Mapúa University

Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

SHOP PRACTICE NO. 2

INSIDE, DIVIDER, FINDER, CALIPER

Submitted by:

Magcalas, Dan Rhoie T.

2018100882

ME137L-2 / A21
GRADE
GROUP 4

Engr. Jose V. Hernandez

INSTRUCTOR
OBJECTIVE:

1. To be able to make inside and outside caliper.

2. To practice different bench work practice.
3. To be able to select the proper hacksaw, files in cutting and filing operations
4. To be able to apply cold forming method in this project

METHODS AND ANALYSIS:

The most common incorrectly used and abused tools in the machine shop are the hacksaw
and files. It will take time and practice for the students to be more proficient in their use. Bench
work practice will accelerate the students to think ways to make their work easier and safe
working attitude.

MATERIALS:

2 pcs. Flat bar 7”x1”

2 pcs. Tail cut in four pieces use for rivets.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TO BE USED:

Bench metal vise- is a mechanical apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be
performed on it.

Hack saw- to cut metals.

Ball-peen hammer- a hammer with a rounded end opposite the face.

File- used to remove fine amounts of material from a workpiece.

Anvil- a heavy steel or iron block with a flat top, concave sides, and typically a pointed end, on
which metal can be hammered and shaped.
Drill press- a machine tool for drilling holes, set on a fixed stand.

Center punch- a tool with a conical point for making an indentation in an object, to allow a drill to
make a hole at the same spot without slipping.

PROCEDURE:

1.) Cut the flat bar, 1/8 inch thickness by 1 inch width by 7 inches length.
2.) Measure 1 inch length on both sides and mark and place a diagonal line between
the x units.
3.) Cut the metal on its diagonal line and round the two ends as illustrated.
4.) Joint the two, to produce workpiece through the 1/8 inch board hole by riveting
process.
5.) Bend the two tip of the workpiece at 90° to produce a inside caliper
6.) For the outside caliper, bend the curvature of the outside caliper by lightly
pounding the metal in the anvil until the desired curvature is attained.
7.) Join the two metal to produce an outside caliper
8.) Finishing and smoothing of the workpiece is done by filing.
9.) Finish

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the meaning of 24 teeth hack saw blade.

- For cutting steel plates up to 5/6mm

2. What procedure is recommended if a saw blade breaks or become dull in a partially finished
cut?
If blade breaks during operation immediately stop the saw, leave the stock where it is,
unplug the saw and report the incident to the teacher.
3. Describe and state the purpose of
a. Single-cut files
A single-cut files with one set of parallel teeth, extending diagonally across the face of
the file. It has rows of teeth that cut parallel to each other at an angle of 65 degrees
from the centerline. The purpose of this file is to sharpen tools, finish-filling, and draw-
filling.
b. Double-cut files
A double-cut file is covered with two series of parallel ridges crossing at angles to each
other. It has rows of teeth crisscrossed so the teeth become diamond shaped. The first
row of the teeth is called the overcut. On the top of the rows, a second set of teeth is
cut at a different angle to the file axis. The row is known as the upcut and is finer than
the overcut. These types of files are generally used for rough work and fast removal of
the material.
4. Name the most commonly used degrees of coarseness in which files are manufactured?
Coarseness can be measured in teeth per inch but, conventionally, they are measured using
one of two different systems: Swiss pattern and American pattern. Swiss pattern files use
a numbering system that moves from the coarsest, 00, through 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, to 6, which
is the finest. American pattern files use a different system, using specific terminology.
From smoothest to coarsest, these are: dead smooth, smooth, second cut, bastard and
coarse.
5. List four important aspects of file care.
Keep them dry, card them each time you use them, don't bend them and put handles on
them when you use them.
6. How can pinning of a file be kept to a minimum?
The key thing to remember is that a file cuts on the push stroke. You should never apply
pressure on the draw (pull) stroke, or you could crush the file teeth, blunt them, or cause
them to break off.
7. What is cold forming?
Cold forming is a manufacturing process, where a metal blank is shaped by a punch and
die set, using a vertical mechanical or hydraulic press, without loss of material. Because
 the metal forming process is done at room temperature and no heat is applied to the metal
blank, the process is called cold forming.
8. Why is there a need of adjusting the blade tension of a hacksaw?
It is a necessity to adjust the blade tension of a hacksaw to ensure proper tightness for
easier cutting of a material. It can lessen time and effort in cutting way for the material.
9. Why is there a need to place a handle in file?
This is because handles can often outlast files. Once a file is blunt, it's cheaper to replace
it than it is to sharpen it or re-cut the teeth.
Discussion:

Compass, divider, and caliper Compass, divider, and caliper are basically instruments
that have two legs pivoted to each other at the top and are concerned with small-distance
measurement or transfer. The compass and divider have straight legs; the caliper has curved legs.
The terms compass and divider are often interchanged, for each instrument can be used to draw
circles, mark divisions (divide a given distance), or simply mark a distance. Technically, a
compass is a drafting instrument that has one pen or pencil point and one sharp point that is
positioned at the centre of the circle to be described, while a divider, on the other hand, has two
sharp points, one for the centre and the other for scribing or marking. Caliper is a corruption of
calibre, the diameter of a hole (as in a firearm) or of a cylindrical or spherical body. The outside
caliper has inwardly curved legs that measure the diameters of solids created by rotating tools,
such as lathe-turned objects, and the inside caliper has outwardly curved legs for measuring
bores.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

The project was done correctly by following the procedure and knowing the cautions of
the project to avoid mistakes during the practice. It is recommended to maximize the time than to
make mistakes and beware of the cautions such as: While filing the project make sure that the
surfaces are flat and make sure that the edge are not too sharp. We recommend to use vice grip
for the metal to make sure that it won’t be moved. In filing, use the round file first then flat file
for finishing and don’t tighten the bench vise too much because it will cause a mark on the
caliper. Lastly, don’t strike the lock too much because it will be hard to open the caliper because
of the tightness.

REFERENCES:

https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-7/page/5

https://www.wonkeedonkeetools.co.uk/files/maintenance-and-care-files/

https://metalformingindustries.com/processes/specialty-cold-forming/?fbclid=IwAR10_BAdNuVXHnt4XqAQ5oDCtvsaYkgh-z7VT7Dh-
PHpUPXhqqb-RplgJvw

https://www.britannica.com/technology/hand-tool/Compass-divider-and-caliper