Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Optimization of TIG Welding Parameters on Strength
Basis: A Review
Arvind Kumar Yadava, Angad Kumar Yadava, Ajay Kumar Shakyaa, Prashant Kumara, Sandeep Kumara
B. Tech Final Year student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, 201009, Uttar
Pradesh, India.
Abstract:- A higher grade of Super steel, a kind of
stainless, offers a number of attractive characteristics,
including resistance to acid attack, rust, pitting, and
crevice corrosion. These advantages can be linked to the
higher concentrations of specific alloying elements. This
special alloy was utilised in a number of demanding
environmental applications, including nuclear energy
plants, aircraft, and chemicals processing plants.
Employing correct welding processes was equally critical
for maintaining the characteristics of super austenitic
stain-less steel. This study examines several welding
methods for connecting highly austenitic steel may be
joined using a variety of techniques, including welding
processes, arc welding welding, friction joining, laser
joining, tungsten inert gas joining, active tungsten inert
gas joining, and hybrid laser joining.
Keywords:- TIG, Welding, Optimization, Taguchi Approach,
SS 304L.
I. INTRODUCTION
A non-consumable electrode and the metal being
worked on generated heat during the technique of tungsten-
gas arc welding, sometimes referred to as tig welding. This
is illustrated in Figure 1. A weld pool is created when the
base metal melts due to the arc's heat. In contrast to standard
stick welding, gtaw protects the weld region with an inert
gas to keep the weld from being contaminated by air. The
heat-affected zone close to the weld bead, the molten steel
puddle, and the tungsten electrode are all present. protected
from oxidation by this shielding gas. Steel are tall steels
built just on Fe-Cr, Ar y, and Fe-Cr-Ni groups. These steels,
which are required be stainless, must have a minimum of
10.5% carbon by weight.
Stainless (ss) was a material that was often used in a
variety of industrial applications, including pressure vessels,
valve bodies, and pipes for reactor coolant. because of its
great ability to withstand oxidation and high temperatures
qualities, it was also employed in the chemical, process, and
petrochemical industries. Due to its widespread availability,
low cost, and ease of fabrication, 1,2 carbon steel (cs) was
another material that was frequently employed in big
facilities. ability to be heated, etc. Numerous industrial
applications need the connecting of cs to stain-free steel.
Due of their technological and financial possibilities,
welding of dissimilar metals became an area of study. In
power production applications, low temperature and much
IJISRT23MAY625 www.ijisrt.com
less corrosive environments allow the boilers and heat
exchangers to operate, whereas the super warmers and re-
heaters must operate at higher temperatures.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
S. ANSARI et.al [1]: In order to improve mechanical
properties and reduce production costs, tig welding was
improved utilising Taguchi's experimental approach for
optimization. The final tensile and impacts strength, as well
as the bending strength of weld joints, were maximised by
using welding settings such a weld power at 170 amps,
welder speeds of 12.7 mm, and gas flow of 15 lit/min. The
ideal circumstances are provided by the Taguchi technique
of optimization, which was made relevant by achieving
remarkable results in confirmatory testing. The optimal
parametric combination was discovered using median effect
size plots and s/n ratio plots.
A. SHARMA et.al [2]: Industries frequently employ
tungsten arc welded plates. Dissimilar metal welding is
especially helpful in structural applications. The best
method for handling these problems that occur when
welding base metals is TIG welding. This essay examines
stainless and mild metal plates that have been TIG welded.
In this research ,the impact of TIG welder on mild steel and
stainless metal sheets was investigated, with different
welding speeds, welding current, voltage, and other
parameters influencing the outcomes. TIG welding was used
to link plates of mild steel with stainless steel. Comparing to
other welding methods,TIG welding stainless with mild
steel results in improved properties.
A. RAMAKRISHNA et.al [3]: The microstructure and
mechanical properties of a dissimler Metal Inert gas (Tg)
welded AISI 304 are the subject of the experimental
examination. Gas turbines, heat exchangers, chemical
industries, and the automotive industry all frequently use
austenitic stainless steel. Austenitic stainless steels can also
be formed and manufactured with ease. The Brinell testing
procedure has demonstrated that,when compared to base
metal and the heat affected.
K. T. SUNNY et.al [4]: In this review paper they
study properties of stainless steel that is austenitic and its
application because of higher concentration among all alloy
elements. They found out properties of austenitic SS with
proper method of welding. They had used many welding
methods such as For combining various SS plates, several
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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023
welding techniques are used, including metal inert gas,
shielding metal electric arc, resistance welding, laser
ablation, tungsten inert riveting, active tungsten inert gases
soldering, and hybrid laser welding. Argon as a shielding
gas will increase the bead quality, and RSA may be utilised
to optimise Gas metal arc welding parameters. and In TIG
welding adding 2% Nitrogen would increase mechanical
properties of TIG welded metal.
D. VARSHNEYet.al [5]: In this review paper the
objective was to study the aluminum used, application and
parameters.The method used for these was literature review
technique for optimization and period used was 2008-2019.
Aluminum alloy used in this review paper was 6061 because
it was least explored aluminum alloy. The main aim was to
understand maximum penetration, mechanical properties
and rust behavior used with TIGW on aluminum alloy 6061.
M. KUMARI et.al [6]: In the work done, TIG welding
was done on AISI 304 metal of 5 mm thickness. The
purpose of the work was to analyze the micro structure,
hardness, the use of to measure the weld's penetration depth
Taguchi method. The welding parameter used was welding
current range (130-160) Amp, shielding gas, weld speed
Consequently, it was discovered that increasing the welding
speed, the DOP decreases when the current is constant.
SUNIL PATIDAR et.al [7]:Because the two materials
had differing mechanical and chemical qualities, the joining
process was challenging; making the best use of the process
parameters became crucial. Ultimate tensile strength served
as the main criterion for the optimization process. The
mechanical joints that were produced were also contrasted
with one another based on tests for ultimate tensile strength
and hardness.. Generally, in different applications like
industry, homes, different metals have to be welded
together, which is more difficult than welding the same
metal plate.
M. SHRIVASTAVA et.al [8]: In this paper he had
examined which parameters should be taken for analysis in
stainless steel plate 304 and in this important factor aimed to
attain the deepest possible penetration and minimum
distortion in weld. They had taken four The effects on
distortions and the depth of penetration of the welding
parameters welder intensity, flow rate, root face, and arc
voltage were examined.Welding speeds best for distortion
and the parameters valued was found welding current was
90 A, 10 LPM gas flow, 1 mm root face, 31.578 mm/min
welding speed, and 2.3996 mm as the ideal response value..
and the obtained valued was examined by Taguchi method.
Welded distortion error percentage was in range of expected
value and calculated valued.
D. MISHRA et.al [9]: To create strong welds, two
distinct 310 and 304 stainless steel sheet metal grades—with
a thickness of 3 mm are subjected to shield metal (SM) and
gaseous tungsten (GT) arc welding. The research will be
useful for selecting an effective welding method .For
practical usage, a method for butt welding There have been
produced many stainless steel alloys having single or double
IJISRT23MAY625 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
"V" edges in grades 310 or 304. Two distinct stainless
grades, 310 and 304, are joined together using the GT and
SM arc welding techniques. On the welded object, tension
and toughness tests are conducted. specimens. Any form of
weld flaw is not seen during the dye penetrant inspection.
M. V. RAMANA et.al [10]: The goal of this effort
was to investigate the impact of parameters in TIGW with
Response surface method as to increase impact strength. The
parameters must be improved in order to increase impact
strength of weld joints. current is By the Taguchi technique,
the power is 180 A, and wire process parameters is 0.82
mm/min, as well as the speed is 0.08 mm/min. It was shown
that the impact strength is significantly influenced by the
wire feed. The test's outcome under perfect circumstances is
54.0 J, whereas a regression model's estimation of the
impact strength under ideal circumstances came out at 56.96
J. The impact resistance of the confirmatory test result has
been found to be within the permitted range.. Impact
strength is significantly influenced by the spool wire feed
(56.3%), weld current, and travelling speed by ANOVA.
Method.
S. KUMAR et.al [11]: In the given paper ANOVA is
used in an experimental study to examine how welding
factors affect TIG welded connections. Which had the
following goal: The TIG welding process's welding
parameters need to be improved in order to increase the
weld structure's mechanical qualities and lower production
costs. The current analysis concentrated on the method
parameter optimization for the tig joining procedure. As a
base metal, Aisi 304 materials were chosen. The specimen's
dimensions were 200 mm, 50 mm, and 3 mm. The tig
welding process was used to butt-weld the specimen. Based
on their major impact on the mechanical characteristics of
the weld structure, input parameters were chosen.
G. SHANMUGASUNDAR et.al [12]: In this work
AISI 304L was joined with the help of TIG welding. Its
primary goal was to use the Taguchi technique to improve
the TIG welding settings. The computation for this
challenge was done using an ANOVA. The welding
parameters, such as welding speed, gas flow rate, and
distance from the nozzle to the plate were taken. Finally, the
best result was found at parameter (110-amp, 10 l/min, 15
mm).
A. SIVANANTHAM et.al [13]: In this work,
dissimilar TIG welding was used to join stainless-steel
plates of 3 mm thickness (Iso 304L especially in industry,
AISI 430 ferritic) without the use of filler material (argon).
With the aid of the Taguchi approach, the work's goal was to
comprehend the tensile strength test of welding while
maintaining certain crucial variables, such as tig welding,
welding speed, and gas flow rate, in mind. The welding
parameter of 140 amps, 110 mm/min, and 15 litres per
minute produced the best UTS result (606 MPa).
C. A. SOMANI et.al [14]: For welding austenitic
stainless steels, the current work is an experiment
investigation of the hybrid TIG-MIG welding procedure.The
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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023
idea of combining two distinct welding techniques to get the
benefits of both procedures and to eliminate the drawbacks
of both welding methods is tested.Using Design Expert
software, an attempt is made to statistically analyse and
improve control parameters. Based on major control factors,
a statistical model is created. The essay offers a framework
for assessing both direct and indirect impacts in the intricate
phenomena of TIG-MIG hybrids welding. The TIG-MIG
hybrid welding technology offers faster welding at a
desirable level of quality.
• The final tensile strength in such a range under
consideration is directly impacted by welding current.To
achieve high quality, a process is optimised between a set of
control parameter values.
M. F. BENLAMNOUAR ET AL et.al [15]: With the
aid of the Taguchi experiment, the goal was to investigate
the characteristics of welded joints. Its function was to weld
the 304L austenitic stainless steel and X70 low alloy steel,
both of which have high strength. and examined the
mechanical properties of various metals. and the L9 array
was made using the Taguchi technique.. He discovered that
some welding parameters need to be chosen before TIG
welding. He explained that the primary factors that influence
tungsten arc welding (TIG). For welding (speed-8 L/P),
welding speed (70 m/min), and welding current, gas flow
rate is a crucial factor (70A).
V. CHAUDHARI et.al [16]: The objective was to
study the parameters of With the use of the Taguchi
technique, it is possible to enhance a process' performance
without having to carry out a lot of trials. This cuts down on
experimentation costs and saves time. This method has been
used to carry out robust process and product design as well
as to address several important issues in the manufacturing
sectors.
B. DENKENA ET AL et.al [17]: Turbine engines are
using more and more blade integrated discs (Blisks). These
integrally machined parts have advantages in terms of
performance to weight. However, partial substitution is not
an option in the event of failure. For greater sustainability,
the Blisk must be completely replaced or restored utilising
regenerative techniques. The TIG+SiC welds displayed
greater processes loads as well as a twice as large deflection
when recontouring the various specimens. As a result, it
might be necessary to reduce the process parameters or
instal more clamping mechanisms Additionally, a simulation
of material removal will take into account the weld
properties to anticipate Process forces for efficient re-
contouring activity planning.
S. C. BODKHE et.al [18]: Finding the ideal set of
procedure parameters to increase the penetration depth
(DOP) when The objective of the current study is to A-TIG
weld stainless (SS) alloy 304L. After an ANOVA was
utilised to determine the applicability of the process
parameters, welding current was discovered to be the most
significant input variable affecting DOP. RSM may be used
to analyse a number of performance parameters and improve
IJISRT23MAY625 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
process variables while A-TIG welding SS 3041. Process
variables such welding power, torch velocity, the arc
spacing have been explored for A-TIG welder of SS 304L.
Power, torched speed, and are gap's importance as process
factors have all been determined.
T. ODIAKA et.al [19]: In the work done, MIG
welding was used to weld steel metal, This work's goal was
to comprehend the mechanical structural characteristics., to
improve the integrity of the welding joint in steel. The
optimization was done once with Taguchi method and once
without Taguchi method to find out the advantages and
disadvantages of Taguchi method.
P. VASANTHARAJA et.al [20]: In this review paper
the problem was that selection of input variables for good
quality weld joints. This problem was solved by Response
surface method. Parameters to obtain the required RSM uses
weld bead shape factors such heat-affected zone (HAZ)
width, bead width, and depth of penetration. Welded power,
flame velocity, electrodes tip direction, and arc gap were the
input variables. The response factors were bead width, HAZ
width, and depth of penetration. The parameter that was
determined to be most important was welding current. Arc
gap between 2 and 3 mm, torch speed between 90 and 130
mm/min, and welding current between 200 and 300 A RMS
errors of 0.1593, 0.2674, and 0.2089 were discovered for the
predicted and observed DOP, HAZ length, and bead width,
respectively. RSM was discovered to more accurately
forecast the optimal welding processing parameters for
attaining the highest DOP during the A-TIG welding
process.
A.UGLA et.al [21]: This research looked at bead
geometry, welding parameters, microstructure traits, and
mechanical properties. 5-500Hz was chosen as the
frequency level for this work. 308L of 304L were used to
fill a sheet. Three stages and four factors were used in this
work. They chose the specimen using Taguchi L9. They said
that with a participation percentage of 43%, speed travel
is the most important aspect ratio, followed by cooling state
at 19%. The maximum tensile strength recorded during this
study, they claimed, was 765.8 MPa at a frequency of 500
Hz. Hz.
G. GHADI et.al [22]: The goal of this project was to
analyse the stainless (ss 202) TIG parameters used to create
pressure vessels and heat exchangers. By using a full
factorial design, it was possible to determine the percentage
contribution of each model parameters and forecast tensile
strength, bending strength, and BHN. The project was
successfully completed, and the mechanical properties of the
stainless steel (ss 202) substance were studied through the
analyzation of input process parameters. In the production of
pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and chemical equipment,
stainless steel is employed. It was possible to draw the
conclusion that better performance came from the weldment
of the shell as it was rolled and rerolled during
manufacturing.
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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
S. FATIMA et.al [23]: This researched seeks to
improve the plasma arc welding process parameters for
welding stainless-steel austenitic ss-304 l and carbon steel a-
36, which are dissimilar metals. It looks at how welding
speed and current affect the quality of a welded connections.
For the purpose of qualifying the welded samples, quality
parameters such as bead shape, microstructure, hardness,
ferrite measurement, and tensile test were taken into
consideration. Either with and without the welding of the
filler material, welded specimens were made. By assisting
the operator in achieving targeted performance criteria, the
operator saves time and increases productivity, according to
the authors' analysis.
N. BHAVSAR et.al [24]: The goal of this study was to
examine the effects of different tungsten inert gas welding
(tig) process factors (welding current, filler materials, and
groove design) on aspect ratio, hardness, and impact
resistance of ss304l welded joins. The influence of several
welding process variables (welding current, filler materials,
and groove design) on the aspect ratio, hardness, and impact
strength of an SS304l welded joint. By dividing the
proportion of bead penetrating to bead width, the aspect
ratio was calculated. Vernier callipers might be used to
measure this bead's dimensions
.K. PANCHAL et.al [25]: Experiments were
conducted to investigate the impact This essay's major
objective is to investigate how TIG welding affects plates
made of mild and stainless steel. TIG welded plates are
mostly utilised in industrial settings. The best uses for
welding different metals are in structural applications.
However, the challenge with welding such plates is the
carbon loss from mils steel and chromium precipitation in
steel material during welding. The best method for
addressing these issues when welding base metal
connections is TIG welding.
M. AISSANI et.al [26]: The problem of combining
The characteristics of heat transmission in a titanium gas are
studied using simulations in three dimensions and
experimental methods. was the main subject of this study.
He was told that testing on welded material, such as
metallographic and instrumental monitoring, would involve
welding stainless steel 304L sheets together at the butt joint.
Stainless steel sheets and tig welding simulations revealed
that The heat surface was well approximated by the bi-
elliptic shape.. The largest temperature mismatch was also
revealed by this analysis. There weren't any changes caused
by a few microns during the slow creation of the HAZ
during welding.
R. KUMAR et.al [27]: The aim of this project : A
technique for choosing close to ideal values for the friction
welding process parameters was put forth. A number of
input factors, including contact force, friction time, upset
pressure, and upset time, as well as output characteristics,
including tensile strength, hardness, and material loss, were
used to determine if the conventional welding process was
successful. joints made of a mix of metals. were popular in
recent years in the field of special applications liked
IJISRT23MAY625 www.ijisrt.com
ISSN No:-2456-2165
automotive, aerospace, defence, marine, etc. , the joining of
dissimilar metal by solid state welding was widely preferred
in such situation.vessels and chemical industries.
B. SINGH et.al [28]: The Understanding the tensile
stress, hardness, and microstructure of the completed weld
was the primary goal of this investigation. In this project,
mild steel and stainless steel were joined together using
GTAW welding. To optimise this job, the Taguchi method
was used. During the work, certain significant metrics were
measured, including welding current and gas flow rate. As a
consequence, it was discovered through testing on UTM that
several welding factors, such as current, gas flow rate, etc.,
had an impact on the characteristics. of weld.
L. S. PATEL et.al [29]: By means of experiments
(DOE) with employing, The effectiveness of tig welding
techniques was investigated on thin strips of 304l iron that
have been 4 mm thick. The Taguchi technique generates
reactions (tensile strength &distortion). After the data
collected was analyzed using anova, the significance of
effects for each parameter investigated on primary outcome
was assessed. The weld strength inaccuracy for stainless
304lr varies around 0.410 through 2.295%, which is outside
of the allowed range. The inaccuracy in distortion for the
same steel ranged from 0.056 to 0.078%; both errors were
deemed acceptable.
K. S. PRASAD et.al [30]: One of the most popular
welding techniques inside the sheet metal manufacturing
sector was welding using development of “ micro plasma
(pcmpaw). The front and back of this study's back widths, as
well as the minimum front and back heights, are taken
into account when optimizing the pcmpaw process. The
ideal spot weld geometry was created by examining the
pulsed current plasma arc welding's characteristics.
According to the author's analysis, the optimal outcome
helps the user achieve its desired outcome measures, which
reduces the operator's workload and boosts productivity.
D. DEVAKUMAR et.al [31]: Tig welding was an
electric arc welding procedure that created an arc between
the work item being welded and a non-consumable tungsten
electrode. Due to its exceptional corrosion resistance,
stainless steel was widely utilised in businesses as a crucial
material. Numerous facets of microstructure, characteristics
of corrosion resistance, welding of dissimilar metals, and
optimization of various welding techniques have all been
researched. In-depth research on welding processes of those
stainless steel kinds that are increasingly being used in the
rail, automotive, and chemical sectors assumes a lot of
significance.
N. S. PATEL et.al [32]: The primary goal of
industries was found to be increasing productivity while
creating goods of higher quality at lower costs. Tig welding
was the most important and popular method for combining
two parts that were identical or dissimilar by heating the
material, applying pressure, or using filler material in order
to increase productivity with less time and expense.
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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023
K. S. PRASAD et.al [33]: One Development of “
micro thermal plasma welding was one of the most widely
used welding methods in the metal sheet production industry
(pcmpaw). The front and back of this study's back widths, as
well as the minimum front and back heights, are taken
into account when optimizing the pcmpaw process. The
ideal spot weld geometry was created by examining the
pulsed current plasma arc welding's characteristics.
According to the author's analysis, the optimal outcome
helps the user achieve its desired outcome measures, which
reduces the operator's workload and boosts productivity.
P. K. GIRIDHARAN et.al [34]: The given paper,
work was done on GTAW welding. According to this paper,
A non-consumable tungsten electrode that has to be
protected with an inert gas is used in gas tungsten arc
welding (GTAW). The electrode's tip forms the arc, which
melts the metal that is being welded. Either manually or
mechanically, the disposable filler metal is inserted. The
weld bead characteristics include penetration, weld bead
(W), aspect ratio (Ab), and weld bead area. The Tig process
parameters include pulse intensity (Ip), circulating current
time (Tp), the welding speed (S).
S. A. A. AKBARI MOUSAVI et.al [35]: The source
of thermal strain will be fairly non-uniform. They advised
using grooves in the best possible shape to reduce residual
stress in the welded joints. The effect of This study
considered air conductivity, radiation, and convection as
well as the flow rate of inert gas. The simulations revealed
that the tensile stress concentration was lower in the U-
grooved configuration than in the V-grooved design. The
mechanical impact on samples with 50 u and v grooves was
investigated. Transverse residual stress increased in us, it
was also found. All along length of the weld, the peak
temperature of the fusion zone rose., according to a 3D
computer simulation.
M. ABBASS et.al [36]: The goal of this study is to
determine how austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L's
maximum base shear and spot diameter are affected by TIG
spot welding settings., including welding current, welding
time, and sheet thickness.Offers 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mm thick
options.The spot Tig parameters were (3) and 27 samples
were created using MATLAB software, therefore the
minimum number of tests should not be fewer than
27.Successful TIG arc welding was used to combine nickel
steel sheets of various thicknesses and produced high-
quality spot joints.As welding current, duration, and
thickness rise, as does the diameter of the weld or
nugget.The maximal shear force of a TIG spot weld is
significantly influenced by the parameter of sheet thickness.
G. RÜCKERT et.al [37]: By examining the impact
The effectiveness of silica coating after Tg (or Gt) welder of
AISI304L stainless steel has been examined in terms of
coating shape and thickness on weld penetrations. examined.
To determine the mechanical behaviour in several typical
zones of the welded samples, tensile tests were carried out.
The fluxes silica particles are responsible for the weld
IJISRT23MAY625 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
metal's decreased strength properties. For the purpose of
fusion welding stainless steels utilising traditional Tig
welding, the current study investigates the layout of flux
application by setting out what produces the optimal flux
performance and defining the silica coating shape. on the
basis of the welding current, it is discovered that the optimal
thickness in A-TIG varies from 40 and 70 lm.
P. K. GIRIDHARAN et.al [38]: In this paper presents
the results of a research on how the GTA welding method
influences the stainless steel weld's electrochemical pitting
and corrosion properties. The weld's susceptibility to pitting
corrosion was evaluated using potentiodynamic anodic
polarisation. Utilizing mathematical models that connect the
pulse GTA welding process conditions active transport,
pulse current duration, and welding speed, pitting corrosion
features were created. The variance analysis was performed
to assess the models' adequacy (ANOVA) An examination
of the primary and cumulative effects of the pulse GTAW
process variables on the weld's electrochemical corrosion
characteristics was reported. GTAW process settings that
were optimized significantly improved the weld's resistance
to pitting and corrosion.
III. CONCLUSION
The majority after being identified in various literature
studies attempts to determine the tig welding process,
welding characteristics including welding current, welding
current, and depth to breadth ratio were frequently used in
study work. Furthermore, it was found that tig welding had
been done on a range of materials, including sheet metal,
titanium, brass, charcoal, and stainless, but we may have
chosen the item. of work that is most applicable to industrial
processes and differs from the materials mentioned above.
We may have attempted to use theoretical calculations and
experimentation with the aid of various input parameters to
determine welding tensile strength. The austentic variety of
stainless steel with grade E310 was utilised to successfully
complete the experiment. Successful tig spot welding was
done to link stainless steel. FEM anaysis will alsobe
executed in ANSYS workbench to match simulated result
and experiment data.
Fig 1 :- 3D Model of Specimen For Experiment and
Simulation
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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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