ANALYTICAL AND SOLID GEOMETRY

MATH 4A

BASIC CONCEPTS

1.RENE DESCARTES - FATHER OF ANALYICAL GEOMETRY

2.ANALTICAL GEOMETRY - it is the combination of algebra and geometry.
3.COORDINATE SYSTEMS - a system where points lies and these points are mere locations of an
object.
4.CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM = RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
5.ORIGIN - the point where the coordinate is at (0,0).
6. X - axis = Abscissa = Domain = Independent Variable
7. Y - axis = Ordinate = Range = Dependent Variable

QUADRANTS

1. First Quadrant ( Q1) - all the values of the coordinates are positive.
2. Second Quadrant ( Q2) - a negative x coordinate and a positive y coordinate
3. Third Quadrant (Q3) - all values of the coordinates are negative.
4. Fourth Quadrant ( Q4) - a positive x coordinate and a negative y coordinate.

A. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

RULE 1: The length of a horizontal line segment joining two points is the abscissa of the point on the
right minus the abscissa of the point of the left

d = ( x2-x1) horizontal line segment distance formula if and only if the value of the y-coordinate
of both pair are equal or y2 = y1

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RULE 2: The length of a vertical line segment joining two points is the ordinate of the upper point
minus the ordinate of the lower point.

d = ( y2-y1) vertical line segment distance formula if and only if the value of the x coordinate of
both pair are equal or x2 = x1

RULE 3: The distance between two points whose x coordinates and y coordinates are not equal is equal
to the sum of the differences of the abscissas to the square of the difference of the ordinate and take the
positive square root as the sum.

d x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2 distance formula between two endpoints

And this can be derived using the pythagorean theorem where d2 = x2 + y2

B. INCLINATION AND SLOPE OF A LINE

The inclination of a line is defined as the angle, measured counterclockwise from the initial side to
the terminal side. The slope of a line is defined as the tangent of its inclination. A line leaning to the
right has a positive slope and a line leaning to the left has a negative slope.

THEOREM 1: Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope

m1=m2

THEOREM 2: The slope of a line is defined as the tangent of its inclination and it is equal to the
ratio of the differences of the abscissa and ordinate.

rise y y2  y1 dy
m    tan 
run x x2  x1 dx

The following are the different forms of the slope of a line. dy/dx represents the change in the y
coordinate with respect to the x coordinate and will be explicitly defined in higher mathematics.

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C. Angle between two lines.

If two lines having different slopes intersect to each other, the angle between this two lines measure
along the horizontal x-axis counter clockwise is

m1  m2
tan 
1  m1m2

Two slant lines are perpendicular if and only if the slope of one is the negative reciprocal of the other.

D. Midpoint of a line segment.

The midpoint of the line segment is defined as point that is in the middle of two points wherein the
abscissa of the midpoint is half the sum of two x coordinate the half the sum of two y coordinate is the
ordinate of the midpoint

M ( x , y ) Represents the midpoint of the line segment

x1  x2 y1  y 2
x y
2 2

THE STRAIGHT LINE

THEOREM 1: The equation of every straight line is expressible in terms of the first degree. Conversely,
the graph of first degree equation is a straight line.
examples
LINEAR EQUATIONS - equations in the first degree. 2x + 1 = 3
LINEAR FUNCTIONS - functions in the first degree f(x) = 2x + 1
LINEAR EXPRESSIONS - algebraic expressions in the first degree 2x + 1

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LINEAR INEQUALITIES - inequalities in the first degree 2x + 1 ≥ 1

BASICS:
IF the value of x is set into zero, then the resulting value is its y-intercepts.
IF the value if y is set into zero, then the resulting value is its x - intercept

STANDARD EQUATIONS OF LINE

1. SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM - the slope and the y intercept are given y  mx  b

2. SLOPE POINT FORM - a single order paired point and a slope is given. y  y1  mx  x1 

y2  y1
3. TWO POINT FORM - two ordered pairs are given. y  y1  x  x1 
x2  x1

x y
4. INTERCEPT FORM - an x-intercept “a” and a y-intercept “b” are given.  1
a b

GENERAL EQUATION OF THE LINE

The General Equation of the line is the transposition of the standard equation of a line as the
equation is equal to zero.

Ax  By  C  0

E. DIRECTED DISTANCE

The distance from a line to a given point is given by the formula

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 Ax  By  C
d
 A2  B 2

Where A , B, and C are the coefficients of the linear equation

x and y are the coordinates of the point.

RULES.

1. The value of the denominator is POSITIVE if the point is ABOVE THE LINE
2. The value of the denominator is NEGATIVE if the point is BELOW THE LINE

F. INTERSECTION OF LINES

Lines are said to be intersect if and only if two equations of the line are said to be equal. To solve for
the point of intersection, just equate the equations of a line into a singular variable then solve.

QUIZ 1
WORD PROBLEMS IN ANALYICAL AND SOLID GEOMETRY
(DISTANCE and MIDPOINT FORMULA)

Name: _________________________________________ Date: _______________________

C/S/Y: _________________________________________ Score: ______________________

Directions: Solve the following problems. Use a graphing paper and graph the lines. (10 points each)
Time limit ( 45 mins)

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1. Find the distance from (2,1) to the point that is midway to the distance of points (3,4) and (6,1)
( Hint: Use Midpoint and Distance Formula)

2. Find the value of k such that the distance between (-4 ,2) and ( 2 , k ) is 100.
( Hint: Use distance formula)

3. Find the value of a such that the points (0,0) , (4,3) , ( 6, 0) and ( a , -4 ) is a square.
(Hint: A square has equal sides. The distance from any two ordered pair is always equal to the distance
of two other ordered pair.)

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