Operational Procedures

Video
 Study of the external flight environment
 Study of airport operations
 Study of Airspace division and designations

What is Operational Procedures all

about?
 We operate in a dynamic
external environment
 Learn
airport signs and
symbols
 Learnhow our airspace is
divided
 Learn the rules of the air

Why study Operational

Procedures?
The Flight Environment
 Aerodromes
 Airports
 Types of Airport
 Sources of Airport Data
 Runway
 Runway Markings and
Lights
 Taxiway
 Taxiway Marking and
Lightning
 Apron, Terminal, ATC,
buildings
 Wind Indicators
 Light Signals
 Radio Navigational Aids

THE FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT

1. AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
PUBLICATION (AIP)

2. AIRPORT AND FACILITIES

DIRECTORY (AF/D)

3. NOTAMS (Notice to Airmen)

SOURCES OF AIRPORT DATA

The Runway
Runway

- a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing

and take–off of aircraft

RUNWAY
DEFINITION
Runway – named by a number from 01 to 36 , which is
generally one tenth of it’s magnetic heading.

RWY 09 – EAST 90°

RWY 18 – SOUTH 180 °
RWY 27 – WEST 270 °
RWY 36 – NORTH 360 °

RUNWAY
NUMBERING
FOR CLARITY IN RADIO COMMUNICATION, each
digit in the runway name is pronounced individually.

“RUNWAY THREE SIX”

“RUNWAY ONE FOUR”

“RUNWAY ZERO EIGHT”

RUNWAY IN USE:
Direction facing the wind
ACTIVE RUNWAY

RUNWAY
IDENTIFICATION
TYPES OF RUNWAY (BY MATERIAL)

• PAVED
•CONCRETE
•ASPHALT

•UNPAVED
• GRASS
• DIRT
• MACADAM

RUNWAY
TYPES (BY MATERIAL)
THREE TYPES OF RUNWAYS:

1. VISUAL RUNWAY
2. NON PRECISION INSTRUMENT
3. PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

RUNWAY
TYPES
VISUAL RUNWAY

- runways only used for visual approaches.

- are used at small airstrips, and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel,
asphalt or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual
runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines

RUNWAY
TYPES
NON PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY
- runways equipped with an Instrument Approach that provides lateral
guidance.

- are often used at small to medium-size airports. These runways,

depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold markings,
designators, centerlines and aiming point.

RUNWAY
TYPES
PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

- runways equipped with an Instrument Approach Procedure that provides

both lateral and vertical guidance.

- found at medium and large-size airports, consists of blast

pads/stopways, threshold designators, centerline, aiming points, and
touchdown zone marks.

RUNWAY
TYPES
  Visual Runway
• Sidestripes
• Centreline
• Runway numbering
• Aiming Point (may or may not have)

Runway Markings
Visual Runway
  Non precision Runway
• Sidestripes
• Centreline
• Runway numbering
• Aiming Point
• Threshold Marking

Runway Markings
Non Precision Runway
  Precision Runway
• Sidestripes
• Centreline
• Runway Numbering
• Aiming Point
• Threshold Marking
• Touch down zone /
Distance Markers

Runway Markings
Non Precision Runway
5.Blast Pads –  also known as overrun areas or stop ways, are often constructed just
before the start of a runway where jet blast produced by large planes during the
takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway.

6.Displaced Threshold – may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollouts, but not
for touchdown. It is marked with white painted arrows that lead up to the beginning of
the landing portion of the runway.

RUNWAY
MARKINGS
Distance-to-go signage
◦ In thousands of feet to go

Be cautious on taking-off or landing on

runways without distance-to-go signage!

Runway Remaining
THRESHOLD LIGHTING
- High Intensity Directional GREEN LIGHT
where the threshold is located

DEPARTURE END: RED

RUNWAY
LIGHTING
RUNWAY EDGE
LIGHTS
- white elevated lights that run
the length of the runway on either
side.

*On precision instrument runways,

the edge lighting becomes yellow or
amber in the last 2000 ft of the
runway, or last half, to form a caution
zone

RUNWAY
LIGHTING
RUNWAY CENTERLINE
LIGHTS
- white lights embedded in the
surface of the runway at 50 ft
intervals along the runway
centerline

- 3000 ft – 2000 ft before end

(alternating white-red) , and 1000 ft
before end (steady red)

RUNWAY
LIGHTING
TOUCHDOWN ZONE
LIGHTS

- bright white lights on either side of the

runway centerline in the touchdown
zone.

RUNWAY
LIGHTING
APPROACH LIGHTS
SYSTEM
- a lighting system installed on the
approach end of an airport runway and
consists of a series of light bars, strobe
lights, or a combination of the two that
extends outward from the runway end

RUNWAY
LIGHTING
RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER
LIGHTS(REIL)

- consists of a pair of synchronized white

flashing lights located on each side of the
runway threshold at the approach end

They serve to:

•identify a runway end surrounded by
many other lights
•Identify a runway end which lacks contrast
with the surrounding terrain
•Identify a runway end in poor visibility

RUNWAY
LIGHTING
TAXIWAY
TAXIWAY

– a defined path on a land aerodrome established for taxiing of aircraft and

intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another,
including: ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities.

TAXIWAY
DEFINITION
NORMAL CENTERLINE

– a single continuous yellow line 6 to 12

inches wide used to identify the center
of the taxiway

TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
ENHANCED TAXIWAY
CENTERLINE

– a marking consisting of parallel lines of

yellow dashes on both sides of the
taxiway centerline, 150 ft prior to the
runway holding position

TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
TAXIWAY EDGEMARKINGS

– used to define the edge of the taxiway

consisting of continuous double yellow
lines.
- It also defines the taxiway from the
shoulder or other paved surfaces not
intended for use by aircraft.

TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
VEHICLE ROADWAYS

– used to define pathways necessary

for vehicle crossing areas that are
also intended for aircraft

- Consists of solid white lines or

zipper lines

TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
HOLDING POSITION
MARKINGS

– indicates where an aircraft is supposed to

stop when approaching a runway

TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
ILS HOLDING POSITION
MARKINGS

– exit boundary for ILS critical area

- These consist of two yellow solid lines

spaced two feet apart connected by pairs of
solid lines spaced ten feet apart extending
across the width of the taxiway.

TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
Rapid exit taxiway

– a taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle designated to allow

landing aircraft to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other
taxiways, and thereby minimizing runway occupancy times.

TYPES of TAXIWAYS
RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY
Holding Point Taxiway

– Taxiway located at the beginning of a runway.

- The exit – to – clearance area

TYPES of TAXIWAYS
HOLDING POINT TAXIWAY
TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTS

– used to outline the edge of taxiways

during periods of darkness or restricted
visibility conditions. Lights are BLUE

TAXIWAY
LIGHTING
TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHT

– lights located along the taxiway

centerline. Lights are GREEN

TAXIWAY
LIGHTING
STOP BAR LIGHT

– a row of red, steady burning in-

pavement lights installed across the
entire taxiway at the runway holding
position.

TAXIWAY
LIGHTING
Land and Hold Short
Operations
Land and Hold Short Operations 

-is an aeronautical term for operations

that involve aircraft landing and holding
short of an intersecting runway, taxiway
or some other designated point on a
runway.

- LAHSO is an air traffic control

procedure that requires pilot
participation to balance the needs for
increased airport capacity and system
efficiency, consistent with safety.

LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS

LAHSO
3 MAIN TYPES OF LAHSO
• LAHSO of Intersecting Runway
• LAHSO of Intersecting Taxiway
• LAHSO of Point on Runway

LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS

TYPES OF LAHSO
 REMEMBER: Student Pilots are prohibited in participating in LAHSO

LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS

Airport Signs
AIRPORT SIGNS:
• Mandatory Signs
• Location Sign
• Direction Sign
• Destination Sign
• Information Sign
• Runway Remaining

Airport Signs
Video
AIRPORT SIGNS
Video
FAA – Airport, Signs, Markings and Procedures
Wind Indicators
Wind Direction Indicators
– indicates the wind direction to determine the runway to be used for
landings and takeoffs.

• Windsock
• Wind tee
• Tetrahedron
• Segmented circle

WIND INDICATORS
 Wind sock – the oldest and most
common wind indicating device. A
cone-shaped device built of
durable, flexible material. When
the wind blows through the large
end of the cone, it causes the
small end to stand out and point
downwind. Lights are often placed
above the wind sock for night
illumination.

WIND INDICATORS
Direction
The wide part is where the wind is coming from.

Velocity
Drooped = wind calm
Fully extended = 15 knots and above
Half-extended= 7.5 knots

The Windsock
WIND INDICATORS
Wind Tee – have the stem (bottom)
of the “T” pointing in the direction the
wind is GOING (indicating that
landings should be in the opposite
direction). Think of this a small
airplane ( with the wings represented
by the crossbar or top of the “T”)
landing into the wind.

WIND INDICATORS
 TETRAHEDRON - A large,
lightweight framework made in
the shape of a tetrahedron, a
triangular-shaped solid. The
tetrahedron always points into
the wind and shows pilots
approaching the airport the
correct direction to make their
landing approach.

WIND INDICATORS
Segmented Circle – provides traffic pattern information at airports
without operating control towers.
- is located in a position affording maximum visibility
to pilots in the air and on the ground. A wind and/or landing direction
indicator is usually in the center.

WIND INDICATORS
Other Airport
Structures
Apron or Ramp
– a defined area on land aerodrome
intended to accommodate aircraft for
purposes of loading or unloading
passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling,
parking or maintenance.

Apron or Ramp
OTHER AIRPORT STRUCTURES
Hangar 
- An enclosed structure to
hold aircraft and/or spacecraft in protective
storage.

HANGAR
OTHER AIRPORT STRUCTURES
 Airport Terminal
- is a building at an airport where
passengers transfer between
ground transportation and the
facilities that allow them to board or
disembark from the aircraft.

Terminal Buildings
OTHER AIRPORT STRUCTURES
Air Traffic Control Tower
Airport Rotating Beacons
– the primary purpose of these beacons is to
identify the location of airports at night.

- operation of these beacons during the day often

indicates that the weather is below basic VFR
weather minimums.

 Color Pattern:
Civil Aerodrome: White-Green
Military Aerodrome: White-White-Green
Seaport: White-Yellow
Heliport: White-Green-Yellow

Airport Rotating Beacon

 Tall obstacles (buildings, towers, etc.) near airports are marked
with a steady red light.

Obstruction Lighting
Radio Navigational Aids
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
-Includes:
-NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON (NDB)
-VHF OMNI DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)
-INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

Non-Directional
Beacons (NDBs) 
-display which shows the direction of the
beacon from the aircraft through Automatic
Direction Finder(ADF). 

- NDB operates in frequency bond 190 to

535 kHz.

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

 VHF Omni-Directional Range
(VOR)
-is a more sophisticated system, and is still
the primary air navigation system established
for aircraft flying under IFR in those countries
with many navigational aids

-108 MHz to 117.95 MHz

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

INSTRUMENT LANDING
SYSTEM (ILS)
– ground based instrument approach
system that provides precision
guidance to an aircraft approaching
and landing on a runway laterally
and vertically.

Consists of two independent

subsystems:

1. LOCALIZER
2. GLIDE SLOPE

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

LOCALIZER
– provides runway centerline guidance
to aircraft

- It extends to 18 NM for the path up

to 10 degrees on either side of the
course

- For 10 NM, angle of 35 degrees on

either side.
.

LOCALIZER
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
 TYPES OF GLIDESLOPE INDICATORS:
1.Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
2.Pulsating VASI
3.Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
4.TRI COLOR VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR

Glide Slope Indicators

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Visual Approach Slope Indicator
(VASI)
– is a system of lights arranged to
provide visual descent guidance
during an approach. The lights are
normally located on the left side the
runway.

o Red over white, you’re alright

oWhite over white, high as a kite

oRed over red, you’re dead

Glide Slope Indicators

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
– uses lights similar to the VASI but in the single row of either two or four
lights. This systems has an effective visual range of about 5 miles during the
day, and up to 20 miles at night.

Glide Slope Indicators

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
PULSATING VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE
INDICATOR (PVASI)
– consist of single light unit, positioned on the left side of the
runway adjacent to the touchdown point, which projects three or
four different “bands” of light at different vertical angles, only one
of which can be seen by a pilot on approach at any one time.

Glide Slope Indicators

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
TRI COLOR VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE
INDICATOR
– is a short range visual slope aid and consist of single light unit
that indicates AMBER if above slope; GREEN if on SLOPE and
RED if below SLOPE

Glide Slope Indicators

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
T- VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR
– is a system that has a horizontal bar of white lights either side
of the runway aiming point. Horizontal bar means on slope,
inverted T means above slope and below slope for letter T

Glide Slope Indicators

RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Video
Airplane on Approach with PAPI
Traffic Pattern
Definition: The traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing
at, and taking off from an airport.

The Standard Traffic Pattern: Left Turns

Pattern Altitude : 700 feet AGL

THE AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN

5 Legs of Airport Traffic Pattern
1. The upwind leg – is a straight course aligned with, and leading from,
the takeoff runway. It is also referred to as the departure leg.

2. The crosswind leg – is horizontally perpendicular to the extended

centerline of the takeoff runway. It is entered by making a 90 deg. Turn
from the upwind leg.

3. The downwind leg – is flown parallel to the landing runway but in a

opposite to the intended landing direction.

4. The base leg – is the transitional part of the traffic pattern between the
downwind leg and the final approach leg.

5. The final leg – is a descending flight path starting at the completion of

the base-to-final turn and extending to the point of touchdown.

AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN LEG

Video
THE AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN
To enter the traffic pattern at an airport without an
operating control tower, inbound pilots are expected to
observe other aircraft already in the pattern direction
should be used.

1. Overfly the runway at least 500 to 1000 ft. AGL

2. After the proper traffic pattern direction has been determined, you
should proceed to a point well clear of the pattern before
descending to the pattern altitude.

ENTERING THE PATTERN

AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN
At an airport with an operating control tower, the controller will
direct when and where you should enter the traffic pattern.

Once you are in the pattern, the controller may request that you
perform some maneuvers for batter traffic spacing, including:

1. Shortening or extending the downwind leg,

2. Increasing or decreasing your speed, or
3. Performing a 360 deg. Turn to provide spacing ahead of you.

ENTERING THE PATTERN

AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN
Departing a Traffic Pattern

1. At airports with an operating control tower, ATC will generally

approve the most expedient turnout for the direction of flight.

2. At airports without an operating control tower, you should depart

straight out or with a 45 deg. turn in the direction of the traffic pattern
after reaching pattern altitude.

DEPARTING THE PATTERN

AIRPORT TRAFFIC PATTERN
Video
AIRCRAFT ENTRY AND EXIT IN AIRPORT PATTERN
Minimum Clearance
Altitude
 500 feet AGL

Sparsely Populated Areas

Densely Populated Areas

1,000 ft above highest obstacle w/in 600 meters

600m
Bubble effect of 500ft

No minimum altitude, 500 ft away from any person, vehicle, or structure

Minimum Altitude: Over Water

Based on MAGNETIC HEADINGS not track.

VFR Cruising Altitudes

 “Right-of-Way” = “Priority”

◦ Aircraft that has right of way should maintain its heading and speed.

◦ Approaching Head-on
 Both aircraft shall alter course to the right.

Aircraft Right of Way Rules

 Converging
◦ Both aircraft shall alter their heading to the right.
 Except for the following cases:
◦ Power driven, heavier than air aircraft shall give way to
airships, gliders, and balloons
◦ Airships shall give way to gliders and balloons
◦ Power driven-aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are
seen towing other aircraft or objects

Aircraft Right of Way Rules

Overtaking
◦ An aircraft that is overtaking shall alter its course to the right.

 Landing:
◦ An aircraft in flight, or on the ground shall give way to aircraft in the final
stages of flight.
◦ Aircraft at a higher altitude shall give priority to aircraft at the lower
altitude.
◦ Power-driven aircraft shall give way to unpowered aircraft
◦ Aircraft shall give way to any aircraft in an emergency

Right-of-Way Rules
 Aircraft
maneuvering on the ground shall give
way to aircraft about to take off.

STOP!!!
If you see this guy crossing your taxi path.

Right of Way Rules

The AIRSPACE
AIRSPACE
- portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country, including its
territorial waters, or more generally, any specific three
dimensional portion of the atmosphere

Aispace
TYPES OF AIRSPACE:

1.CONTROLLED – exists where it is

deemed necessary that Air Traffic Control
has some form of executive control over
aircraft flying in that airspace

2.UNCONTROLLED –airspace in
which Air Traffic Control does not exert
any executive authority, although it may
act in an advisory manner

Airspace
Types of Airspace
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE INCLUDES:

1.AIRPORT TRAFFIC ZONE (ATZ) – usually surrounds the controlled

airport (Class D)

2.CONTROL ZONE (CTR) – surrounds controlled airport with instrument

approach. Surrounds ATZ’s (Class D)

3. TERMINAL MANEUVERING AREA (TMA) – surrounds the

nation’s busiest airports. Aircraft are descending and climbing on this area
(Class D)

4. CLASS A – All airways, and FL200 (if not in a TMA) and above

Controlled Airspace
Types of Airspace
 UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE INCLUDES:

1. AIRPORT ADVISORY ZONE (AAZ) – surrounds uncontrolled

airports 5NM wide up to 2000 AGL, 2 way radio and reporting to ATC is not
required but recommended (Class G)

Uncontrolled Airspace
Types of Airspace
Philippine Airspace
What is VFR?
◦ VFR is navigation by referencing outside objects e.g. “looking
outside the window”

Minimum weather requirements to fly

VFR:
◦ Visibility is at least 5 kilometers
◦ Cloud ceiling* is at least 1,500 feet above the ground.

VFR: Visual Flight Rules

Class A,B,D,G

VFR cloud clearance inflight

 Class A,B,D,G 8 km

CLASS A,B,D,G 5 km

VFR visibility inflight

The Control Tower
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
CONTROL TOWER – AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
TOWER

-name of the airport building from which the air

traffic control unit controls the movement of aircraft
on and around the airport
- usually has windows that encircle the entire
top floor.
- radio for communication
- telephone system
- a light gun for communication
-rotating beacon
-aerodrome traffic monitor
-surface movement radar
- computerized meteorological information

CONTROL TOWER
4 MAJOR ROLES OF ATC

1.Traffic Information and Separation

2.Flight Plan Processing
3.Weather Information
4.Emergency Assistance

CONTROL TOWER
Air Traffic Control TEAM includes
Aerodrome Control (ADC) – control aircraft on the ground/air, in the Air Traffic
Area (ATA) and Control Zone (CZ)

Approach (APP) – control all instrument flights in the Terminal Maneuvering Area
(TMA)

Area Control Center (ACC) – a unit established to provide air traffic control service
to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdictions.

Rescue Coordinating Center (RCC) – emergency cases are transferred to RCC

for search and rescue and recovery
- Supplemented by PAF, PN, CG, PA, PNP, Hospitals, DILG.

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) – a publication issued by or with the

authority of the Assistant Secretary and containing aeronautical information of a
lasting character essential to air navigation.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TEAM

Air Traffic Control Service - a service provided for the purpose of:
1. Preventing collisions:
a) between aircraft; and
b) on the maneuvering area, between aircraft and obstructions; and
2. Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

Air Traffic Service (ATS) – a generic term meaning variously flight

information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic
control service, area control service, approach control service or aerodrome
control service.

ATC service
LIGHT SIGNALS OF CONTROL TOWER
Flight Operations Briefing Stations (FOBS) – receiving of flight plan,
briefing of pilots.

Flight Service Stations (FSS) – an ATS unit located at an

uncontrolled aerodrome.

Aeronautical Mobile Service (AMS) – a land station, may be located,

for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea.

Aeronautical Fixed Telecom (AFTN) – in charge of point to point

communication or aerodrome to aerodrome.

Radio COMMUNICATION UNIT

1. Multicom Airport – a type of uncontrolled airport where the pilots are
responsible for seeing, avoiding and informing others who might be in the
same airspace. An airport that has no air-ground radio communication
whatsoever and radio communications are strictly air to air between aircraft.
Philippine Multicom is 121.90

2. Unicom Airport – a type of uncontrolled airport that is usually manned

by a local fixed- base operator (FBO). The operator provides the current
wind direction and velocity, the favored runway in use, and possibly
altimeter setting. The FBO may also provide any reported traffic in the
pattern or area.

UNICOM AND MULTICOM

Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
- is a prerecorded continuous broadcast containing weather information
including wind and altimeter setting, runway information and other essential
information.

– the purpose of ATIS is to relieve the controller’s workload. They need not
repeat the same information.

- Limited only to 5 miles from aerodrome

Automatic Terminal Information Service

Communication
 FLIGHT PLANNING

-Used for flights intending to

operate within controlled airspace

-Activates search and rescue

services if the aircraft does not
land after its endurance runs out.

-File atleast 60 minutes before

ETD

-Valid 1 hour after ETD

-All
VFR flight plan s are
automatically open
Flight Plan
NOTAMs are created and transmitted
by government agencies and airport
operators.
Notices to Airmen were normally
published in a regular publication (for
example: Flight Magazine in the UK) by
each country's air authorities.

Types
N: “new”
B: “NOTAM has been released for
over 7 days”
R: “Revised NOTAM”
C: “Cancelled NOTAM”

B0724/10

NOTAMS
EXER EXTREME CTN WHEN PSG RWY06/24 AND
TWY CHARLIE DUE PRESENCE OF MEN AND EQPT
NOTICE TO AIRMEN APRX 85M N RWY CL AND 70M S TWY CHARLIE CL.
FROM 06 071730 TO 07 310400
 Aircraft Lighting
•Beacon
•Taxi light
•Navigational light
•Strobe light
•Landing light

Aircraft Lighting
Beacon Light
◦ Used when the aircraft’s power units are in operation, or intended to be
operated.

Taxi Light
◦ Used during taxi operations

Strobe Lights
◦ Activated upon crossing an active runway
◦ Activated upon entering an active runway
◦ Deactivated after exiting a runway after landing

Aircraft Lights
Landing Lights
◦ Activated when the aircraft is cleared for takeoff.
◦ Deactivated after departure
◦ Reactivated when on approach for landing
◦ Deactivated when cleared of the active runway.

Navigation Lights
◦ Turned on when periods of low visibility exist, including night operations.
◦ Must be turned on before engine start during night operations

Aircraft Lighting Usage

End of Lesson
Any questions?
 Study of the external flight environment
 Study of airport operations
 Study of Airspace division and designations

Summary
Review ICAO Doc 9432
◦ Manual of Radiotelephony

Read the necessary chapters in your

Private Pilot Manual related to proper
radio communications and phraseology.

Studyhow to use a handheld radio.

(ICOM A24)

Assignment
End of Subject
Thank you and good day!