piControl 4xCO2 6ka (MidHolocene) ~18ka (LGM)

Orbital Parameters
Eccentricity 0.016764 Same as pi 0.018682 0.01899
Obliquity 23.459° Same as pi 24.105° 22.949°
Precession – 180 102.94 ° Same as pi 0.87 114.45°

Carbon Dioxide 280ppm 1120ppm 264.4 ppm 190ppm

CH4 700 ppb 597 ppb 375 ppb
N2O 265 ppb 262 ppb 200 ppb
CFC 0 O O
O3 Same as pi Same as pi

Model Name Model Center Resolution (lon x lat x Experiment Reference

Levels)
IPSL-CM5A- L’institute Pierre-Simon 1.875° x 1.875° L66 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM Dufresne et al. (2012)
LR Laplace, France
FGOALS-G2.0 Institute of 2.812° x 2.791 L piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Atmospheric Physics, Lijuan et al. (2013)
Chinese Academy of
Sciences, China
CNRM-CM5 Centre National de 1.406° x 1.406° L42 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Recherches
Metéorologiques, Voldoire et al. (2013)
France
MIROC-ESM Model for 2.812° x 2.790 L80 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM Watanabe et al. (2011)
Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate,
Japan
MPI-ESM-P Max Plank Institute for 1.875° x 1.865° L47 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM Giorgetta et al (2013)
 Meteorology, Germany
MRI-GCM3 Meteorological 1.125° x 1.121° L48 piControl, 4xCO2, Mid-Holocene and LGM
Research Institute,
Japan
BESM Brazilian Earth System L50 piControl and 4xCO2 Capistrano et al. (2018)
Model, Brazil
Mid-Holocene

The MH provides an opportuninity to examine the response to orbitally induced

changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation. It is a period of
strongly enhanced Northern Hemisphere Summer monsoons, extra-tropical
continental aridity and much warmer summers.