piControl 4xCO2 6ka (MidHolocene) ~18ka (LGM)

Orbital Parameters
Eccentricity 0.016764 Same as pi 0.018682 0.01899
Obliquity 23.459° Same as pi 24.105° 22.949°
Precession – 180 102.94 ° Same as pi 0.87 114.45°

Carbon Dioxide 280ppm 1120ppm 264.4 ppm 190ppm

CH4 700 ppb 597 ppb 375 ppb
N2O 265 ppb 262 ppb 200 ppb
CFC 0 O O
O3 Same as pi Same as pi

Model Name Model Center Resolution (lon x lat x Levels) Experiment

IPSL-CM5A-LR L’institute Pierre-Simon Laplace, France 1.875° x 1.875° L66 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
FGOALS-G2.0 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese 2.812° x 2.791 L piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Academy of Sciences, China
CNRM-CM5 Centre National de Recherches 1.406° x 1.406° L42 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Metéorologiques, France
MIROC-ESM Model for Interdisciplinary Research on 2.812° x 2.790 L80 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Climate, Japan
MPI-ESM-P Max Plank Institute for Meteorology, 1.875° x 1.865° L47 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Germany
MRI-GCM3 Meteorological Research Institute, Japan 1.125° x 1.121° L48 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
BESM Brazilian Earth System Model, Brazil piControl and 4xCO2
Mid-Holocene

The MH provides an opportuninity to examine the response to orbitally induced

changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation. It is a period of
strongly enhanced Northern Hemisphere Summer monsoons, extra-tropical
continental aridity and much warmer summers.