2018 4th International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD)

Various Algorithms to Detect Faults on Underground Cables Based on

Impedance Method
Le Hong Lam∗ , Dang Hong Quan, Nguyen Van Tan and Nguyen Huu Hieu

Abstract—Nowadays, the rapid detection of short-circuit faults

in the distribution network is very necessary aiming to increase
the reliability of the electric network. The shorter the time of
detection of faults is, the faster the recovery of the normal
operation of the distribution network is. However, this task con-
tains a challenge due to the complexity of distribution networks
that are using both overhead and underground cables. Recently,
many research activities are presented to detect the short-circuit
fault in a distribution network and classified into three catalogs:
(i) time domain reflection, (ii) traveling wave method, and (iii)
impedance method. However, the first two methods have a very
high investment cost, thus they are not used widely in distri-
bution networks even their efficiency performance is confirmed.
Therefore, this paper aims to study on many algorithms; e.g.
Tagaki, Saha, Personal Algorithm; which are developed based
on the last method, then a program is implemented in Matlab
Simulink in order to test various algorithms. Moreover, these
algorithms are tested with two real underground cables in the
Center of Vietnam to figure out the best algorithm for the real
application in Vietnam.
Index Terms—Fault detection, impedance method, under-
ground cables, Personal algorithm, Vietnam power system.
I. I NTRODUCTION
With the current development of Vietnam’s electricity sys-
tem, the Underground Electricity System (UES) is an urgent
requirement when Underground Cables (UGCs) have many
great advantages that Overhead Cables (OHCs) cannot com-
pare. In areas with difficult terrain, it is not possible to use
overhead lines such as the sea-going power grid, river ice. The
UES in urban environments is an indispensable requirement
when the cost of construction and clearance is too high,
moreover, ensuring the operation of high-voltage lines, as well
as the crowded population below, are very difficult and costly.
In fact, the underground power grid system is happening
rapidly and increasingly. Along with the use of UGCs to
replace the OHCs, the requirement for a safe and efficient
operation of the UGCs is ensured. Unlike OHCs, UGCs are
often difficult to detect when they are in trouble because they
are located in the ground or under the sea so they can not be
detected visually in the event of cable faults in Fig. 1.
An urgent need for UGCs is to have an effective solution
that quickly determines the short circuit position to repair the
damaged cable. During the operation, the power system may
experience short circuits due to insulation breakage after a
period of operation that causes aging to be insulated, possibly
due to the construction, insulation is crushed without detection,
and over time the water infiltration causes trouble. When an
All authors are with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, The Univer-
sity of Danang - University of Science and Technology, Vietnam e-mail:
lhlam@dut.udn.vn, tan78dhbk@dut.udn.vn and nhhieu@dut.udn.vn.
Fig. 1: A typical UGC
incident occurs at any elements on the line, the protection relay
will affect the separation of all equipment in the electrical
system and thus eliminate the impact of the faulted branch
from other components on the electrical system.
The quick positioning of the short circuit is very impor-
tant in the power system. The shorter the location of the
short circuit is detected, the quicker and more convenient
troubleshooting work to restore normal operation on the grid.
Thus, it is necessary to find the exact location of the problem
in order to quickly come up with a plan for repairing and
restoring the power supply, thus it can minimize the time lost,
save time and effort. This is the target of power companies in
general.
Therefore, this paper aims to study some methods such
as feedback pulse, traveling wave and impedance method
to detect the fault in underground power system, especially
UGCs. Then, the paper focuses on the impedance method from
mathematical point of view with many algorithms. Moreover,
the paper implements a model to simulate some short-circuit
faults on the real UGCs in Vietnam to evaluate the efficiency
of various algorithms based on the impedance method with re-
sults obtained by the Central Electric Experimental Company
Limited.
II. M ETHODS TO DETECT THE LOCATIONS OF FAULTS OF
UNDERGROUND CABLES
In the reality, the power system includes OHCs or UGCs,
thus the system is very complicated. Moreover, at the be-
ginning of cables is only installed over-current protection,
problem indicator devices, and re-closers to isolate the fault.
Therefore, a device which can detect the location of faults
does not exist.
In order to detect the location of faults of UGCs, some
methods have been developed and can catalogs into three

978-1-5386-5126-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 720

 2018 4th International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD)

main methods: (i) feedback pulse method, (ii) traveling wave

method, and (iii) impedance method. S VS VR R
m m-1
A. Feedback pulse method
At the intersection of two different transmission mediums, ܼ‫ܮ‬
incoming waves will produce output a reflected wave and ‫ܵܫ‬ ‫ܴܫ‬
return to the original environment. This principle has applied
in the Time Domain Reflection method with the incoming ܼ݉‫ܮ‬ ሺͳ െ ݉ሻܼ‫ܮ‬
medium being the conductor of a conductor and the incoming VS VR
medium where the interruption of the line at short circuit,
‫ܨܫ‬
where the intersection of the two mediums is the point of ܼ‫ݏ‬ ܼܴ
occurrence of short circuit.
To determine the location of the fault, a pulse is applied
to the transmission line. Depending on the magnitude and the
phase angle, we can determine the position of the fault.
Reflector method to determine short circuit position in the
power grid is shown in [1]–[3]. The reflective pulse consists of Fig. 2: The analytical diagram of a cable
two main types, voltage and current pulses. The characteristics
of these pulses are high frequency and high amplitude. In
order to obtain the reflected pulse from the short circuit fault almost transmission systems and protection technologies, it is
point, the measuring equipment must have a good quality with widely used in many countries.
a sufficient sampling time (few kHz) and a large measuring In order to understand the general principle of the
amplitude (several kV). impedance method, a typical diagram of a cable is given in
Fig. 2 including two sources (S and R) and two bus-bars (VS
and VR) connected by a cable. Assuming that there is a fault
B. Traveling wave method
in the middle of the cable, the voltage at the bus-bar S is given
The wave propagation technique [4], [5] measure the prop- in (1) as below:
agation time of the wave resulting from the occurrence of
an incident on the transmission line. Voltage or current data
Vs = m · ZL1 · IS + Rf · If (1)
can be used. This method requires extremely accurate time
Vs
synchronization when the incident location is determined Zs = (2)
by the time of the incident wave on the transmission line, Is
or at multiple locations on the electrical system. Operating Zs = m · ZL1 (3)
experience shows that this method is highly accurate and the
possibility of faults is continuously located. where Vs , Is and Zs are the measured voltage, current and
impedance at bus-bar S, respectively, here Zs is computed
C. Impedance method from Vs and Is in (2). If is the current at the fault point,
ZL1 is the impedance of the cable computed by (3), Rf is the
The method of determining the fault location is based on
resistance at the fault point, and m is the length from bus-bar
the calculation of the current and the voltage together with
S to the fault point.
the data of the total resistance of the line during the operation
immediately before the short circuit occurred to calculate the Moreover, the parameters of the cable in the impedance
fault location. method is presented in Table I. Here, the first column indicates
The impedance method [6] greatly depends on the fault the types of short-circuit, the second column shows the phase
resistance and the large error in the case of very high fault voltage, and the phase current is presented in the last column.
resistance.
The method of aggregation can be divided into two methods:
TABLE I: Parameters of the cable in the impedance method
(i) based on a wiring and (ii) based on two terminals depends
on the number of terminals at which the voltage and current Faults Vsp Isp
data are collected. This method commonly used with digital
Phase A/B/C Vsa/sb/sc Isa/sb/sc + k · 3 · I0
distance relays is located on the protection side of 110kV line.
A-B or A-B-G Vsa - Vsb Iab = Isa − Isb
III. I MPEDANCE METHOD AND ALGORITHMS B-C or B-C-G Vsb - Vsc Ibc = Isb − Isc
A. General principles C-A or C-A-G Vsc - Vsa Ica = Isc − Isa
The impedance method used to detect the location of faults A-B-C Vsa − Vsb ; Vsb − Vsc ; Isa − Isb ; Isb − Isc ;
in the UGCs using the current and voltage measurement at Vsc − Vsa Isc − Isa
the end of the line. These measurements are compared to each
unit of the impedance of the cable. This method is suitable for

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∗
B. Reactance Based Algorithm In a homogeneous system, if the angle of IR and Isup is
∗
The reactance based method is introduced in [7], [8] based the same as Rf , the term Im(Rf · If · Isup ) will become a
∗
on an assumption, in which the impact of the fault resistance multiplication of Isup , thus (11) becomes:
Rf is neglected. This method only uses the exact value of ∗
Im(Vs · Isup )
positive impedance (ZL1 ) and the zero sequence impedance m= ∗ )
(13)
(ZL0 ) to detect the locations of faults in the cable. In fact, Im(ZL1 · Is · Isup
ZL1 and ZL0 can be obtained by devices. The Tagaki algorithm can be improved using the coefficient
Supposing that the fault occurs in the phase A with ground, of 3/2 in the superimposed current to compensate the elimi-
the voltage and current are calculated in (4) and (5): nation of the zero sequence current.
Vs = Va−g = m · ZL1 · IS + Rf · If (4)
Is = Ia + k · 3 · I0 (5) D. Modified Tagaki Algorithm
ZL0 − ZL1
k= (6) This algorithm [7] eliminates the pre-fault data and use the
3 · ZL1
zero sequence current (I0 ) or the negative current (I2 ) for all
where I0 is the positive current and k is a coefficient computed type of faults.
in (6).
The zero sequence current in Tagaki method is suitable for
Dividing (4) for (5), we have:
the one phase short-circuit, and the modified Tagaki method
Vs m · ZL1 · Is Rf · I f does not require measure the pre-current:
= + (7)
Is Is Is
Im(Vs · 3 · I0∗ )
The imaginary components of (7) after simplified: m= (14)
ZL1 · Is · 3 · I0∗
Vs If
Im( ) = Im(m · ZL1 ) + Im( · Rf ) (8)
Is Is The algorithm is implemented by supposing the zero se-
Is and Vs have the same angle and imaginary component quence system is a homogeneous system. If not, the location
If of faults will be different between S and R leading to the
Im( · Rf ) equals to zero in a homogeneous system. Thus,
Is inaccuracy of the method. In order to mitigate the inaccuracy
(8) becomes: of this method due to the non-homogeneous system, the
Vs modified Tagaki algorithm allows modifying the angle when
Im( )
Is the source is known. Here, the zero sequence current (I0 ) can
m= (9)
Im(ZL1 ) be modified through the angle T to improve the detection of
In a non-homogeneous system, the deviation of angle of Is fault locations in the cable. The algorithm aims to improve
and IS exists and shown in the imaginary components of (10): and eliminate impacts of fault resistance, the impact of load
and capacitive current of cables.
|If |
Im( ) (δ − α) · Rf (10) The modification of angle T can be computed using the
|Is | fault zero sequence current (Tf 0 ). Now, the source impedance
In the simple impedance, the error is tiny if the angle of Is (Z0S = 3Z0 ) and (Z0S = Z0 ).
(δ) equals to the angle of If (α), or Rf equals to zero.

C. Tagaki algorithm If Z R + (1 − m) · Z0
= 0 S = A T (15)
The Tagaki algorithm is developed in 1982 using the pre- 3 · I0 Z0 + Z0R + Z0
data and the certain data when the fault occurs to mitigate the Im(VS · 3 · I0∗ · e−iT )
m= (16)
impact of load and limit the impact of Rf . Im(ZL1 · IS · 3 · I0∗ · e−iT )
Tagaki method [7]–[9] computes the impedance using the
measured voltage and measured current. When the fault occurs
E. Saha algorithm
in the cable, the pre-current is obtained and the type of fault
is also detected. In Tagaki method, the deviation between the A fault location in three phases of the medium voltage
fault current (If ) and pre-current of fault (If ) is denoted by system is detected by measured current and measured voltage
Isup , also superimposed current. This method supposes the at both ends of the cable. In this algorithm, types of fault,
current load and needs the pre-current of fault. Tagaki method e.g. single phase or multi-phases touch the ground, and phase
also supposes the angle of Is is the same as the angle of If . to phase short circuit, are detected and all parameters of the
In a homogeneous and ideal system, these angles are more quadratic function used to detect the location of faults in
or less the same, thus the error will increase when the angle the cable. The function eliminates the fault’s current and all
increases: zero sequence components. All parameters used to detect the
Vs ∗ locations of faults and functions are solved using quadratic
Im( ∗ ) = m · Im(ZL1 · Is · Isup ) functions [9], [10].
Isup
∗ In the functions of Saha used to detect locations of faults,
+ Im(Rf · If · Isup ) (11)
all parameters such as VS , Is and If s of each type of fault are
Isup = If − Ipre (12) different and computed as Table I.

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Solving the equation relative distance to fault using sym-

Rf metrical components:
VS = IS · m · ZL + IfS · (17) 
D (−B1 − B12 − 4B2 · B0 )
(1 − m) · ZL + ZS m1 = (37)
D= (18) 2 · B2
ZS + ZL + ZR 
(−B1 + B12 − 4B2 · B0 )
where ZL is the impedance of the selected cable, ZS and ZR m1 = (38)
2 · B2
are the impedance at bus-bar S and R, respectively. Here, ZS
is known, while ZR is calculated by the voltage and current at F. Personal algorithm
bus-bar S. However, ZR is un-known and estimated by [9], in
This method uses the fault voltage (Vf ) between two ends of
which D is the distributed coefficient of the zero sequence and
the cable in order to mitigate the impact of the fault resistance
negative components. IfS is the capacitive current at bus-bar
Rf . Thus, Rf is not as important as the method uses only one
S due to the fault (IfS = D ∗ If ).
end of the cable. The Personal algorithm [11] focuses on all
From the function of parameter D, the non-linear function
type of faults which happen on the UGC using the measured
is used to determined the location of fault as below:
voltage on the metal sheaths of the UGC at transformers.
m2 − m · K 1 + K 2 − K 3 · R f = 0 (19)
Vx = d · Z L · Ix + Vf (39)
VS ZR
K1 = +1+ (20) Vy = (1 − d) · ZL · Iy + Vf (40)
IS · ZL ZL
VS ZR Vx − d · ZL · Ix = Vy − (1 − d) · ZL · Iy (41)
K2 = · +1 (21)
IS · ZL ZL d
IfS ZS + ZR
K3 = ·( + 1) (22)
IS · ZL ZL ݀Ǥ ܼ‫ܮ‬ ሺͳ െ ݀ሻǤ ܼ‫ܮ‬
‫ܺܫ‬ ‫ܻܫ‬
Where VS , IS and IfS computed by measured voltage and ܸܺ ܸ‫ܨ‬ ‫ܮܫ‬ ܸܻ
measured current at bus-bar S. Coefficients K1 , K2 and K3
are complex coefficient and separate the real and imaginary
component. Because the fault resistance is un-known, thus Rf
can be eliminated: Fig. 3: The diagram of a simple cable with two ends
m2 + B · m + C = 0 (23) Considering one phase, the circuit which links phase and
the surface of the UGC is added. An example is illustrated in
Re(K1 ) · Im(K3 ) − Im(K1 ) · Re(K3 )
B= (24) Fig. 4.
Re(K3 )
݀Ǥ ݉ ሺͳ െ ݀ሻǤ ݉
Im(K2 ) · Re(K3 ) − Re(K2 ) · Im(K3 )
C= (25)
Re(K3 )
ܸܵǡ‫ݔ‬ ‫ܵܫ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ ܸ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ ‫ܴܫ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ ܸܴǡ‫ݔ‬
Solving the equation relative distance to fault:
√ ܸ݄ܵǡ‫ݔ‬
−B + B 2 − 4C ܴ‫ܵܮ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬
m1 = (26) ‫݄ܵܫ‬ሺܵǡ‫ݔ‬ሻ ‫݄ܵܫ‬ሺܴǡ‫ݔ‬ሻ
√2
ܴ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬
−B − B 2 − 4C
m1 = (27)
2 Fig. 4: The diagram of a simple cable with two ends [11]
Additionally, Saha algorithm can be written as a quadratic
function with symmetrical components: where m is the length of the UGC,d is the distance from S
to the fault location, VF,x is the voltage at the fault location,
A2 · m2 + A1 · m + A0 + A00 · Rf = 0 (28) RLS,x and RF,x are the resistance at the fault location, ZL
A2 = −ZL1 · ZL1 (29) and ZSh are the impedance of undeground cable and the metal
VS sheaths of UGC, respectively. meanwhile, VS/R,x , IS/R,x are
A1 = (ZL1 + ZR1 ) − (−ZL1 · ) (30) the voltage and current at bus-bar S and R. Finally, ISh(S/R,x)
IS
VS are the current on the metal sheaths of the UGC from the bus-
A0 = ZL1 · (31) bar S and the bus-bar R.
IS
Isup From Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, we have:
A00 = ZS1 + ZR1 + ZL1 · (32)
IS VS,x − d · ZL · m · IS,x = VF,x
Eliminating Rf , we have the function: = VR,x − (1 − d) · ZL · m · IR,x (42)
2
B2 · m + B1 · m + B0 = 0 (33) The personal method analyzes the current through the metal
B2 = Re(A2 ) · Im(A00 ) − Im(A2 ) · Re(A00 ) (34) sheaths of the UGC:
B1 = Re(A1 ) · Im(A00 ) − Im(A1 ) · Re(A00 ) (35) −d · ZSh · m · ISh(s,x) = VSh,x
B0 = Re(A0 ) · Im(A00 ) − Im(A0 ) · Re(A00 ) (36) = −(1 − d) · ZSh · m · IR,x (43)

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The advantage of this method can be seen in (43) in which
ZSh and m are simplified:
d · ISh(S,x) = (1 − d) · ISh(R,x)
Equation (44) shows that the advantage of this method is
the independence with all parameters of the UGC. When the
resistance at m is a real number, thus ISh(S,x) and ISh(R,x)
have the same angle. Therefore, (44) can be re-written as:
|ISh(R,x) |
d=
|ISh(S,x) | + |ISh(R,x) |
From (45), it can be seen clearly that this method is very
simple and does not require the synchronous of measured
the actual one is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 for the sensitivity
analysis of impedance and fault locations, respectively. In the
sensitivity analysis of impedance case, the fault location is
(44)
known (10 km), the impedance is selected in the range [1,100]
(Ω) in which a half is the resistance of metal sheaths and the
other half is the fault resistance (Rf ). In the sensitivity analysis
of fault locations, Rf equals to 10 Ω and the fault locations
is selected respect to the 110kV Transformer Substation Hoi
An with 0 km, 1 km, 5 km, 7,74 km, 10 km and 15.48 km.
(45)
20 Resistance based
Tagaki
15 Modified Tagaki

Error (%)
values, it only requires the measured current on the metal Saha
sheaths from S to R during the fault. 10
Personal
Although the current run on the metal sheath of the UGC
from S to R depends on the value of resistance of the metal 5
sheath, however, from (45), the fault location is proportional
with the current value of the metal sheaths from S to R, thus 0
the resistance of the metal sheaths is the same for the entire 1 20 40 60 80 100
cable. Therefore, the location of fault does not depend on the
resistance of the metal sheaths of the UGC. (a)
15
Resistance based
IV. T EST AND R ESULT Tagaki
In this paper, a model is implemented in Matlab Simulink Modified Tagaki
Error (%)

[12] to test the five different methods which are resistance
based, Tagaki, modified Tagaki, Saha and Personal algorithms
using to detect the locations of faults. The algorithm of the
program is presented in Fig. 5. Here, depending on which
method is using, the model uses corresponding equation:
1) Resistance based algorithm (9): VS , IS and ZL1 ;
2) Tagaki algorithm (13): VS , I0∗ , IS and ZL1 ;
3) Modified Tagaki algorithm (16): VS , I0∗ , IS and ZL1 , T ;
4) Saha algorithm (38): VS , IS , ZL1 , XR1 , RL1 and Isup ;
5) Personal algorithm (45): ISh(S,x) and ISh(R,x) .
Input operational Save current and Classify which
Start
data voltage type of fault
One phase Two phase Three phase
Calculate the location of fault with the
corresponding method
Display results Start
Fig. 5: The flowchart of the proposed model
In order to evaluate the efficiency of each method, the model
is validated with the real case study which are the UGC form
Hoi An city to Cu Lao Cham island and the UGC in Bach Ma
national park. The simulation result is used to compare to the
actual one, then the efficiency of each method is shown.
A. Hoi An - Cu Lao Cham
The simulation is done with the sensitivity analysis to figure
out the best method for the detection of fault locations. The
relative deviation in percentage of the simulated results and
10
Saha
Personal
5
0
1 20 40 60 80 100
(b)
Fig. 6: The sensitivity analysis of impedance of cable in
percentage: (a) one phase short circuit and (b) three phases
short circuit
From Fig. 6, it is clear that the result of resistance based,
Tagaki, Modified Tagaki, Saha method is almost the same and
strongly depends on the value of the fault resistance, thus the
bigger the value of the fault resistance is, the larger the error
is. Additionally, the error of one phase short circuit is higher
than that of three phase short circuit. Finally, the Personal
algorithm depend less on the value of fault resistance, thus
the error of the one phase and three phase short circuit is very
tiny (0.00065 %)
In Fig. 7, the same behavior with Fig. 6 appeared, in which
the result strongly depends on the fault locations. Therefore,
the closer the fault location is, the smaller the error is. In
addition, the error of one phase short circuit is larger than that
of three phase short circuit. Finally, the Personal algorithm
depends less on the fault location and the error in the case of
one phase and three case short circuit is small.
B. Bach Ma national park
In this subsection, the paper test the Personal algorithm with
two cases: (i) the same value of resistance of metal sheaths

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6 Resistance based of resistance of metal sheaths, the error is larger with the
Tagaki maximum is 2.28%. In fact, the different values of resistance
Modified Tagaki of metal sheaths is very small, thus the error is smaller than
Error (%)

4 Saha 2.28% in the reality.

Personal
V. C ONCLUSION
2 The paper presents various methods used to detect fault
locations in UGCs such as resistance based, Tagaki, Modify
0 Tagaki, Saha and Personal algorithm. Then, a program is
0 5 10 15 implemented successfully in Matlab Simulink to test the
Distance (Km) efficiency of these methods using the real case study in Hoi
(a) An city and Bach Ma national park, Vietnam. According to
8 Resistance based
the simulated result, the Personal algorithm has a small error
Tagaki and depend less on either value of fault resistance and fault
6 Modified Tagaki locations. Moreover, the Personal algorithm only requires the
Error (%)

Saha measured current of the metal metal sheaths of two ends of

4 Personal the UGC thus it also requires a low investment cost for the
real application.
2
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0 [1] P. Gale, “Cable-fault location by impulse-current method,” in Proceed-
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From Table II and Table III, the error is very small in the
case of the same value of resistance of metal sheaths with
the maximum is 0.003%. In the case of the different values

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