ART IS UNIVERSAL

– it speaks to all people and is able to evoke emotions, ideas and thoughts.

- art needs no words and the meaning of a work of art is up for interpretation by the
viewer.

 Corridor in the Asylum – Vincent Van Gogh, 1889

- this particular image, showing a long, receding corridor, captures the
loneliness and disarray of life in a mental institution at the end of 19th
century.

 The Thinker – Auguste Rodin, 1880

- the sculpture if often used to represent philosophy
- Artistically, it has been analysed as a person with a athletic body that is
twisted and curled in tension.
- for artists, it represents an internal struggle with something that is
intellectually tough.
- the open left hand is meant to grasp whatever reality his vision brings and
he is ready to act on it.

ART IS CULTURAL

Cultural Arts – occur whenever creative people decide to artistically enhance what is
around them.

 Scarrification – the aetas intentionally wound the skin on their back, arms, breast, legs,
hands, calves and abdomen, and then they irritate the wounds with fire, lime and other
means to form scars.
- other “decorative disfigurements” include the chipping of the teeth.
With the use of a file, the Dumagat modify their teeth during their late
puberty. The teeth are dyed black a few years afterwards.

 Bharatanatyam – annual festival in Bacolod City with highlights every fourth Sunday of
October with street dancers in colourful costumes, masks and headdresses.

ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE

- art involves both the artist and the active observer who encounter each other, their mental
environments, and their culture at large.

- that is, art is not just a recording of human experience, but it is an involvement of human
experience.
  Hacksaw Ridge – the true story of Pfc. Desmond T. Doss (Andrew Garfield), who won
the Congressional Medal of Honor despite refusing to bear arms during WWII on
religious grounds. Doss was drafted and ostracized by fellow soldiers for his pacifist
stance but went on to earn respect and adoration for his bravery, selflessness and
compassion after he risked his life – without firing a shot – to save 75 men in the Battle
of Okinawa.

 Spoliarum – the painting features a glimpse of Roman history centered on the bloody
carnage brought by gladiatorial matches. Spoliarium is a Latin word referring to the
basement of the Roman Colosseum where the fallen and dying gladiaors are dumped
and devoid of their worldly possessions.

 What Were You Wearing? – features 18 stories of sexual violence and representations
of what each victim was wearing at the time of their assault. The outfits include a bikini,
a young boy’s yellow collared shirt, a sexy red dress and a T-shirt and jeans.

 Last Supper With The Street Children – Joey Velasco

- the 12 children in the painting are real people the painter, Joey
Velasco, discovered in poor areas of Metro Manila and Quezon City.
- after treating them to meals, Velasco took their pictures ad
retreated to his room to start working on the painting.

PERFORMING ARTS – have ways to express an opinion, emotion, feeling, or taste, through means
of performance like theatre, public speech, dance, music, and more.

- artist uses their voices, bodies or inanimate objects to convey artistic expression.

4 Types of Performing Arts

 Music
 Dance
 Drama
 Theatre

a. Music – is the organization of sound through a musical composition, sometimes aided by

musical instrument.

 12 Common forms of Music

1. Art Song – setting of a poem for solo voice and piano.

2. Cantata – a sermon in music drawn from the lectionary (based on Bible reading)
3. Mass – sacred choral composition with five section: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Santus,
and Agnus Dei.
 4. Motet – a polyphonic choral work that is shorter than a mass and employs a
sacred Latin text.
5. Opera – contains music, drama, poetry and visual arts. Rangers from tragedies to
music drama and comedies.
6. Oratorio – a large-scale composition that uses a chorus, vocal soloists and
orchestra.
7. Concert Overture – an independent composition for orchestra, contains one
movement, and composed in sonata form.
8. Concerto – an extended composition for an instrumental soloist and orchestra.
9. Sonata – an instrumental composition in several movements written for one to
eight players.
10. Suite – comprises of dance-inspired movements written in the same key but
differing in tempo, meter, and character.
11. Symphony – an orchestral composition, usually in 4 movements, lasts between
20- 45 minutes.
12. Fugue – a polyphonic (two or more melodic lines of relatively equal importance
performed at the same time) composition based on more theme or subject,
written for a group of instruments or voices of for a single instrument like an
organ or harpsichord.

 Elements of Music – elements could provide the rationale to one’s emotional or

passionate outbursts to any piece of music.

1. Rhythm – placement of the duration of notes and rests in time, creating a

pattern. It is the flow of music in terms of time.
2. Melody – the succession of single tomes that must “hand together” to show
that indeed, there is the presence of melody.
3. Harmony – the simultaneous sounding of tones; combinations of two or more
tones sounded together.
4. Texture – refers to whether a piece of music is conceived more in terms of
melodic lines or in a sense of simultaneous sounds or chords.

 4 basic properties of sound

1. Pitch – the highness or lowness of a sound
2. Dynamics – how quiet or loud a sound is. Dynamic levels indicate the mood of the
music and appeal to the emotions.
3. Tone – a sound that has a definite pitch.
4. Duration – constitutes the length of time in which vibration is maintained
without interruption.
  Musical instrument

STRING WOODWIND BRASS PERCUSSION

Violin Piccolo Trumpet Tympani
Viola Flute French horn Xylophone
Cello Clarinet Trombone Piano
Bass Oboe Tuba Marimba
English horn Chimes
Bass clarinet Harp
Bassoon Snare drum
Contrabassoon Bass drum
Cymbals
Gong
Tambourine
Castanets
Triangle

b. Dance – the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given
space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking
delight in the movement itself.
- it is a powerful impulse, but the art of dance is that impulse channelled by skilful
performers into something that becomes intensely expressive and that may delight
spectators who feel no wish to dance themselves.

 Types of Dances
o Ethnologic – include folk dancing associated with national and cultural groups
o Social or Ballroom Dances – popular type of dancing generally performed by
pairs
o Ballet – a formalized type of dance which originated in the royal courts of the
middle ages. They may be either solo or concerted dances and generally built
around a theme or story.
o Modern – sometimes called contemporary interpretative dances and represents
rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. It is a personal communication
of moods and themes.
o Musical Dances – dances performed by soloists, groups, choruses in theatres,
nightclubs, motion pictures, and television. It combines various forms of ballet,
modern, tap, and acrobatics.

c. Drama – a drama or play is a story re- created by actors on a stage in front of an audience.
- a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance. It is one of the
literary genres, which is an imitation of some action.
- also type of a play written for theatre, television, radio, and film.
- is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and
dance, as in opera and musical theatre.
  Types of Dramas
o Comedy – comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provide a happy
conclusion. The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience
laugh. Hence, they use quaint circumstances, unusual characters,a nd witty
remarks.
o Tragedy – tragic drams use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death.
Protagonists often have a tragic flaw – a characteristics that leads them to their
downfall.
o Farce – generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or
engages slapstick humor.
o Melodrama – an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly to
the senses of the audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of a single
dimension and simple, or may be stereotyped.
o Musical drama – dramatists not only tell their stories through acting and
dialogue, but through dance as well as music. Often the story may be comedic,
though it may also involve serious subjects.

 Elements of Drama
o Theme – the theme of a play refers to its central ideas. It can either be clearly
stated through dialogue or action, or can be inferred after watching the entire
performance.
o Plot – the order of events occurring in a play make its plot
o Characters – the character that form a part of the story are interwoven with the
plot of the drama. Each character in a play has a personality of its own and a set of
principles and beliefs. Actors in the play have the responsibility of bringing the
characters to life.
o Dialog – the story of a play is taken forward by means of dialogs. The story is
narrated to the audiences through the interaction between the play’s characters,
which is in the form of dialogs.
o Setting – the time and place where a story is set is one of its important parts.
o Performance – it is another important element of drama, as the impact that a
story has on the audiences is largely affected by the performances of the actors.

d. Theatre – a collaborative form of fine are that used live performers to present the experience
of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.

- the performers may communicate this experience to the audience through

combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance.

 Collaborative art
o Producer – finances, hiring, promoting, etc.
o Director – supervises rehearsals, controls and develops his/her “vision” of the
play.
o Actors – perform the roles/characters.
 o Designer – creates the visual aspect of production: scenery, costumes, props,
make-up, lighting, sound, etc.
o Builders – tech crew; build and paint the set; make the costumes, etc.
o Crews – execute changes in scenery, light and sound cues, placement and return
of properties.
o Stage manager – runs the “live” production.
o House manager – admits and seats audience
o The Playwright – one who writes plays.

 Basic Elements of Theatre

o Script/Text, Scenario, Plan – starting point of the theatrical performance.
- the domain of the playwright in theatre.
o The Process – the coordination of the creative efforts usually headed up in
theatre by the director.
o The Product – the end result of the process of work involved.
- what the audience will witness as they sit in the theatre and view
the work.
1. The Audience – theatre requires audience.
- for all of the arts public is essential
- a physical presence of an audience can change a performance,
inspire actors, and create expectations.

VISUAL ARTS – refer to still, unmoving pictures, paintings, sculptures, photographs, digital images,
installation or architecture that are created by artists.

- they are the representation or embodiment of an idea, an experience, a concept, a

surge of vitality, emotion, feeling or a result of interaction with the environment, and a product of
human thinking.

Elements of Arts

1. Line –used to lead the viewer’s eye throughout the artwork.

- has a width as well as length, but usually, it is the length that occupies more space
than its width.
- use of line also evokes expressive feelings and ideas.

o Vertical Lines – move straight up or down; express stability and show dignity,
poise, stiffness, formality and upward mobility.
o Horizontal Lines – parallel to the horizon; express feelings of rest, peace, quiet
and stability, permanence or solidarity; make you feel relax and calm.
o Diagonal Lines – slant, as if they are either rising or falling
o Curved Lines – slowly change direction and form wiggly curves, spirals or
circles
o Zigzag Lines – combine diagonal lines that form angles and suddenly change
direction.
 Line vary in Appearance in Five Ways

 Length – long or short.

 Width – thick or thin.
 Texture – rough or smooth
 Direction – can move in any direction, such as vertical, horizontal, or
diagonal
 Degree of Curve – can curve gradually or not at all, form spirals or circles.
2. Shape
o Dimension – the amount of space an object takes up in one direction

Two Types of Shape

 Geometric shapes – can be studied mathematically because they possess

sides and angles
 Free-form shapes – not studied mathematically because of their irregular
and uneven shapes.

3. Texture – refers to how things feel when touched.

 Rough texture – appears as a result of surface that reflects light unevenly
 Smooth texture – reflects light evenly

4. Color – an element of art that results from the light waves reflected from objects to your
eyes. There are warm and cool colors.
 Warm colors – red, orange, and yellow are associated with wam things such as
fire or sunlight
- moving close to the viewers
 Cool color – blue, green, and violet are associated with cool things such as ice,
snow, water or grass
- receding effect

Three Properties of Color

o Hue – name of specific color in the color spectrum or the bands color that
are present in the color wheel
 Primary hues – red, yellow, and blue
 Secondary hues – made by mixing two primary colors;
red+yellow=orange
 Intermediate hues – made by mixing a primary color with its
secondary color; red+orange=red orange
o Yellow – lightest hue because it reflects the most light
o Violet – darkest hue because it reflects the least light
o Black, White, Gray – neutral colors
 o Value – indicated through the lightness or darkness of a color; amount of
light a color reflects determines its color value.
- you can change the value of any hue by adding black or white
 Tint – light value of a hue
 Shade – dark value of a hue
o Chiaroscuro – arrangement of light and shadow
- Italian; chiaro – bright, oscuro – dark

o Intensity – the brightness or dullness of a hue

o Dull hues – low-intensity colors
o Pure or bright hues – high-intensity colors

Color Scheme

a. Monochromatic color – uses only one hue.

b. Analogous colors – found side by side within the color wheel
c. Complementary colors – opposite each other on the color wheel
d. Split Complement – combination of one hue and the hues on each side of its
compliment

5. Space and Movement

 Space - refers to both outer and inner space, the emptiness or are between,
around, above, below or within the object
o Three-dimensional – monumental sculpture
o Two-dimensional – painting

 Movement – shown through the direction of line or the arrangement of color

within the artistic frame

6. Principles of Organization – the “order” in an artwork is its organization

 Pyramidal Plan – takes a triangular composition
 Symmetrical Plan – two sides of the plan similar and relatively equal
 Vertical Plan – consists of a single vertical figure and/or other object
 Radial Plan – shows the lines of the picture forming radii which meet at a pint in
the center.

7. Unity and Harmony – results from the artistic combination and arrangement of the
elements of art within the artistic frame or space
 8. Variety – the difference or contrast of elements or objects within an artwork. It makes an
artwork interesting rather than dull or monotonous

- achieved by adding something different to a design to provide a break in the

repetition

- may be done through the use of different colors, lines, free form shapes or
texture

 Rhthym – repetition of design, line or other elements within the frame.

o Alternating Rhythm – there is an original motif or pattern of shapes
followed by a second motif
o Flowing rhythm – repetition of curved lines or waves

9. Proportion – the aspect of organization that has to do with the comparative size of the
parts of a single work.
 Asymmetry – opposite of formal balance
 Symmetry – kind of formal balance in which two halves of a balnced composition
are identical
 Radial balance – variation of symmetry in which the elements of a design come
out form the central point of the circle

10. Perspective – a graphic system that creates the illusion of depth and volume on a two-
dimensional surface
 Atmospheric perspective – achieved through the use of color.
 Linear perspective – shows distance and depth.

FUNCTIONS OF ART

 Directly – refers to aesthetic objects that serve utilitarian purposes

o Generally Applied Art – art created for use, not necessarily everyday use, but
designed to serve a purpose ad with an aesthetic in mind.
 Indirect – serves no utilitarian purpose
- exploration of these sensibilities (intellectual, emotional, or aesthetic level), rather
than their utilitarian merits, determines the artworks’ worth

Three Functions of Art

 Personal Function – subjective and will vary from person to person

- works of art that makes us aware of other people’s way of thinking, feeling
and imagining that have never occurred to us before
 Social Function – use for public display & celebration, used to affect collective behaviour
- influences social behaviour
- created to be seen or used primarily in public situation

 Physical Function – created to perform some service and have physical functions