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Subject index
Ælfric of Eynsham, 79, 194, 199 multiplicand, 30–35, 37, 50, 60,
68, 69, 71, 72, 84–87, 89, 92,
Grammar, 48, 55, 100, 121, 123,
93, 97–102, 107, 113, 125, 127,
169, 177, 202, 238, 239
132, 135, 137–139, 155–157,
addend → arithmetic operands 160, 170, 171, 174, 256, 258,
addition, 27, 28, 30–32, 54, 55, 59, 289, 290
68, 70, 82, 83, 85, 104, 109, 149, multiplier, 31, 32, 59, 68, 69, 76,
169 84–86, 88, 91–94, 97, 98, 104,
105, 107, 130–139, 142, 146,
adjective, numeral as, 75, 180–188, 157, 169–171, 174, 175, 256,
191, 194, 201–203, 246, 247, 249– 272, 273
253, 259, 259 n. 56, 260, 262–264,
subtrahend, 164–166
282–284, 292
arithmetic operations
anaphoric reference, 9, 193, 197–
202, 246 in the formation of complex nu-
merals, 27–33, 35, 40, 43, 50,
Anaphoric Use, 189, 197–202, 205– 53–55, 58–61, 68, 70, 71, 84,
207, 246, 250 86, 89, 92–94, 97–100, 105,
Anglian, 76, 80, 241 n. 50 126, 132, 138, 156–158, 162,
164, 172, 204, 266, 290
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
numerals used in calculating, 96,
Parker Chronicle, 80 n. 19 203, 204, 204 n. 44
Peterborough Chronicle, 166
arithmetic operators, 28, 144, 174
Arabic, 281
atom, 29–34, 36–39, 41, 42, 54–56,
arithmetic operands, 29–35, 68, 69 59, 67, 68, 108, 112, 115, 116,
addend, 29–32, 39, 50, 59, 68–70, 118, 130, 135, 153–155, 157, 159,
79, 90, 83–85, 88, 90, 92, 94– 250, 255–257, 262–264, 266, 268,
96, 98, 102, 104 n. 26, 105, 115, 281, 287, 288, 292
116, 130, 135, 157, 158, 169 definition of, 39, 67
augend, 30–35, 37, 57, 59, 68–71, of Old English, 73–92, 95, 96
83–85, 88, 90–92, 94, 97, 101– n. 25, 101, 105, 107, 124–128,
105, 112, 113, 115, 126 n. 33, 130, 135, 154, 155, 159, 160
127, 155–158, 160, 174, 254,
255 Attributive Construction, 189–193,
201, 206, 212, 215, 217, 220, 221,
minuend, 164, 165, 168 n. 38
227, 244–246, 250, 252–254, 274,
278–280

Subject index 321
Attributive Quantification, 181, 182, Byrhtferth of Ramsey

188, 190–207, 210, 213, 220, 230, Manual, 79, 96 n. 25, 130 n. 34,
245, 246, 250, 253, 268 n. 59, 278, 174, 204, 257 n. 55
291
augend → arithmetic operands cardinality, 2, 8, 14–18, 21–23, 43,
52, 53, 55, 62, 63, 65–67, 75, 116,
Australian languages, 26, 293
139, 151, 178, 178, 189, 191, 193,
Austro-Asiatic, 32 198–209, 213, 215, 219, 222, 223,
226, 227, 245, 246, 248–250, 253,
Baltic, 109, 123 n. 31, 267 255, 261, 263–265, 270, 273, 274,
276, 279–281, 284, 287, 290–292
Balto-Slavic, 109, 267 n. 57
Celtic, 56
base, 5, 29–39, 41, 42, 54–57, 60,
65, 67–69, 72, 73, 109, 111, 116– Chinese, 21, 37 n. 9
118, 129, 130, 135, 136, 153, 154, classifier, 242–244, 246, 274–279,
156, 159–161, 163, 164, 169–171, 291
177, 182, 221, 222, 250, 254–259,
262, 263, 265–273, 281, 287–290, collective, 226, 274, 278, 279
292 collective nouns, 240 n. 49, 274, 275
definition of, 32, 68, 153 n. 61, 281
fundamental base, 34, 37, 83, 82, Comanche, 100
153–156, 258, 263
copula, 60, 188, 207, 234, 236, 282
of Old English, 73, 74, 82–107,
109, 111, 125, 126, 129, 130– count nouns, 246, 274, 278–280
142, 144, 146–149, 151, 155, counting sequence, 21, 32, 45–49,
160, 161, 169, 170, 172, 174, 52, 53, 55, 57, 64, 67, 69, 70, 92,
175, 219, 220, 226, 248, 250, 100, 117, 160, 162, 249, 263, 264,
256–259, 289, 290 273, 281, 287, 292
proper / improper base, 35
counting words, 20, 21, 45–47, 63,
Basque, 161 64, 66, 67, 203
Beowulf, 235
billion, 23, 24, 36, 44, 116, 117, 136, Danish, 61, 154–158
172 decimal system, 2, 35–37, 42, 56,
57, 73, 92, 96, 108, 129, 130, 152–
body part counting, 7, 18, 19, 21, 25,
46, 65, 108, 159, 266, 268, 287 161, 163, 170, 202, 262, 289, 290
Breton, 31 definite(ness), 197, 198, 202, 216–

219, 246
Burghal Hidage, 168 n. 38, 170 n. 39
1-deletion, 61, 72, 129–136, 272,
Bury St Edmunds, 163 273

322 Subject index
determiner, determination, 52, 75, Fennic, 280 n. 64

144, 193, 194, 215, 233, 234, 263–
Finnish, 222, 267 n. 57
265, 272–274, 283, 284, 290, 292,
293 finger counting → body part count-
ing
distributive numerals → numerals
French, 44, 56, 57, 60, 70, 158, 174
division (as an arithmetic operation),
27, 68, 164 frequentative numerals → numerals
dozen, 8, 15, 44, 47, 50, 51, 57, 62, Frisian
63, 162 Modern Frisian, 111 n. 27, 112
dual, 10, 52 Old Frisian, 110, 111
duodecimal system, 35, 159–161,
289, 290 gaps (in numeral systems), 164 n. 37
Dutch, 112, 118 n. 29 genitive

attributive, 231, 238, 249, 253,
Elliptic Construction, 189, 192–203, 254
206, 234 n. 48, 241, 242, 246, 250, forms of numerals, 76, 80, 81, 85,
253 166
partitive, 147, 183, 185–188, 209–
Elliptic Quantification, 192–204,
215, 219, 223, 238, 242 n. 51,
206, 246
245, 253, 279, 281
English quantified element in genitive,
Modern → Present-day 207, 209, 210, 215, 225, 226,
Middle, 95, 112–116, 163, 174, 231, 234, 235, 237–242, 244,
272 254
Present-day, 4, 15, , 26, 27, 29, 31, German
36, 37, 40–42, 44, 45, 46, 47, Present-day, 14, 21, 40, 89, 116,
49–51, 54, 58, 61, 70, 72, 76, 132, 194, 202, 250, 269, 270,
84, 85, 90, 92, 114–116, 142, 272, 273, 282
150, 157, 162, 169, 172, 177,
Old High German, 100, 110, 111
196, 202, 208, 218, 219, 234,
251, 255–258, 263, 267, 269, Germanic
274, 276, 284 contemporary languages, 4–6, 29,
European languages, 4, 5, 31, 41, 49, 38, 41, 49, 52, 54, 57, 73, 74,
62, 72, 92, 94, 100, 116, 137, 139, 86, 87, 89, 94, 111, 112, 123,
163, 171, 190, 214, 261, 262, 274– 154–158, 160, 170, 171, 180,
276, 280 n. 64, 291 182, 190
ancient languages, 5, 86, 109–111,
exponentiation, 27, 68 127, 130, 152, 159–161, 179–
182

Subject index 323
pre-, proto-, 79, 82, 86, 87, 109– Indo-Aryan, 57, 58

111, 123 n. 31, 124, 127, 159,
(proto-)Indo-European, 4. 6, 56, 57,
161, 180, 182, 221
86, 87, 108, 109, 123, 159, 166,
Gothic, 96, 110, 111, 267 221, 226, 250, 253, 266, 267
grammaticalisation, 60, 71, 83, 86, inflection, 3, 6, 9, 10, 71, 75, 76, 80,
87, 90, 269, 270, 277, 290 81, 83, 87, 122, 181–183, 188,
191, 202, 203, 212, 215, 221, 231,
Greek
233, 237, 248, 250, 253, 260, 263–
Classical, 116, 166 265, 273, 277, 282, 283, 288
Dorian, 56
information structure, 188, 209, 222,
Homeric, 226
246, 248, 282, 291
Greenberg’s generalizations
Irish, 56
G 1, 23, 107, 177
Italian, 55, 174, 267
G 2, 23, 24, 165 n. 37
G 3, 37, 38, 49
Japanese, 21
G 4, 26
G 9, 27
Kentish, 81–83
G 10, 27
G 11, 164, 165 Keres, 5, 93
G 12, 164
G 13, 164 Latin
G 14, 164 Classical, 55–57, 60, 79, 123, 164
n. 36, 226, 267 n. 57
G 15, 164
Medieval, 4, 48, 55, 81, 100, 113,
G 18, 93
123, 125 n. 32, 166
G 21[b], 34
G 23, 93 lexicalisation, 195, 196, 200, 201
G 36, 135 limit number, 24, 67, 107, 137, 163,
G 37, 49 164, 173, 177
Lithuanian, 109, 123, 161
Hittite, 226
Hrabanus Maurus, 257 n. 55 Martyrology, 238
Hungarian, 21 mass nouns, 227, 232, 239–246,

274–278, 292
Inari Sami, 222, 280 n. 64 mathematics, 17, 30, 36–38, 68, 153,
154, 202, 204, 205
Incan
Mayan numerals, 36 n. 7
indefinite(ness), 26, 75, 191, 197,
216, 219, 246, 264, 265, 272, 273, Measure Construction, 225, 227–
293 245, 254, 275

324 Subject index
Mercian, 80, 82, 83, 128 Number (grammatical category),

189, 191, 213, 215, 223, 225, 226,
Metrical Texts → Poetry
235, 236, 245, 248, 250, 251, 253,
Middle English, 95, 112–116, 163, 255, 263, 274, 279–281, 288, 291,
174, 272 292
milliard, 116, 267 numeracy, 46, 265, 268, 287
million, 23, 24, 36, 116, 172–177, numerals
267, 268 n. 59, 272 absolute vs. contextual, 21, 66, 67
multiplication, 27, 28, 30, 31, 68, 87, vs. counting words, 20, 21, 45–47,
90, 93, 109, 135, 157, 174 63, 64, 66, 67, 203
multiplicative numerals → numerals. distributive, 22, 23, 284
frequentative, 22, 23, 45, 50, 63,
multiplicand → arithmetic operands 80, 284
multiplier → arithmetic operands Greek, 18
Munda, 32 Hindu-Arabic, 2, 18, 19, 21, 25,
36–37, 154
Ngiti, 35 multiplicative, 22, 45, 50, 63, 64,
169, 284
Niger-Congo, 35 n. 6 Roman, 21, 38, 149
Nilo-Saharan, 35 ordinal, 21–23, 45, 50, 51, 64, 66,
nominalisation, 125 n. 32, 202–206 73, 76, 87 n. 21, 89, 100, 103,
117–128, 144, 146, 156, 169,
(Old) Norse, 110, 111, 125 n. 32, 253 n. 54, 284, 287, 290
231, 254 written, 2, 18–20, 25, 36–38, 149
Northumbrian, 81–83, 88, 125 n. 32 n. 35, 287
noun
numeral as, 3, 86, 136, 180–185, of-phrase, 186, 210, 214, 223, 226,
187, 188, 194, 196, 201–203, 240, 245, 255, 256, 279
207, 246, 247, 249, 250, 253– Old Church Slavonic, 79 n. 17, 109,
263, 268–270, 272 n. 60, 273, 267
282, 283, 292
operands → arithmetic operands
nominal number assignment
ordinal numerals → numerals
number (cardinal), 1–3, 6, 7, 9, 10,
14, 16–26, 36, 57, 64, 65, 204,
205, 228, 265, 271, 282, 286–288 Packing Strategy, 72, 92, 93
number assignment, 20–23, 25, 26, partitive, 147, 182, 183, 185–188,
46, 64–66, 118, 119, 123, 227, 209, 210, 214, 218, 219, 222, 228,
265, 266, 287 231, 238–240, 242 n. 51, 245,
279–281

Subject index 325
Partitive Construction, 179, 210– See also: Attributive Construction,

227, 230, 231, 236, 244–246, 249, Predicative Construction, Parti-
250, 253, 254, 259, 274, 279, 280, tive Construction, Measure Con-
291 struction, mass nouns
Parts-of-speech → Word Class quinary system, 35, 36, 289
plural, 190 n. 42, 215, 226, 257, 258, quipu system, 36 n. 7
of numerals, 75, 231, 234, 235,
255–259 recursion, 23, 28, 29, 35, 38, 45, 49,
of (quantified) nouns, 207, 210, 50, 57, 58, 63, 64, 67, 68, 86, 94,
213, 223, 225, 231, 234–236, 109, 115, 117, 151–156, 158, 173,
274, 279, 280 176, 288, 289
Poetry Ritual Hypothesis, 46 n. 10
Old English, 77, 79, 146, 245, 151, Romanian, 222
162, 192, 199
Russian, 54, 55, 60, 157, 281
Portuguese, 56
Predicative Construction, 188, 207– (Old) Saxon, 110–112
210, 244, 245, 284 n. 65
scalar implicatures, 15, 16
pronouns, 26, 75, 179, 183, 184,
score, 15, 50, 62, 162, 163
186, 199 n. 43, 201, 203, 250, 264,
283, 284, 293 serialisation
proto-Germanic → Germanic serialised augends, 31–35, 69, 71,
84, 92, 97, 105, 113, 254, 255
proto-Indo-European → Indo- serialised multiplicands, 31, 32,
European 35, 69, 71, 72, 87, 89, 92, 93,
97, 113, 139, 156
quantification / quantifiers, 1–3, 9, sexagesimal system, 160, 161
12–16, 26, 42, 52, 53, 62, 118
n. 29, 151, 178, 179, 263, 264, 265 singular, 10, 223, 225, 226
absolute, 13, 14 of numerals, 235, 236
existential, 12, 13, 62, 63 of (quantified) nouns, 213, 239
numerically specific, 14–16, 17, singulative, 275, 281
21, 26, 43, 44, 47, 62, 63, 117,
Slavic, 93, 123, 264, 267
151, 168, 178, 179, 187–247,
257, 259, 265, 274 Sora, 32–35, 38, 69, 154
numerically unspecific, 14–16, 62, subitising, 264
63, 117, 178, 257, 267
subtraction, 27, 68, 164–169
relative, 13
universal, 12, 13, 62, 63, 191
Thai, 274, 276
theme / thematic, 192, 198, 291

326 Subject index
Uralic, 222, 280 n. 64 West Saxon Gospels, 200, 214

Uto-Aztecan, 100 Will of Ælfwold, 176
word class, 3, 4, 9, 136, 179, 184,
verbal quantification, 274, 284 187, 188, 194, 203, 247–249, 252
vigesimal system, 32, 35, 44, 57, n. 53, 260–265, 268–271, 282–
155–158 284, 286, 292, 293
Welsh, 31–35, 38, 56, 57, 69, 154 Yucatec Maya, 161
West Saxon, 10, 74, 79–83, 127, 248

zero, 2, 25, 37, 38, 172

Author index
This section lists modern authors of linguistic works. Medieval authors and other
historical persons are listed in the subject index.
Ahn, Miran, 284 n. 65 Comrie, Bernard, 5, 34–36, 43, 54,

55, 93, 117, 159, 161, 165 n. 37
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 274
n. 61, 277 Corbett, Greville G., 3. 135, 136,
226, 227, 255, 259–264, 267–271,
Allan, Keith, 274
292
Bammesberger, Alfred, 5, 86 Croft, William, 277, 278
Barbiers, Sjef, 118 n. 29

Detges, Ulrich, 27, 56, 159, 266
Bauch, Heinrich, 225 n. 46
Dietz, Klaus, 174
Bauer, Laurie, 90
Dixon, Robert Malcom Ward, 26
Beekes, Robert S. P., 56, 123 n. 31
Benacerraf, Paul, 20, 227, 252 Eichner, Heiner, 226
Berger, Hermann, 57, 58
Faarlund, Jan Terje, 231, 254
Berns, Jan, 6, 52, 85, 111, 127, 182,
249, 268 n. 59 Fischer, Olga, 209
Bisang, Walter, 275 n. 61, 277 Fox, Anthony, 194, 250, 282
Bloom, Paul, 252 Frege, Gottlob, 251, 252 n. 52
Bloomfield, Leonard, 284 Fricke, Richard, 5, 168, 180
Brandt Corstius, Hugo, 7, 286
Gallée, Johann H., 111 n. 27
Braune, Wilhelm, 100, 111 n. 27
Gatschet, Albert S., 93
Brugmann, Karl, 87 n. 21, 221, 267
Gil, David, 9, 12–15, 62, 190, 194,
Brunner, Karl, 83, 88, 181 226, 248, 251, 253, 277, 278
Greenberg, Joseph Harold, 3, 5, 7, 8,
Campbell, Alistair, 52, 88, 113, 181, 21, 23, 24, 26–28, 31–35, 37–39,
221 42, 46–49, 61, 66, 67, 86, 93, 107,
Charney, Jean Ormsbee, 100 108, 116–118, 135, 153–155, 164,
165, 177, 204 n. 44, 248, 262,
Coleman, Robert, 56
274–277, 281, 287

328 Author index
Greene, David, 56 Kluge, Theodor, 39

Grimm, Jacob, 159 Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 277,
286
Grinevald, Colette, 277 n. 63
Krifka, Manfred, 275 n. 61, 276
Hale, Kenneth L., 26, 293 n. 62, 277 n. 63, 278
Hall, Christopher John, 90

Langacker, Ronald W., 13, 14, 194,
Hawkins, John A., 52, 191, 218, 219 277
Healey, Antonette diPaolo, 10 n. 1, Lass, Roger, 79 n. 17, 88, 181, 182
11
Lehmann, Christian, 269
Heine, Bernd, 46, 116, 272
Lehmann, Winfred P., 250
van Helten, Willem Lodewijk, 5, 85,
Link, Godehard, 276 n. 62
180
Luján Martínez, Eugenio R., 6, 35,
Hirt, Hermann, 168
87, 108
Hofmann, Dietrich, 111 n. 27
Holthausen, Ferdinand, 79 n. 17, 111 Majewicz, Alfred F., 46
n. 27
Markey, Thomas L., 111 n. 27
Holtzmann, Adolf, 87 n. 21
von Mengden, Ferdinand, 4, 14, 26,
Hopper, Paul John, 270 44, 46, 60, 80 n. 18, 83, 96, 108,
111 n. 27, 114, 115, 158, 159, 161,
Horn, Wilhelm, 85
266, 268, 272 n. 60, 289, 293
Huddleston, Rodney, 15
Menninger, Karl, 46
Hurford, James R., 6, 7, 18, 20, 26
n. 4, 30, 43, 44, 46 n. 10, 52, 60, Mitchell, Bruce, 75 n. 14, 115, 168,
61, 92, 93, 118, 135, 164 n. 37, 171, 180, 182, 183, 185–188, 190
n. 42, 202, 210, 214, 223, 242
204 n. 44, 222, 252, 254, 255, 263,
n. 51, 246, 249
264, 276, 280 n. 64, 284, 286, 287
Mustanoja, Tauno F., 116, 185
Ifrah, Georges, 7, 46
Nelson, Diane, 222, 280 n. 64
Jackendoff, Ray Saul, 253 Noreen, Adolf, 111 n. 27
Jespersen, Otto, 52
Pijnenburg Wilhelmus Johannes
Justus, Carol F., 86, 159, 161
Juliana, 267 n. 57
Katz, Elisabeth, 212 Planck, Frans, 283
King, Gareth, 31 Prokosch, Eduard, 79 n. 17, 123

n. 31
Kluge, Friedrich, 111 n. 27

Author index 329
Pullum, Rodney, 15 Stiles, Patrick Valentine, 81, 182,

195, 196, 249, 250
Reich, Sabine, 283 Stoelke, Hans, 225 n. 46
Reiffenstein, Ingo, 100, 111 n. 27 Stolz, Thomas, 116, 222, 254, 261
Reinhardt, Mechthild, 252, 253, 255, Storm, Hiroko, 21
256, 259, 263
Süsskand, Peter, 75 n. 14
Rijkhoff, Jan, 46, 266, 275 n. 61
Szemerényi, Oswald, 5, 86, 266, ko7
Rissanen, Matti, 75 n. 14, 120, 166, n. 57
168, 272
Ross, Alan S. C., 6, 52, 85 n. 20, 111 Toivonen, Ida, 222, 280 n. 64
n. 27, 127, 182, 249, 268 n. 59
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, 226
Salzmann, Zdeněk, 33, 154

Vater, Heinz, 14
Schmidt, Johannes, 226
Venezky, Richard Lawrence, 10 n. 1
Schwartz, Martin, 108
Visser, Fredericus Theodorus, 207
Scriba, Christoph Joachim, 252
Voyles, Joseph Bartle, 86
Seebold, Elmar, 79 n. 17, 85
Seiler, Hansjakob, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, Wiese, Heike, 7, 17–24, 46, 47, 66,
39, 57, 109, 161, 262, 264, 265, 204, 227, 228, 253, 264, 265, 268
275 n. 61, 276 n. 62, 277, 287 n. 58, 277, 287
Sievers, Eduard, 79 n. 17 Winter, Werner, 58, 261
Sihler, Andrew Littleton, 55, 56, 123 Wülfing, Johann Ernst, 180, 182–
n. 31, 166 186, 188, 195, 196
Stampe, David, 6, 19, 21, 22, 28, 32,
33, 40, 47, 116, 252, 256 Yeager, Deborah, 214
Steller, Walther, 111 n. 27


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Clemoes, Peter (ed.)

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Kotzor, Günter (ed.)

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MacLean, George Edwin (ed.)

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Pope, John C. (ed.)

Schaefer, Kenneth Gordon (ed.)

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Skeat, Walter William (ed.)

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de Vriend, Hubert Jan (ed.)

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Braune, Wilhelm / Ingo Reiffenstein

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Kluge, Friedrich / Elmar Seebold

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Markey, Thomas Lloyd.

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Traugott, Elizabeth Closs

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Attributive Quantification, 181, 182, Byrhtferth of Ramsey

Breton, 31 definite(ness), 197, 198, 202, 216–

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determiner, determination, 52, 75, Fennic, 280 n. 64

Dutch, 112, 118 n. 29 genitive

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pre-, proto-, 79, 82, 86, 87, 109– Indo-Aryan, 57, 58

Hungarian, 21 mass nouns, 227, 232, 239–246,

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Mercian, 80, 82, 83, 128 Number (grammatical category),

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Partitive Construction, 179, 210– See also: Attributive Construction,

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Uralic, 222, 280 n. 64 West Saxon Gospels, 200, 214

West Saxon, 10, 74, 79–83, 127, 248

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Ahn, Miran, 284 n. 65 Comrie, Bernard, 5, 34–36, 43, 54,

Bammesberger, Alfred, 5, 86 Croft, William, 277, 278

Barbiers, Sjef, 118 n. 29

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Greene, David, 56 Kluge, Theodor, 39

Hall, Christopher John, 90

Katz, Elisabeth, 212 Planck, Frans, 283