IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 31, NO.
2, APRIL 2016
An Accurate Noniterative Fault-Location
Technique for Low-Voltage DC Microgrid
Rabindra Mohanty, U. Sri Mukha Balaji, and Ashok Kumar Pradhan, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—The least erroneous knowledge on fault location
in distribution systems helps the restoration process, expedites
maintenance, and reduces power outage duration. A fault-loca-
tion method using the probe power unit (PPU) in dc microgrid
assumes that the natural frequency of the system is equal to the
damped resonant frequency of probe current. This assumption
leads to prominent error in fault-location calculation. To estimate
the location of fault in the low-voltage dc microgrid system, a
noniterative fault-location technique using PPU is proposed in
this paper. Considering damping frequency and attenuation of the
probe current, which is a function of fault distance and damping
coefficient, the fault location is obtained. The technique is tested
for high-resistance fault as well as radial and looped topologies
and is found to be more accurate.
Index Terms—Attenuation constant, damping frequency, DC
microgrid, fault location, least square.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE INCREASED penetration of renewable energy
sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) arrays, fuel
cells, wind turbines, and microturbines to conventional power
systems encourages the formation of microgids [1]. RESs that
produce dc and compatible loads make dc microgrid a reality.
Cost savings, improved reliability, voltage quality, and connec-
tion of distributed generations are the key benefits of the dc
distribution network [2]. The dc system that uses power-elec-
tronic converters optimizes power flow, power quality, and the
size and weight of the distribution equipment. The presence
of power-electronic device controls the current to some extent
during fault condition and estimating the location of the fault
becomes difficult [3], [4]. In a distribution system, the ability
to accurately locate a fault leads to many advantages, such as
quick maintenance, fast restoration, and, hence, reduction of
power outage duration [5]. In high-voltage dc (HVDC) trans-
mission line, the traveling-wave and time-domain fault-location
algorithms are used. These traveling-wave algorithms estimate
the location of fault using the time taken by the fault-gener-
ated traveling wave to propagate along the transmission line.
However, the accuracy of the traveling-wave-based fault-lo-
cation method depends on the accurate detection of the surge
Manuscript received October 13, 2014; revised January 27, 2015; accepted
July 10, 2015. Date of publication July 15, 2015; date of current version March
22, 2016. Paper no. TPWRD-01253-2014.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian In-
stitute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India (e-mail: akpradhan@ee.iitkgp.
ernet.in).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2456934
0885-8977 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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475
arrival time and requires high-performance data-acquisition
equipment [6], [7]. The reflected wave detection and discrim-
ination are also issues in case of close-in faults [8]–[11]. A
traveling-wave-based fault-location method for multiterminal
dc (MTDC) system is available in [12]. In this system, the
application of the method is found to be difficult due to vari-
ations of the shortest paths to the different detectors from the
fault-location point [12]. The methods in [13], [14] require
synchronized data with a communication infrastructure for ap-
plications to fault distance calculation. Fault-location methods
in the HVDC network often use the natural frequency-based
approach [15]. Active impedance estimation (AIE)-based fault
location is proposed for marine dc power systems [16].
Injection-based fault-location techniques are used for phase-
to-ground faults in ungrounded or compensated distribution sys-
tems [17]–[20]. Injection was done through extra voltage trans-
formers [17], [18] or by short circuiting the compensation coil
[19], [20]. Detection of the faulted line is performed by tracing
the injected signal. This operation needs multipoint measure-
ments and can only identify the faulted line in the radial net-
work. These methods have limitations in obtaining the exact
fault distance due to the shunt capacitive current effect.
A low-voltage dc (LVDC) microgrid with PV arrays, rooftop
wind turbines, a storage device, and consumer-side ac and dc
loads is considered. PV arrays are further used in the distribu-
tion system level as rooftop installation where each house can
easily obtain benefits such as the reduction in electricity con-
sumption from the grid and feeding excess power to the grid,
etc. [21], [22]. The application of solar PV cells is growing ex-
ponentially, such as in building, transportation, solar roadways,
rural electrification etc. [23]. The utility bears financial loss for
the interruption of supply in a distribution network. From this
perspective, the key requirement is fast fault location and subse-
quent restoration of the faulted section [3], [4], [24]. Recently, a
noniterative fault-location technique using PPU is proposed for
the LVDC microgrid [25]. However, the method does not con-
sider the damping coefficient of the probe power current in its
formulation. Also, it is assumed that the natural frequency of the
system is equal to the damped frequency of probe power current
which is not always correct.
In this paper, a new method is proposed for fault location in
the dc line that uses an attenuation constant of damped probe
current response. The damping coefficient is a function of fault
resistance and, therefore, neglecting it leads to inaccuracy in the
fault location. Using fast Fourier transform (FFT), the damped
resonant frequency is obtained from sampled current data. The
attenuation constant is calculated from the peak values of under-
damped probe current response by using the least-square (LS)
technique. The method does not require online voltage or cur-
 476 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 31, NO. 2, APRIL 2016

Fig. 2. Connection of PPU in the dc line for fault location.

Fig. 1. Conceptual schematic diagram of the low-voltage dc microgrid.

rent data to calculate the fault, which results in improved accu-

racy. In a practical system, noise in the signal cannot be avoided Fig. 3. Internal circuit diagram of PPU.
and such a condition is taken into account to validate the pro-
posed method. Accurate location of faults close to PPU is a chal-
lenge and a scheme is proposed which includes external resis-
tance to mitigate such issues. The accuracy and effectiveness of
the method have been tested for a dc system and are found to be
more accurate.
This paper is divided into five sections. The proposed fault-lo-
cation technique is explained in Section II, and Section III pro-
vides simulation results and a comparative study with avail-
able fault-location methods in [25]. Also, the performance of
the method for noisy conditions and for a fault close to PPU
are discussed. Sections IV and V contain discussions and the
conclusion.

II. PROPOSED FAULT-LOCATION METHOD Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit for the faulted system with PPU.
Conventionally for a fault in the dc system, tripping of the ac
circuit breaker (CB) leads to complete dc system failure [26],
[27]. Techniques are available in [1] and [25] to detect and iso- is opened and is closed, shows that the equation of probe
late a selective faulted section without affecting rest. For this, current for the circuit is as follows:
an LVDC system is divided into different protection zones as
shown in Fig. 1. Once the faulted section is isolated, PPU needs (1)
to be switched on. The point of connection of PPU is just after
the CB as shown in Fig. 2. It is not required to install PPU in Let and be the resistance and the inductance of the line
every section. A PPU is portable and can be carried to the se- up to fault. With being the fault resistance, the equivalent
lective faulted section for fault location. The internal circuit di- resistance of the fault path is the sum of and . The
agram of PPU is shown in Fig. 3. It consists of a capacitor , equivalent inductance of the fault path is the sum of and
an inductor , a battery, and switches. The capacitor is charged . The line-charging capacitance is small compared to and
through the battery and then discharged through the faulted path. is neglected. Thus, the equivalent capacitance of the fault path
The energy stored in is finite, and the probe current is .
decays over time. The correct fault location is obtained by ana- As a solution to (1), the probe current can be written as
lyzing . (2)
A. Modeling of the Faulted Section With PPU where and are the damped resonant frequency and atten-
Once the faulted line segment is isolated, due to the uation of the probe current, respectively. The constants and
opening of and , an RLC loop is formed with PPU can be found out by initial conditions of probe current and
through the fault path as shown in Fig. 4. The instant, when its differential. The RLC circuit, with no driving voltage source,
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 MOHANTY et al.: AN ACCURATE NONITERATIVE FAULT-LOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR LOW-VOLTAGE DC MICROGRID 477

provides zero-input response. For the circuit, the attenuation

.

B. Attenuation Constant Calculation

The PPU and faulted path up to the fault location form a series
RLC circuit. The probe current response in this aforementioned
path is an underdamped one and is shown in Fig. 5. The upper
envelope of this current is an exponentially decaying signal with
attenuation . The positive peaks of the probe current response
, can be written as
Fig. 5. Probe current response; are positive peak instances and
are the peak positive values.

the faulted path is unknown, the natural frequency is also not

known. This can be calculated from

where is the sampling interval and , are the

sample numbers of peak to peak, respectively, and (7)
, are the instances at which the peak magnitudes of
damped probe current are achieved. With the fault location and . Thus, the fault location can be
resistance both being unknown, to find , the LS technique is calculated as
formulated as mentioned in the Appendix. The expression for
the envelope of the probe current response can be (8)
(3)
The absolute error with and without considering attenu-
Equation (3) can be written as ation are calculated and compared using the relation

(9)
where
where and are the calculated and actual fault loca-
tions, respectively. The percentage error reduction is calculated
as , where corresponds to
considering and without consideration.

and are the column matrices of unknown , and D. Fault Distance Calculation for Faults Close to PPU
positive peak measurements, respectively. The details of , Based on the aforementioned fault distance formulation, the
, and are revealed in the Appendix. and are method is detailed only for with significant attenuation. A
known, and can be obtained as fault close to PPU results negligible attenuation in . This
may lead to an erroneous results in fault-location calculation.
(4) This problem is resolved with PPU whether it is connected in
series with an additional length of line to the faulted path
where is the left pseudoinverse of . The attenuation
by changing position to 2. The flowchart of the proposed
is calculated from the entries of the matrix. The damped
algorithm for fault location is shown in Fig. 6 where the method
resonant frequency of the probe current is
calculates the fault distance for all fault locations including the
fault close to PPU.
(5)

where . The damping coefficient III. RESULTS

becomes
Using MATLAB, the simulation results have been obtained
including different fault resistances and varying fault distances
(6) in the 2-km line segment of the dc microgrid of Fig. 1. The de-
tailed parameters for line and PPU are illustrated in Table I. The
method in [25], calculates the fault location assuming attenua-
C. Fault Distance Calculation tion is negligible. The proposed method has no such assumption.
Probe capacitance , probe inductance , and the line in- To demonstrate the improvement in fault location, the error by
ductance per unit length are known. Since the inductance of proposed method is compared with this existing method.
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 478 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 31, NO. 2, APRIL 2016

Fig. 7. Equivalent circuit of PPU for the close fault.

Fig. 6. Flowchart of the proposed fault-location algorithm.

TABLE I
SIMULATION PARAMETERS [25]

A. Fault-Location Calculation Considering

Fig. 8. Error calculated in fault location (a) considering attenuation and
In the LVDC microgrid system, though the fault resistance is (b) neglecting attenuation.
taken into account up to 0.5 in [25], here, we have accounted
it to a value . That means a high resistive fault, which may be
TABLE II
there in case of line-to-ground fault, is analyzed. With consid- PERCENTAGE ERROR IN FAULT LOCATION BY THE PROPOSED METHOD
ered, the resistance of the faulted path plays an important role in COMPARED WITH THE METHOD IN [25]
fault-location calculation. This is because the probe current re-
sponse is a function of resistance in the circuit. Line-to-ground
faults were simulated by varying fault distance and resistance.
The fault location is calculated by proposed method and the
method in [25]. The errors in fault location by the two methods
are compared in Table II. As evident from the results, the pro-
posed method provides significant improvement over the avail-
able method. The calculated error is represented in the three-di-
mensional plot as shown in Fig. 8(a). Toward the end of the line
and high fault resistance, the proposed fault-location algorithm
is found to be more accurate compared to [25].
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 MOHANTY et al.: AN ACCURATE NONITERATIVE FAULT-LOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR LOW-VOLTAGE DC MICROGRID
Fig. 9. Percentage error reduction in fault location by the proposed method
compared to the method in [25].
TABLE III
PERCENTAGE ERROR IN FAULT LOCATION BY THE PROPOSED METHOD
COMPARED WITH THE METHOD IN [25] IN CASE OF LINE-TO-LINE FAULTS
The percentage error in fault location, not considering attenu-
ation, is calculated and found more erroneous compared to that
of the proposed algorithm. Fig. 8(b) shows the percentage error
with respect to different fault resistances and locations for the
case attenuation not considered. Fig. 9 shows the plot for for
different fault resistances and fault distances where it is clearly
observed that the method reduces the estimation error compared
to the method in [25] with the presence of fault resistance. With
the consideration of , including probe, line, and fault resistance
in calculation, the probe current response is well captured be-
cause of significant damping and, hence, can be easily calcu-
lated by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The probe
current response is sampled at the rate of 2 kHz.
A line-to-line fault is confirmed if for the connec-
tion of PPU as shown in Fig. 2. To perform fault location in
such a case, the ground connection of PPU is now connected to
the other line as shown in Fig. 3. Thus, for a line-to-line fault,
the fault distance calculated using (8) is twice that of the ac-
tual. For different fault resistances and locations, results are ob-
tained using proposed method and the method in [25]. For each
case, the errors by the two methods are compared in Table III.
The proposed method shows significant improvement over the
method in [25] as evident from the results.
The probe current response and attenuation depend on the
fault position and fault resistance. The sampling frequency and
FFT points take care of the accuracy of fault-location analysis.
Fault-location error is slightly prominent with high fault resis-
tance. This is because large fault resistance makes the attenua-
tion of probe current so high that enough data cannot be sam-
pled for accurate frequency extraction and, hence, fault loca-
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479
Fig. 10. Probe current response in (a) fault close to PPU and (b) fault close to
PPU with inclusion of resistance in Fig. 7.
tion. With increasing sampling frequency, fault-location accu-
racy can be improved. The probe current response is sampled
according to the for extraction of positive peak values to es-
timate attenuation using the least-square technique.
B. Performance During a Fault Close to PPU
The performance of the proposed fault-location algorithm is
studied for a fault very close to PPU. Considering a fault at
a distance of 5 m from PPU, the is calculated. A fault at
this distance results in the value of being negligible as two
consecutive positive peaks of are almost the same value.
Fig. 10(a) shows the probe current responses for faults at 5, 500,
and 1500 m from PPU in a 2-km line segment. It is shown that
the damping is significant in case of larger fault distances such
as for 500 and 1500 m. But the challenge is when a fault oc-
curs close to PPU. For such a situation, this includes external
resistance in the circuit to provide significant damping under
such conditions. For this, the position of the switch can be
changed to 2 as in Fig. 7. and are chosen as equiva-
lent resistance and inductance values of additional length of the
line considered. The ranges for between 60 m to 100 m
and for between 0.48 mH to 0.8 mH, which corresponds
to a length of 500 to 800 m, are good enough for the system.
The probe current responses for this case are given in Fig. 10(b)
which shows that attenuation can be easily calculated for a very
close fault to PPU. The accuracy for a fault at 5 m from PPU is
found to be 99.82%. The actual fault location is obtained by sub-
tracting the added length from the calculated fault distance.
C. Performance With Noise in the Measured Probe Current
The proposed fault-location method is scrutinized during the
probe current incorporated with uniform distribution noise with
zero mean and a standard deviation of 2.5% [28] as shown in
Fig. 11(b). The attenuation calculation based on averaging the
 480 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 31, NO. 2, APRIL 2016

method gives better results for higher fault resistances. It pro-

vides an opportunity for fast and accurate location since it does
not use communication or synchronized data. The validity of
the proposed method is tested for line-to-ground and line-to-line
faults considering noise in the measured probe current and for
faults close to PPU.

V. CONCLUSION
For accurately locating a fault in the dc system, a new method
is proposed. The relationship between fault location, damped
resonant frequency, and attenuation has been established. The
fault location is calculated considering attenuation, and a com-
parative study has been conducted. It is seen that the proposed
method is more accurate for different fault resistances. The va-
lidity of the proposed scheme is checked considering noise in
the measured signal and found to be intact. A solution is pro-
vided for calculating the location of a fault close to PPU. The
algorithm presented in this paper is found to be a promising
fault-location method in dc distribution systems.

Fig. 11. Probe current response in (a) no noise and (b) the signal incorporated APPENDIX
with noise.
The LS [29] algorithm is a reliable technique for mea-
surement application of a signal. The envelope of probe
current response is given by
. Neglecting the higher
order terms,

Fig. 12. Noise-incorporated probe current response during a fault close to PPU.

positive peak measurement of the current signal may malfunc-

tion under such conditions. The proposed least-square-based
calculation is not affected by noise. Fig. 11(b) shows that noise
is not a challenge for the proposed method, and the value of
attenuation is calculated. For this study, a fault is created at a
distance of 1000 m from PPU in the 2-km line segment with
0.1- fault resistance. For the fault at 1000 m, the attenuations
calculated with and without noise are 323.192 and 324.571, re-
spectively. The accuracy of fault distance by the method even
with noise is 99.8%.
In another case, considering noise in the measured probe cur-
rent, the performance of the method for a fault close to PPU is
analyzed here. For this, a line-to-line fault is created at 5 m from
the PPU position. Fig. 12 shows the probe current response with
at position 1, for this case. The calculated is found to be
negligible. To introduce damping in the probe current response,
is switched to position 2 and for this 323.214. This
attenuation value precisely provides the fault distance with an
accuracy of 99.72%.
IV. DISCUSSION
The proposed least-square-based attenuation calculation of
underdamped probe current response for the fault location is
accomplished following isolation of the faulted section. The
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Rabindra Mohanty received the B.Tech. degree in
electrical engineering from VSS University of Tech-
nology, Burla, India, in 2011 and the M.Tech. de-
gree in power and energy systems from the Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, in 2014,
where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering at the Indian Institute of Tech-
nology, Kharagpur, India.
His current research interests include renew-
able energy integration, protection, and control of
microgrid.
U. Sri Mukha Balaji received the B.Tech degree
in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 2014.
He has worked in the area of microgrids. His re-
search interests include power system stability and
fault diagnostic techniques in power networks.
Ashok Kumar Pradhan (M’94–SM’10) received
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India, in 2001.
He has been with the Department of Elec-
trical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, India, since 2002, where he is currently a
Professor. He served in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, VSS University of Technology, Burla,
India, from 1992 to 2002. His research interests
include power system relaying and monitoring.
Prof. Pradhan is a Fellow of the Indian National
Academy of Engineering (INAE) India.