Equipment for Engineering Education

Experiment Instructions
HM 150.08 Impact of Jet
Apparatus

G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH

Fahrenberg 14
D-22885 Barsbüttel
Germany
Phone: ++49 (40) 670854.0
Fax: ++49 (40) 670854.42
E-mail: sales@gunt.de
Web: http://www.gunt.de
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HM 150.08 IMPACT OF JET APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2001

Experiment Instructions

Please read and follow the safety regulations before the first installation!

Publication-no.: 917.000 08 A 150 02 (A) DTP_4

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HM 150.08 IMPACT OF JET APPARATUS

Table of Contents
1 Unit Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Preparing and Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Calculation of Theoretical Jet Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

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3.1 For Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.2 For Hemisphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 For Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.4 For Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Results of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1 Measured Values for Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.2 Measured Values for Hemisphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3 Measured Values for Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4 Measured Values for Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5.1 Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2 Hemisphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3 Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.4 Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6 Evaluation of Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.1 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.2 Comparison of the Four Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

7 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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1 Unit Description

The unit is designed to investigate jet forces im-

pacting against stationary deflectors.
The impact forces are produced by a water jet.
The impact forces are measured using a lever
mechanism and loading weights.

The impact forces of the water jet are set via the
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2001

flow rate. Water is supplied either from the HM150

basic flow module or by way of the laboratory
mains.
The HM150 enables a closed water circuit to be
constructed.

1 The unit essentially consists of:

– Base Plate [7]
2
– Inlet connection [8]

3 – Drain connection [6]

– Perspex vessel [5]
4 – Nozzle [4]
– Deflector [3]
5
– Lever mechanism [2]

6 – Loading weights [1]

Various deflectors can be fitted at position [3].

– Plate
8 7
– Hemissphere
– Slope
– Cone

1 Unit Description 1
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2 Preparing and Performing the Experiment

Performance of Experiment:
– Place the test set-up on the HM150 so that
the drain routes the water into the channel.

4 – Fit connecting hose between HM150 and

unit.
– Open HM150 drain.
3
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– Assemble deflector [1], (Plate, Hemisphere,

Slope or Cone ). Loosen the 3 screws [3] on
the cover [4] and remove cover together with
lever mechanism. Fit appropriate deflector.
2 Do not forget to tighten lock nut [2] on rod.
Screw cover back onto vessel.

1
– Use adjusting screw [5] to set pointer to zero
(zero notch [7]). When doing so, do not place
any loading weights on measurement sy-
stem [8].
6 8
– Apply desired loading weight [8] 0.2N; 0.3N;
1N; 2N; 5N or combinations thereof.

7
– Close main HM150 cock.

5 – Switch on HM150 pump.

– Carefully open main cock until pointer is on
zero again.
– Close HM150 drain cock.
– Determine volumetric flow. This involves rec-
ording time t required to fill up the volumetric
tank of the HM150 from 20 to 30 litres.
– Add loading weights and note down time t for
10 litres.
– Switch off pump, open drain.

2 Preparing and Performing the Experiment 2

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3 Calculation of Theoretical Jet Force

The theoretical jet force is calculated from the prin-

ciple of linear momentum
kg
The density of the water is r = 1
l
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3.1 For Plate

Fth = V × r × (w 1 - w 2 )
.

w1 if w 2 = 0 then
w2 w2

.
Fth = V × r × w 1

Plate

3.2 For Hemisphere

Fth = V × r × (w 1 - w 2 )
.

w1
if w 2 = - w 1 then

.
Fth = 2 ×V × r × w 1
w2 w2
Hemisphere

3 Calculation of Theoretical Jet Force 3

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3.3 For Slope

F x = V × r × w 1 × cos a

F w2

F Fth = F x × cos a with a = 45°

45°
Fth = V × r × w 1 × cos 2 a
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w2

w1
Slope

Attention! Please note direction of coordinate axis!

3.4 For Cone

Fth = V × r × (w 1 - w 2 x )
F

270°
w1
w 2 = - w 1 × cos a with a = 45°

w 2 x = w 2 × cos a
w2 w2

Cone Fth = V × r × w 1 × (1 + cos 2 a )

3 Calculation of Theoretical Jet Force 4

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4 Results of Measurement

The measured Values for deflectors with Plate,

Hemisphere, Slope and Cone face are listed be-
low.
A tolerance of ±0.2 N was produced in the measu-
rements by adding further small loading weights.
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2001

4.1 Measured Values for Plate

Plate (90o deflection)

Force F Mesuring time Flow rate

in N ±0.2 in s in ltr/s
F
0.5 45 0.22
w1
w2
1.0 35 0.29
w2
2.0 24 0.41
3.0 21 0.48
7.0 13 0.74

Plate
Measured Volume : 10 Ltr

4.2 Measured Values for Hemisphere

Hemisphere (180o deflection)

Force F Mesuring time Flow rate

F in N ±0.2 in s in ltr/s
0.5 61 0.16
w1
1.0 48 0.21
2.0 36 0.28
3.0 28 0.36
6.0 21 0.48
w2 w2
Hemisphere
Measured Volume : 10 Ltr

4 Results of Measurement 5
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4.3 Measured Values for Slope

Slope (45° and 135° deflection)

Force F Mesuring time Flow rate

in N ±0.2 in s in ltr/s
F w2 0.2 43 0.23
F
0.5 30 0.33
0.8 28 0.36
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45°
1.0 24 0.42
w2
1.5 21 0.48
w1
Measured Volume : 10 Ltr
Slope

4.4 Measured Values for Cone

Cone (135° deflection)

Force F Mesuring time Flow rate

F
in N ±0.2 in s in ltr/s
270°
w1
0.5 49 0.20
1.0 41 0.24
2.0 30 0.33
3.0 25 0.40
w2 w2
5.0 19 0.52

Cone
Measured Volume : 10 Ltr

4 Results of Measurement 6
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5 Results

The velocity w1 of the jet from the nozzle is calcula-

ted from the volumetric flow and the cross-sectio-
nal area AD of the nozzle.

. .
4 ×V V
w1 = =
p ×d 2 AD
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p ×d 2
where AD =
4
Nozzle diameter d = 10mm = 0,01m

The Values for the 4 bodies are as follows :

5.1 Plate

Flow rate velocity calculated Force measured Force

V in ltr/s w1 in m/s Fth in N F in N
0.22 2.82 0.62 0.5
0.29 3.65 1.04 1.0
0.41 5.26 2.17 2.0
0.48 6.12 2.95 3.0
0.74 9.42 2.96 7.0

5 Results 7
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5.2 Hemisphere

Flow rate velocity calculated Force measured Force

V in ltr/s w1 in m/s Fth in N F in N
0.16 2.07 0.68 0.5
0.21 2.66 1.11 1.0
0.28 3.57 2.01 2.0
0.36 4.56 3.27 3.0
0.48 6.06 5.77 6.0
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5.3 Slope

Flow rate velocity calculated Force measured Force

V in ltr/s w1 in m/s Fth in N F in N
0.23 2.96 0.34 0.2
0.33 4.22 0.7 0.5
0.36 4.52 0.8 0.8
0.42 5.31 1.11 1.0
0.48 6.11 1.47 1.5

5.4 Cone

Flow rate velocity calculated Force measured Force

V in ltr/s w1 in m/s Fth in N F in N
0.20 2.58 0.78 0.5
0.24 3.1 1.13 1.0
0.33 4.23 2.11 2.0
0.40 5.1 3.06 3.0
0.52 6.56 5.06 5.0

5 Results 8
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6 Evaluation of Experiment

6.1 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Force

Calculation of the jet impact forces from the princi-

ple of linear momentum yields a good level of coin-
cidence with the measured Values:

Example Value : calculated Force mesaured Force

1N Fth in N F in N
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Plate 1.04 1
Hemisphere 1.11 1
Slope 1.11 1
Cone 1.13 1

6.2 Comparison of the Four Bodies

The 4 bodies used have a different geometry. This

is the reason, why the energy of the water jet is
used different by each body. How large the extent
of utilisation is, can be seen, for example, on the
amount of water need to raise a body against the
force F:

Example Value : Flow rate V in ltr/s

0.5 N
Plate 0.22
Hemisphere 0.16
Slope 0.33
Cone 020

It is obvious, that the „Hemisphere“ uses the ener-

gy of the water jet best.
The lowest extent of utilisation is made with the
„Slope“.

6 Evaluation of Experiment 9
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7 Technical Data

Perspex cylinder:
Diameter : 200 mm
Hight : 340 mm

Set of weights:
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4 pc. of 0.2 N
3 pc. of 0.3 N
2 pc. of 1N
2 pc. of 2N
2 pc. of 5N

Flow rate: max. 45 ltr/min

Main dimensions:
Length: 400 mm
Width: 400 mm
Height: approx. 875 mm
Weight: approx. 23 kg

7 Technical Data 10