Federis, Joshua Quiz 1

SUBJECT: ME148F-2 SECTION: E01 Quiz 1
Name: FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A. DATE SUBMITTED TO BLACKBOARD: JUNE 25, 2021
Student Number: 2016142175
INSTRUCTIONS: Copy each question and answer beneath it, USE CONSTRUCT YOUR OWN
WORDINGS. NO CHEATING IN ANY FORM OR METHOD. INCLUDE PICTURES (with your name on
it) TO EMPHASIZE YOUR POINT. Submit/upload this to blackboard in Quizzes/Exam folder. Copy
each questions and answer beneath it. Submit in MSWORD format for PC (not apple/mac).
Filename should be under your name quiz#.docv
DO USE NOT USE APPLE/MAC IN MAKING ANY OF THE REPORTS. CITE REFERENCES. Put lots of
pictures. Answers should base on the videos that you watched.
1. From the video. Explain EACH of the step-by-step processes involved in the DIFERENT
TYPES/KINDS of additive manufacturing? Explain EACH of these differences? Answer
completely.
ANSWERS: (w/ pictures w/ your name)
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) recognizes seven additive
manufacturing processes or methods under its Additive Manufacturing Technologies technical
committee (F42). VAT Photopolymerization is the first process (Figure 1). It employs a liquid
resin solution that is cured using light-activated polymerization [2]. VAT Photopolymerization
comes in three varieties. The first is H. Kodama's Stereolithography (SLA), which utilizes a laser
to cure the resin; the second is Digital Light Processing (DLP), which uses light projectors to cure
the resin; and the third is Continuous Digital Light Processing (CDLP), which is simply a more
advanced version of DLP [4].
FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.
Figure 1. Three types of VAT Photopolymerization

Material Jetting is the second process (Figure 2). In this process, build material is
"jetted" into the printer's nozzle to create the desired shape [2]. It frequently uses
photopolymer plastic building components that require light to harden because of its layering
technique [4].
Figure 2. Major components of a Material Jetting 3D Printer
Binder Jetting is the third process (Figure 3). The process was created in the 1990s at
MIT. It works by spraying a liquid binder from the printer's nozzle onto a layer of power material
dispersed in the powder bed, and then repeating the process to create the component [2].
Figure 3. Major Components of a Binder Jetting 3D Printer
Material extrusion is the fourth process (Figure 4). The desktop 3D printer is the most
common form of 3D printer available on the market for leisure and prototyping projects, hence
its alternative name. The molten plastic material is extruded from the printer's nozzle and
hardens to generate a layer or shape in this process [2].
Figure 4. Major components of a material extrusion 3D Printer
Powder Bed Fusion is the fifth process (Figure 5). This approach is similar to binder
jetting, but instead of utilizing a liquid binder to fuse powder materials together, a laser is
beamed or sintered onto the powder bed to fuse powder components together in order to
produce the layer or shape, thus the name Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) [3] [4].
Figure 5. Major components of a powder bed fusion 3D Printer
Directed Energy Deposition is the sixth process (Figure 6). A high-energy source, such as
a laser, is used in the DED process to melt a wire or powder that is fed in tandem with the
energy source [4]. This approach necessitates a large quantity of energy since it uses metals for
printing, which necessitates melting the metal, which requires a large amount of energy [2].
Figure 6. Direct Energy Deposition Method
Sheet Lamination (Figure 7), also known as Laminated Object Manufacturing, is the
ASTM F42's seventh recognized process (LOM). Thin sheets of building material, such as paper
or metal, are bound together using glue or low-energy heat fusion, usually with the use of a
laser [2] [4].
Figure 7. Major Components of Laminated Object Manufacturing
2. Explain completely small setup of the 3D PRINTING: SHOP TOUR 360 VIDEO. Explain how they
set up the small shop, include how they arrange the material flow. Answer in DETAIL and
completely. (w/ pictures w/ your name)
ANSWERS:
One of the first fixtures that a 3D printing studio should have, according to the virtual
shop tour, are shelves that will act as the designated place for the 3D printer/s as well as a place
to store and hold 3D printing filament spools. These shelves should be durable and strong
enough to not be readily moved, and they should be able to support the weight of both the 3D
printer and the spools being housed on it. So, the first thing to have is a place to store and
permanently place your 3D printers.
Figure 8. Metal shelves use for storage
The place to store various components is the next key element in a 3D printing studio. It
could be cabinets, storage boxes, or other items to keep the facility clutter-free. Figure 23
depicts the workstation in a typical 3D printing facility, which also includes storage areas, a craft
area, and computers where all the modelling and design of the components can be done.[7].
Figure 9. Major spaces in a 3D printing studio: workstation and storage spaces (Left), Laptops
and computer space (Middle), and crafting station (Right)
The room for post-processing, such as sanding, polishing, and painting, is one of the
most significant spaces in a 3D printing studio. As a result, a well-ventilated open space should
be set aside for such procedures. Figure 10 depicts the post-processing area of a 3D printing
studio [7].
Figure 10. Space intended for post-processing functions

3. From Prof. Harts explanation. Explain the value and scale of additive manufacturing? Explain
completely.
Prof. Hart considers manufacturing to be value at scale. It means that traditionally, for
all products to become valuable in terms of the manufacturing, we must produce it at a large
scale in order to reduce the per unit cost of producing the products. Figure 11 shows a simple
diagram of how value and scale is related to traditional manufacturing.
Figure 11. Value-Scale Diagram of Traditional Manufacturing
Now, with the introduction of additive manufacturing, it gave a new meaning to the
perspective of “value-at-scale”. Traditionally, as parts become more complex, the cost of
producing it becomes greater as well, because more machine, equipment, and tools are needed
in order to create them. But as shown in Figure 12, the cost per part for additive manufacturing
remain constant regardless of the complexity of the part being made. It is because of the nature
of operation of additive manufacturing. The cost of production using 3D printer depend not on
the complexity and/or customization of the part, rather of the price of the raw materials being
used such as plastic filaments. Hence, it is where additive manufacturing is at great advantage
over traditional manufacturing. Because additive manufacturing is able to create complex parts
without increasing the production cost, the value proposition that it can gave for both the
manufacturers and the consumers became greater.
Figure 12. Cost per Part vs Complexity Diagram of Traditional and Additive Manufacturing
4. Who are the NASA virtual 360 tour guides, give their names, what did EACH of the tour guides
virtually tour you? ENUMERATE all the places and machine names they showed you,
enumerate. Do not explain, just enumerate. Include pictures! Answer completely.

I. NASA Virtual Tour Guide: Amy Efting
(a) Virtual tour to: NASA Systems Engineering Simulator Facility
(i) Machines that they showed us:
1. Mars Rover Simulator
II. NASA Virtual Tour Guide: Joshua Santora

(a) Virtual tour to: Kennedy Space Center
(i) Places and Machines that they showed us:
1. Shuttle Landing Facility
2. Launch Complex 39A (LC 39A)

3. Space Launch Complex 41 (SLC 41)
4. Falcon Core Stage
5. Falcon Rocket carbon fiber landing leg
6. LC 39A Hangar
7. Vertical Integration Facility

8. Crew Access Arm
9. Crew Access Tower
(b) Virtual tour to: Johnson Space Center

(i) Places and Machines that they showed us:
1. Mission Control Center
2. Michelle Green’s office in MCC

3. SpaceX Headquarters
4. SpaceX Factory
5. Old Falcon rocket booster
6. SpaceX 3D printing laboratory
7. PICA-X
8. Cargo Dragon
9. SuperDraco thrusters
III. NASA Virtual Tour Guide: Rachel Power

(b) Virtual tour to: Kennedy Space Center
1. Commercial Crew and Cargo Processing Facility (C3PF)
2. Crawler-Transporter

3. Mobile Launcher
4. Starliner Service Module
5. Backshells
6. NASA Docking System
7. Airbags
8. Forward Heat Shield
(c) Virtual tour to: Johnson Space Center

1. Mission Control Center
2. JSC Classroom
3. Mock-up facility of the ISS (JSC Bldg 9)

4. Space Shuttle Trainer
5. Permanent Multipurpose Module aka Leonardo
6. Cupola Module
7. Sleeping Quarter
8. Destiny (US Lab)
9. Columbus and JEM

10. Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
11. Boeing Mission Simulator
12. Boeing’s Bridge
13. SpaceX Crew Dragon Simulator
14. SpaceX Mission Control

15. Falcon Booster landing leg
IV. NASA Virtual Tour Guide: Jeff Hoblit

(d) Virtual tour to: Virtual Reality Laboratory
1. Spacewalk using VR
2. SAFER
5. Explain completely. How does 3D printing apply to CIVIL Engineering & Architecture? Do they
need it ? more than the ME & MFGE Engineers. Defend your answers. ( (w/ pictures w/ your name)
Answers:
Civil and structural engineering, as well as architecture, attempt to make building more
efficient and use the least amount of time and resources possible, just like the mechanical and
manufacturing industries. The construction sector aspires to embrace faster house and building
construction, as well as a reduction in construction materials and waste. By utilizing the
advantages of 3D printing technology, the industry is able to build even more inventive designs
that follow the Construction 4.0 trend [6].
Figure 13. Construction of a 3D Printed apartment blocks in Europe (courtesy of Jarett Gross
from AutomateConstruction)
Now to answer the question if civil engineering and architecture need such kind of
technology more than the ME & MFGE industries seems to be unfair because I think is not about
who needs most rather how much the technology can provide. 3D printing technology in the
construction industry is pretty new compared to how vast 3D technology have done for the
mechanical and manufacturing industry.
6. From the video. How does NASA assemble different space crafts in this area? Explain EACH of
the processes involved. Enumerate the names of the spacecraft or vehicles assembled here.
Explain completely.
Answers: (w/ pictures w/ your name)
Different space crafts from NASA are being built on the same manner. They are built
piece-by-piece and are being assembled inside the facility. The process in their construction
begun by using a huge metal cylinder, this will serve as the housing or main body of a
conventional rocket boosters like the CST-100 rockets. The next process is the installation of
components and different hardware unto the metal cylinder. These systems and hardware
include life-support systems, electrical systems, fuel systems, and communication systems which
are vital for the flight of the rockets. After assembly, the whole spacecraft and/or major sections
of it will be subjected to tests and this is the next process. Major components include backshells,
airbags, NASA docking system, and forward heat shields. In the case of commercial rocket
boosters like the Falcon core stage, they are being built and assembled in their respective
headquarters. Once ready, they will be delivered to the Rocket Development Facility of NASA in
Texas. The list below show all the spacecrafts and vehicles built and assembled in NASA.
Boeing CST-100 Starliner FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.
SpaceX Crew Dragon

SpaceX SuperDraco Engines

Falcon 9 and Heavy Rockets

Perseverance Rover

7. What are the names of the rocket boosters/launchers that help NASA propel their mission to
space? Explain how these rockets assist spacecraft launch outside earth’s gravitational field.
Explain completely. (w/ pictures w/ your name)
Answers:
Rocket booster/launchers are maybe the most famous components of all NASA’s
spacecrafts next to the most notable space shuttles. For the first few minutes of flight, rocket
boosters work in tandem with the main engines to generate the extra thrust required for the
capsule or payloads to escape Earth's gravitational pull. Most notable rocket boosters/launchers
made by NASA are the Antares, Atlas V, Saturn V which brought humans to the moon, Delta IV
Heavy rocket, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, and Blue Origin’s New-Glenn multistage
rockets.
Figure 14. Different rocket boosters used by NASA and other space agencies
8. What are the exact reasons why the Japanese, American, European and Russian each have a
module in the NASA Training facilities why and why ? Explain. Explain completely.
At the Johnson Space Center Building 9 is the Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility for NASA.
This facility contains the 1:1 scale mock-up models of each module of the International Space
Station. The International Space Station, or simply the “ISS”, is an international scientific project
initiated by space-faring nations, such as Japan, the US, European nations, and Russia, to have a
scientific research and experiment laboratory in space. The whole ISS complex was built and
assembled in space, by joining modules and nodes developed and contributed by the
participating nations. The individual modules and nodes were built here on Earth and were
individually delivered to space via rockets and were assembled in the low-Earth orbit. Hence,
the presence of such mock-up modules in NASA’s Space Vehicle Mock-up Facility, which are
intended to train astronauts to be familiar in the facilities inside the ISS even before they go up
there. As discussed in the virtual tour, each modules have a specific purpose and equipment to
allow astronauts to perform specific experiments.
9. From the Seminar. Explain how they apply (what ? and where ?) the PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTIONS
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN in the buildings. Are these protections sufficient enough to protect the
building? Defend your answers.
Passive fire protection (PFP) systems refer to elements that are built unto to structure of
buildings for the purpose of containing and/or slowing down the spread of fire and dispersal of
smoke in order to create a safe environment for evacuation and rescue within a sufficient
and/or extended amount of time. Hence, as described by Engr. Armando Emata (2020), this type
of fire protection system is considered already in the design phase of the structure itself, thus
architects play an important role at this aspect. So, how Passive Fire Protection systems are
being designed and integrated unto structures? There are four (4) areas at which architects
integrate PFP systems, namely: passive fire protection for (1) structural, (2) compartmentation,
(3) openings, and (4) fire stopping materials on penetrations. First area at which PFPs are
integrated are the protection of the structural members of a building i.e., exposed steel columns
which tends to buckle when heated at high temperature. Therefore, to extend the performance
of the structural members during fire evacuation, passive fire protection coatings and shields are
applied. These systems include intumescent coatings, cementitious products, and board &
casing systems, as all shown in Figure 15 which were presented by Arch. Roland Arimando.
Figure 15. Exaggerated depiction of steel buckling under extreme heat (Left), Application of
intumescent coatings on a structural member (Middle), and a structural steel beam coated with
cementitious product (Right)
Second area at which PFPs are integrated are the compartmentation of the different
sections and/or areas in a building. By proper compartmentation of a building, any fire accident
can be isolated at the place of the incident and will not easily spread throughout the building.
Compartmentation are done by installing cavity barriers on the gaps and openings of adjacent
rooms as shown in Figure 16. These voids and gaps can be seen on ceilings in between the slab
and the partition walls, and floors and exterior claddings.
Figure 16. Cavity barrier in between a slab and ceiling
The third area at which PFPs are integrated are the protection of the openings of the
structure which include doors, windows, and ductworks. To protect these components, fire-
rated doors and window glass are being used. These include fire-resistant glazing, fire-protective
and resistive glass, polished wired glass, specially tempered glass, glass ceramic, and glass wall
panels which are all shown in Figure 17. The purpose of these components is to ensure that the
compartmentation of the building is maintained. Figure 18, also show fire protection systems
such as fire dampers used for ductworks to prevent fire and smoke from sipping to adjacent
rooms.
Figure 17. Fire-resistant door with push bar opening mechanism (Left), wired glass (Middle), and glass
wall panels (Right)
FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A. FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.
Figure 18. Examples of ductwork dampers: Motorized and/or fusible link activated fire dampers (Left),
and duct covers with intumescent coating (Right)
The last area at which PFPs are applied is the installation and/or application of fire
stopping materials on penetrations where plumbing, electrical conduits, electrical
cases/channels, pipes, HVAC ducts etc., pass through and penetrate compartments. As
mandated by the Fire Code—all penetrations done should be sealed by fire-stopping materials
where the fire-safety integrity of i.e., the walls, are to be restored. Figure 5 shows where fire-
stopping materials should be used in a building.
Figure 19. Construction joints (Left), Floor gaps (Middle), and Utility penetrations (Right)
But despite the comprehensive design and requirements used for passive fire
protection, these systems are still not sufficient to protect a building and its occupants. As
defined earlier, the purpose of PFP systems is to just contain and slow down the spread of fire,
hence, systems that actively extinguishes the fire are necessary. These systems are the Active
Fire Protection systems.
10. Completely EXPLAIN. The Fire Science and its application to Mechanical Engineering practices?
Explain each use. (w/ pictures w/ your name)
Answers:
Fire is a rapid oxidation process with the propagation of heat as sustained by a fuel.
Hence, it is commonly described as the result of the chemical chain reaction between fuel,
oxygen, and any form of heat source which will initiate the combustion process. There are two
prevailing theories on how fire propagates, but the most accepted theory is the Fire
Tetrahedron. Under Fire Tetrahedron, there are four (4) elements needed for fire to occur. The
first element is oxygen which what reacts in the oxidation process. Second element is the fuel
which will literally feed the fire as it burns. The third element is a heat source which will initiate
the combustion. And lastly, the most important element is the uninhibited chemical chain
reaction between the first three (3) elements in the Fire Tetrahedron. Figure 20 shows the
model for Fire Tetrahedron as presented by Engr. Armando Emata in his seminar.
Figure 20. Fire Tetrahedron
Because of the detrimental nature of fire, it became a primary concern for humans,
hence the development of Fire Protection Engineering. So, fire protection engineering, or Fire
Engineering, or Fire Safety Engineering, are all refers to the application of science and
engineering in order to protect the lives of people and their environment from the effects of fire
and smoke. And with this application of science and engineering principles, the burden of
practicing it is given to Mechanical Engineers. As discussed by Engr. Armando Emata, the
application and installation of active fire protection systems are the one reserve for mechanical
engineers to perform. Unlike passive fire protection systems, active fire protection systems take
a direct action to reduce the growth, and/or completely extinguish, the fire and spread of smoke
throughout the building. These are done through automatic fire suppression systems such as
sprinklers, egress protection & positive pressurizations such as shaft fans and exhaust fans,
portable fire extinguishers, etc. And as one can observe, these systems include highly
pressurized piping systems, handling of pressure vessels containing extinguishing materials, and
management of fluid flow i.e., smoke, which are all fortes of mechanical engineers as their field
of study and expertise.
References
[1] S. May, "About NASA," 24 September 2018. [Online]. Available:

https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-nasa-58.html. [Accessed
10 June 2021].
[2] NASA Content Administrator, "Sputnik 1," 7 August 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_924.html. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
[3] NASA Administrator, "July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind," 15 July 2019. [Online].
Available: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
[4] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "NASA's Commercial Crew Program VR 360
Tour: Train Like an Astronaut," NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 2019.
[5] The Verge, "Walking through space in NASA’s Virtual Reality Lab," The Verge, 2017.
Tour: A New Era in Spaceflight," NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 2019.
Tour: Launching from Kennedy Space Center," NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 2019.
Tour: Preparing to Launch America," NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 2019.
Tour: SpaceX Crew Dragon," NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 2019.
Tour: Boeing CST-100 Starliner," NASA's Kennedy Space Center, 2019.
[11] Science Documentary Nerd, "Making Tracks on Mars 2021 | Nasa Rover Landing Documentary,"
2021.
[12] "Mars Perseverance Rover," 14 January 2021. [Online]. Available:

https://www.nasa.gov/perseverance/overview. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
[13] NASA Science, [Online]. Available: https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
[14] B. Dunbar, "What's Next for NASA," 11 August 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.nasa.gov/about/whats_next.html. [Accessed 10 June 2021].
[15] E. M. Sachs, J. S. Haggerty, M. J. Cima and P. A. Williams, "THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING

TECHNIQUES". United States of America Patent 5,340,656, 23 August 1994.
[16] J. Hart, "An Introduction to Additive Manufacturing (Prof. John Hart, MIT)," Mechanosynthesis
Group, MIT, Cambridge, 2017.
[17] M. Cima, . E. Sachs, T. Fan, J. Bredt, S. Michaels, S. Khanuja, A. Lauder, S.-J. Lee, D. Brancazio, A.
Curodeau and H. Tuerck, "THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING TECHNIQUES". United States of America
Patent 5,387,380, 7 February 1995.
[18] R. Matulka and M. Greene, "How 3D Printers Work," 19 June 2014. [Online]. Available:
https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-3d-printers-work. [Accessed 2 June 2021].
[19] J. Koprnicky and L. Hubka, "Add. Manufacturing Seminar (2/2): J. Koprnický, "3D printing tech.
used in robotic hands manufact."," Liberec, 2021.
[20] Adafruit Industries, "3D Printing : Shop Tour 360 video!," 2016.
[21] Loughborough University, "About Additive Manufacturing," [Online]. Available:

https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/amrg/about/the7categoriesofadditivemanufacturing/. [Accessed 2
June 2021].
[22] Bucad Vision and Smile Rehab, 3D printed complete dentures, Makati , Metro Manila, 2021.
PROOF:
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SUBJECT: ME148F-2 SECTION: E01 Quiz 1

Student Number: 2016142175

ANSWERS: (w/ pictures w/ your name)

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 1. Three types of VAT Photopolymerization

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 2. Major components of a Material Jetting 3D Printer

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 3. Major Components of a Binder Jetting 3D Printer

Figure 4. Major components of a material extrusion 3D Printer

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 5. Major components of a powder bed fusion 3D Printer

Figure 6. Direct Energy Deposition Method

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 7. Major Components of Laminated Object Manufacturing

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 8. Metal shelves use for storage

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 10. Space intended for post-processing functions

ANSWERS: (w/ pictures w/ your name)

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

Figure 11. Value-Scale Diagram of Traditional Manufacturing

ANSWERS: (w/ pictures w/ your name)

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

II. NASA Virtual Tour Guide: Joshua Santora

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

2. Launch Complex 39A (LC 39A)

3. Space Launch Complex 41 (SLC 41)

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

4. Falcon Core Stage

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

5. Falcon Rocket carbon fiber landing leg

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

7. Vertical Integration Facility

8. Crew Access Arm

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

9. Crew Access Tower

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

(b) Virtual tour to: Johnson Space Center

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

2. Michelle Green’s office in MCC

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

5. Old Falcon rocket booster

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

6. SpaceX 3D printing laboratory

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

III. NASA Virtual Tour Guide: Rachel Power

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

4. Starliner Service Module

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

6. NASA Docking System

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

8. Forward Heat Shield

FEDERIS, JOSHUA PHILLIP A.

(c) Virtual tour to: Johnson Space Center