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Slope Stability Analysis: Unit of Stress
Slope Stability Analysis: Unit of Stress
Unit of stress:
1 kilopascal kPa
= 1 kN/m2
1,000N (Kilo Newtons per square
meter)
1m
Slightly above-average
1m American male
1
Unit weights of materials (per m3)
Water, γw = gρw = 9.81 kN/m3
Vs= volume solids
Solid rock, γs = 26.0 kN/m3 Vv= volume voids
Porosity:
n=Vv/(Vv+Vs)
z = zd+zw zd
zw
β
L
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Slope cross-section Isolate a column
N Flow lines
β Equipotential lines
W
Zwcosβ
T
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Force polygon Groundwater pressure
4
2
c'+ (γ d z d + γ sat z w − γ w z w ) cos β tan φ
F=
(γ d z d + γ sat z w ) sin β
γw = unit weight of water (9.81 kN/m3)
γd = dry unit weight of soil (15-20 kN/m3)
γsat = saturated unit weight of soil (20-23 kN/m3)
tan φ
F=
tan β
3
Role of cohesion:
Assume fully saturated
slope, parallel seepage
z = zw= 1.5 m
φ = 32º
c'+ (γ d z d + γ sat z w − γ w z w ) cos β tan φ
F=
(γ d z d + γ sat z w ) sin β
•φ’ = 0
•Su instead of c’
•Slope fully saturated (by capillary action) , z = zw
Su
F= sand
(γ sat z ) sin β z
4
Shallow landslide susceptibility
frequency
apply Infinite Slope Equation on an
areal basis, in a probabilistic
manner, map “probability of
failure” (or Factor of Safety)
9
1
Root 0.9
0.8
cohesion 0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
YEARS AFTER LOGGING
10
5
Subjective slope stability mapping
11
(J. Ryder, Vancouver, 1998)
12
6
Deep-seated landslides: Method of Slices
General method:
1) Work out the equilibrium of each slice
2) Calculate the equilibrium of the slice assembly
3) Results depend on assumptions regarding the
interslice forces E and X
13
Available equations
1) Vertical equilibrium of a single slice (n equations)
W = N cos β + T sin β + ∇X
2) Mohr-Coulomb strength (n equations)
c' L tanφ'
T= + (N − uL) “Mobilized strength”
F F
3) Horizontal force equilibrium for the slice assembly (1 equation)
∑ N sin β − ∑ T cos β = 0
4) Moment equilibrium for the slice assembly Interslice forces cancel out
(1 equation) in these equations
∑Wr − ∑ Nr − ∑ Tr
w N T =0 r’s are radii of rotation
14
7
Bishop’s Simplified Method:
Fredlund Krahn (1978) Modification for Non-circular surfaces
rN
Possible solutions
For n slices, we have the following unknowns:
n N forces + n T forces + n ∆X + n ∆E +1F =4n+1 unknowns
16
8
Janbu simplified method: More solutions
1) assume ∆X = 0 (no shear between slices)
2) use only Equations 1,2 and 3 (neglect moment equilibrium)
3) Good for shallow sliding surfaces, tends to be more conservative
than Bishop (correction needed)
Spencer’s method:
1) assume ∆X/∆E = constant (constant interslice friction)
2) Must add another equation (horizontal force equilibrium on each
slice). Use all five equations (“rigorous solution”)
3) Requires iterative solution, may not converge
Morgenstern-Price method:
1) assume ∆X/∆E varies according to a prescribed function
(“rigorous solution”)
2) Requires iterative solution, may not converge 17
ELEVATION (m)
80 80
STRONG
60 60
40 WEAK 40
20 20
WEAK
WEAK
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
DISTANCE (m) DISTANCE (m)
120
80
9
Sarma method W
Force polygon
T φ/F
φi/F
N
19
20
10
Limit Equilibrium Methods, Summary 2
Method Type Advantages Disadvantages
Bishop Simplified -very efficient -conservative with cases involving internal
-accurate for circular surfaces and distortion
some non-circular (with Fredlund- -can be incorrect with external horizontal
Krahn modification) loads (including earthquake loads)
Spencer Rigorous -any geometry and loads -less efficient, may not converge
-often more conservative than MP
Morgenstern Rigorous -any geometry and loads -less efficient, may not converge
-Price -can simulate internal shearing -choice of interslice function required
-often cited as a benchmark
Sarma Rigorous - good for structured slides (esp. -less efficient, may not converge
rock) -the assumption of fully mobilized internal
friction could lead to incorrect (non-
conservative) results, if not justified (e.g.
in rotational slides)
21
Automatic
“Simplex”
search
22
11
Grid search
23
Weak surface
24
12
Specified non-circular sliding surface
Toe
submergence
25
fill
26
13
Strength reduction method
FLAC: “Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua”
2nd strength
reduction
1st “failure”
Displacement
strength
reduction
14