has French Pondicherry

influence in architecture?
376. What causes Tsunami in an Earthquake on sea bed
ocean?
377. Eiffel tower is made of steel
378. Who was the architect of the
Parliament House at Delhi?
379. Who designed the Shakti Sthala? Rajendra Ban
380. Tower of Victory of Chittorgarh
was built by
381. Jama Masjid in Delhi was built by
382. Who designed RashtrapatiBhawan Edward Lutyens
at Delhi?
383. The Mediterranean Sea is Suez
connected by Red Sea through
which canal?
384. The biggest desert in the world is Thar
385. Eiffel Tower is in Paris
386. Niagara in Canada is the name of a Waterfall
387. Where is Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh
located?
388. The diameter of GolGumbaz of a. et
Bijapur is
389. Where is White Hall located? Washington
390. The largest island in the world is Greenland
391. The famous IbadatKhana is in FatehpurSikri
392. Pinjore,Sohna and Surajkund are Haryana
important tourist Centre of
393. National Emblem of India is replica Sarnath
of Ashoka’s pillar at
394. Ranthambore National Park is in Rajasthan
which state?
395. Which Indian city is known as Aleppy
Venice of the East?
396. Ootacamand a famous hill station Tamil Nadu
of South is in the state of
397. Which hill station India has been Dalhousie
after a governor-general?
398. Hirakud Dam is built on which Mahanadi
river?
399. The Writer’s Building is in Kolkata
400. Maximum amount of fresh water Polar caps
is trapped in
401. Burjkhalifa is located in Dubai
402. Which type of roof will provide Concrete slab water proofed and covered
maximum protection from heat with a roof garden

radiation in a building?
403. What secondary colour is Purple
obtained by mixing blue and red
colours?
404. Buckingham palace is located in London
405. What is texture? The way a surface looks and feels.
406. Which material cannot be used in Fly ash
its original form of construction of
walls?
407. Lotus temple was built by Bahais
408. Green architecture is promoted It is environment friendly.
these days because
409. Which is not an earthquake Load bearing brick walls building
resistant structure?
410. Qutubminar is largely cladded red
with
411. How many steps are there in 379
QutubMinar?
412. Chaitya Cave at Karle is known for sculpture
one of the finest specimens of
413. Where is Hawa Mahal located? Jaipur
414. Where is the National Gallery of New Delhi
Modern Art located?
415. Rock Garden is located at Chandigarh
416. National Library of India is Kolkata
situated at
417. The First Ship Building Yard of Vishakhapatnam
India was built at
418. Mahatma Gandhi founded Ahmedabad
Sabarmati Ashram at
419. RashtrapatiBhawan was designed Classical
in which style
420. Char Minar is located in which Hyderabad
city?
421. Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh is Buddhist Stupas
famous for
422. Where is Central Building Roorkee
Research Institute located?
423. Mughal Garden in India is in Srinagar
424. Free standing rock cut raths are at Mahabalipuram
425. BulandDarwaza was built to Akbar’s conquest of Khandesh
commemorate
426. The first Mughal Building built Humayun’s Tomb
entirely in marble is
427. Le Corbusier , who designed French
Chandigarh, was

428. The Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun
is at
429. The Film and TV Institute of India Pune
is located at
430. Salar Jung Museum is situated at Hyderabad
431. National Institute of Goa
Oceanography is at
432. Billing’s Gate is London’s Fish Market
433. Eiffel Tower’s architect was Gustav Eiffel
434. AnandBhawan was the house of Nehru Family
which famous Indian family?
435. FatehpurSikri was built by Akbar
436. Corbett National Park is in which Uttarakhand
state?
437. There was a sharp class division at Different types of dwellings excavated
Harappa and Mohenjodaro. This is
clear from the
438. Who built Charminar of Sultan Muhammed QuliQutub Shah
Hyderabad?
439. Bibi kaMaqbara is a mausoleum of Aurangzeb
the wife of
440. In which city is Petronas Tower Kuala Lumpur
situated?
441. Who designed Pinjore Garden? NawabFadai Khan
442. Ajanta Caves situated in Guptas
Maharashtra were built during the
period of
443. The country which is called the Japan
‘Land of the Rising Sun’ is
444. The country which is known as the Cuba
‘Sugar Bowl of the World’ is
445. Australia was discovered by James Cook
446. The earlier name of Sri Lanka was Ceylon
447. ‘Last Judgement’ was the first Sistine Chapel
painting of an Italian painter
named Michael Angelo. Where is
this painting?
448. The sculptor of Statue of Liberty Frederick Auguste Bartholdi
was
449. New York is popularly known as Skyscrapers
the city of
450. The author of ‘Harry Potter’ is JK Rowling
451. Who is the father of Geometry? Euclid
452. Moti Masjid of Agra was built by uugtyfy
453. The famous Dilwara Temples are Rajasthan
located in

454. Thakurbari in Kolkata is the RabindraNath Tagore
ancestral home of
455. In which Indian city would you Ahmedabad (Sidi Bashir Mosque)
find the mosque with ‘Shaking
Minarets’?
456. Which Indian city has the delhi
maximum number of historical
monuments?
457. Lime is used among these the best Surkhi
with
458. A pillar or column supporting handrail Baluster
is called
459. Thickness of half brick wall is 4.5’’
460. Foundation of boundary wall should Shallow foundation
be
461. Where is Teen Darwaza? Ahmedabad
462. P.C.C Plain Cement Concrete
463. Where is Atala Masjid? Jaunpur
464. Colosseum at Rome is An Amphitheatre
465. Where is Hussain DoshiGufa? Ahmedabad
466. The colour in its purest form is called Hue

DRAWINGS
VISUAL PERCEPTION
PRELIMINARY STEPS IN SKETCHING:
Before we going into serious still life sketching there are certain basic sketching tips
one should follow religiously. These tips listed below may seem trivial, but they are
important as they could make u enter architecture or leave you out of it
• The pencil is graded according to the softness. grade B is softer than Grade H. HB is
between the two . Grade2B is softer than B and so on . 3H is harder than 2H. These
various grades of pencils are made for various purposes. The softer grades are used for
shading. Grades B and HB is used for line drawings or basic sketching. H Grade is used
for light prelim sketches before giving them final touches with B grade .
• The softer grades B leave no etching marks on the sheet, so even if you erase a wrongly
drawn line, a deep mark won’t be left behind . but the advantage with B grade is that
they smudge easily . After working with 4B grade you will find that drawing sheet/ your
hands get blackened easily
• Remember to keep a good soft eraser, and always submit your sheet neat and clean
without any stray or smudge pencil marks. Neatness plays an important role. Allow last
3minutes in the test for cleaning / erasing the smudge marks on the sheet
• Don’t fold your sheets or keep them in away that unremovable wrinkles are created.
Do not roll your sheets. That makes them harder to hold down and to sketch . Keep your
sheets straight without any dog earing
• Try to get familiar with different grading of pencils. Pencils are going to be your
companion at least till the test, if selected, for the rest of your life. Never use mechanical
sharpners for sharpening your pencils always use hand blades or paper cutters the
desired shapes are shown below
Rounded tip ensuring same line width for longer time. The pencil is shaped in a
perfect cone, making it easy to rotate resulting evenness. Never keep your pencil point
perfect sharp as it make you lose the width quicky, you will have to sharpen frequently
which will make you lose your valuable time
Wedged tip is good for sketching when showing tones and shades .never use a point tip for
shading. The wedge shaped tip makes it easy to draw straight board line of same shade.

These are standard pencil points but your certainly advised to follow the tip you are most
comfortable with
• Always keep the movement of pencil in one direction; unless you are resorting to criss-cross
method of shading. Always use the specified grades of pencils. Keep a good eraser handy .
do not use eraser frequently with much erasing the sheets get rough , making shading
difficult and drawing more difficult
• It is good to make perfect sketches by the help of the tips and practicing the basic steps
mentioned below
BASIC STEPS:
Get graded pencils (6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,HB,H,F,2H) and rough sheets from the neighborhood
stationery shop. Avoid chart and glossy art paper. Use simple cartridge sheets / sketch book
pages. Sharp your pencil as explained above, then follow the basic steps to get familiar with
pencils and paper. REMEMBER that no geometrical instruments to be used. REMEMBER
to attempt each question of each practice drills given below with all the grades of pencils
listed above
LINE PRACTICE DRILLS:

DIRECTIONS:
Draw the following patterns on rough sheets even newspaper will do. Do not use scales. Do not
use the erasers throughout the exercise. If a freehand line are gone wrong don’t erase it just
over write it. The sheet available in the market is imperial size / full size. Use half imperial
sheet or use the sheet available in your sketch book for these questions. REMEMBER to use
different sheets every time. REMEMBER the aim of the exercise is to make free hand
straight lines which are firm and steady. Do not rotate the sheet
CURVED ENTITIES PRACTICE DRILLS:
DIRECTIONS:
Use the same size of sheet as in previous exercise and try with all the grades
you can use newspaper also. Draw freely arches, circles, ovals, cones,
ellipse, parabola, curves, without any aid of instruments. Try to draw in
different sizes. Practice circles till you get a perfect circle
SKETCHING:
Sketching is the most important and integral part of architecture entrance exam.
Though in certain exams it is given equal weightage as given in PCM or story writing.
There are certain basic techniques good sketchers employ to make beautiful images.
And these tactics are not difficult to master. All it requires is proper guidance and hard

work. This helps you but nothing can be done without your effort. Sketching can be
broadly classified into : Still life and Animate. The medium can differ like pencil and
colour and charcoal. But usually pencil and colour are allowed. Again this can be of
any media : color pencils/crayons/oil pastels/wax crayons etc…. in other places the
medium is specified in the prospectus or instruction booklet. Befor we go into finer
points about shading / toning etc.. . we will briefly discuss certain concepts which are
useful in sketching
VIEW:
Solid objects exist in three dimensional spaces where as drawing is done in
2-dimensional flat surfaces of the paper. So in order to depict the objects clearly, to make it
easily understandable and readable, it becomes
necessary to bring depth into it. This can be achieved
by several methods like SCIOGRAPHY,
PERSPECTIVE OR PLAN VIEW. Now we discuss
simple non-orthographic views. For creating the
illusion of third dimension on paper, perspectives and
certain views are used, like to show a cube in 3D, one
can draw it in the manner shown below
PROPORTION :
Objects are related to each other in specific proportions.If given to draw a glass and a
tumbler,you cannot draw a huge glass and a tiny tumbler. A car cannot be drawn smaller than
a scooter. How to gauge dimensions of objects kept in front of you. To solve this problem,
artists employ the method of Proportion. The method is explained below:
• Sit erect. For reading heights, hold a long pencil vertical between fingers and fully stretch
your hand. Bring the pencil and the object and the object whose relative height is to be
determine in a line. Close your one eve and with your free thumb read the height on the
pencil. You will get a certain height on your scale relative to the object. Then mark that height
on the sheet. If the object is small and the sheet huge, use multiples of that reading
• Similarly repeat the procedure for widths by holding the pencil horizontal. This will give you
a box in which the object is to be contained and drawn. Mark them on the sheet and proceed
to draw the object in detail. A medium sized object should be taken as reference and
dimensions of other objects should be judged from it. Thus proportion at dimensions of all
objects can be found easily
Remember proportions are very important in Sketching:

• Practice the above method with objects of varying dimensions
till you perfect the art of scaling down the objects on to the
drawing sheet. The concept of perspective follows which if
correctly incorporated with proportionate still life objects will
result in good sketches.
PERSPECTIVE:
ONE POINT – PERSPECTIVE:

TWO POINT – PERSPECTIVE:

THREE POINT- PERSPECTIVE:

PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Before you start drawing a human figure in various postures, it is important to

know the correct proportions of the human body. The distance from the top of the head to
the bottom of the chin, is termed 'one head'. The average height of an adult is 7 heads,
though a tall person could be 8 heads or a short person could be 7 or 6 heads in height.
Children can measure anything between 4 to 6 heads, depending on their age. Study the
drawings shown below thoroughly and memorise the proportions.

2D COMPOSITION TOPICS
Make a 2D composition in a square with 2curved lines, 4 squares, 2

circles, 2 flowers, and 3triangles

Make a 2D composition with a hexagon, 4Squares, 4Triangles and
4 curved lines

Make a 2D
composition with the
parts of a jumbo jet
plane.

Make a 2D composition geometrical instruments like scale, protractor,set
squares, etc…
Make a 2D composition with the help of kitchen utensils and use only
three colours

Make a 2D composition with squares, rectangles, semi circles and use any
number of colours.
Make a 2D composition with half-cut apple, orange, watermelon, and

banana. Use any number of colors.

Make a 2D composition of a tree with the help of triangles, squares,
Circles. Use only three colors

Make a 2Dcomposition with hexagons, triangles, crescent shapes. Use any
number of colors
Make a 2D composition with semi-circles, triangles and rectangles.

Use only complimentary colors

Make a 2D composition with any three
types of leaves like maple,
banana, etc. Use any three colors of
your choice
Write the word “cold” , “fire” by showing its character

Write the word “wood” and “cut” by showing its character.

Make a 3D composition with 2 solid cube and 2 transparent cubes show
light and shade
Make a 3D composition with 3 prisms, 1cube, 3 candles among them one

is still burning show light and shade in your composition

Make a 3D composition with 6 sandwiches
Make a 3D composition with 5

chairs show light and shadow:

Make a 3D composition with
Volley ball, cricket ball, foot ball,
tennis ball. show light and
shadow:
Make a 3D sculpture with

cubes

Make a 3D composition with pencils, erasers and sharpner
Show light and shadow
Make a 3Dcomposition with 5 types of pots. show light and shadow

Make a 3d composition using 6
types of tyres. Show light and
shade
Make a 3D composition using the

parts of an aeroplane

Make a 3Dcomposition using 3 mobile phones and 2 nail polish bottles
Make a 3D composition using 5 types of bricks.

Make a 3D composition using 4
bulbs, 4 bricks and 2 wooden planks
Make a 3D composition using 3cubes, 3

cones and 3spheres

Make 3D composition using 2cubes, 1cuboid, 2cones and 2pyramids
STILL LIFE EXAMPLES

MEMORY DRAWINGS
You went to purchase a saree, people are buying sarees draw what you see
and color it appropriately.
Draw 4 books, table clock, glass of water, magnifying glass and a pairs
of glasses which are kept on grandpa desk

Draw a scene of a bus stop from your balcony in first floor
Draw the view of your city from the top of your hill

Draw the scene of a wedding
Draw a scene of a fruit shop.

you’re an ant on the kitchen platform you can see a women working
in the kitchen.
Draw a scene of you and your friends having lunch in a trip

You’re an ant in the heap of tomatoes at vegetable market. Draw what
you see
Draw the view of a college corridor

Draw the view of a tea stall in the park
and you can see a man walking with his
pet dog. Use a good color scheme
you’re a leg empire in a cricket match

draw what u see show light and shade.

Your in audience of foot ball match draw what you see.
Your an ant in a half eaten pizza box and u can see a drnk bottle
beside the box and a draw what u see

Draw an under water marine
scene
Your in a last seat of a theater.

Draw what you see

make a3D composition using 5 different types of bags
your a baby in a cradle and

your mom is playing with
you. Draw what u see

Your tavelling in a bus and you can see the village festival out
through the window. Draw what you can see

You are on the top of the train. Draw what you see.

your on the last seat in a movie theater and draw what you see.
you’re an ant on the table of explorer, you can see 2 fat books, a
note pad, magnifying glass, a compass,2pencils, world map. The
table is beside the window. Draw what u see

You’re an ant in the ladies hand bag and you can see a lipstick ,hand
mirror, mobile, comb, scribbling pad. The zip of the bag is open. Draw
what you see. Show light and shade
Make a sculpture in your garden

using cubes .Show light and
shade

Make a 3D composition with 2 eggs, 2 bread pieces, and
4cucumber slices
You’re a bird in the nest with

2eggs and you can see a boy
climbing the tree and coming
towards you . draw what you see,
show light and shade

you and your friends are
paying hide and seek game
at your veranda and you
were hiding under your
grandpa’s bed . draw what
you see. show light and
shade
Draw a bird view of a monument.

Draw the view of the corridor
through a peephole of your
door
Make a 3D composition using glucose, marie, crack jack and

cream
biscuts

You are on the cupboard in your room draw what you see
You’re an ant in the geometry box, you can see 3pencils, 1

compass, a fountain pen, sharpner, a piece of paper and an eraser.
The box is opened show light and shade.

POSTER for “ engineering college”

Make a poster on “swatch Bharat” (clean India)

Make a poster on “save girl child”.

poster on “child labour”.

poster on “WOMEN EMPOWERMENT”

Poster on “SAVE FUEL”.

Poster on “GLOBAL WARMING”.

Poster on “ ENVIRONMENT” .

Poster on “TERRORISM”.

Poster on “PEACE”

cover page for an architectural college magazine.

Make a logo for
film studio:
Make a logo for

Cement Company

Make a logo for a mobile
network
Make a logo for dance institute

with triangles, and circles

Make a logo for Shoe Company with the help of triangles and
circles.
Make a logo for

housing Company

MIRROR IMAGE / SYMMETRY

POTRAITS OF FAVORITE ACTOR

POTRAIT OF A LEADER

SUN ORIENTATION


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INDEX

1. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1-82

4. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 128-132

5. COLOUR THEORY 133-135

8. ARCHITECTS AND THEIR 155-172

10. APTITUDE BITS 178-194

11. DRAWINGS 195-253

12. SUN ORIENTATION 254-260

14. PREVIOUS YEARS PAPERS

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PRE HISTORIC ARCHITETURE

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There are three types of primitive dwellings:

These are single upright stones, also known as menhirs.

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• Archaeologists believe that the Bent Pyramid represents a transitional form

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There are two types:

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GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON,

It is a cult temple dedicated to Khons- the Moon God.

Other temples are:

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Different types of Columns:

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Byzantine architecture is a style of building that began in Constantinople; spread

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The windows are small and grouped together.

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RENAISSANCE & ROMAN STYLE:

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Baroque & Rococo:

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Baroque vs. Rococo

• The Rococo was not one • Baroque decoration

applied to exterior was commonly

• the Rococo - gold and bold, contrasting

Temple of Diana, Nimes

The Great Temple, Baalbec

The Temple of Jupiter, Baalbec

Circular and Polygonal Examples:

The Temple of Mater Matuta,Rome

The Temple of Mater Matuta, Rome, formerly known as the

The Pantheon, Rome

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In front of the Rotunda is the Corinthian octastyle portico, 1 10 feet

The Theatre at Orange, South France

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The Palace of Diocletian, Spalato,

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Important Buildings are:-

Parthenon at Athens (Doric Order)

The Greek Agora: Market Place

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