DEFINATION OF TERM

CDI

Drug Education Definition of Terms

Acute tolerance - The development of tolerance within the course of a single exposure
to a drug.

Addiction - Implies a very severe form of dependence, one involving an overwhelming

compulsion for the use of a particular drug.

Adulterant - Material used to increase the mass of a controlled substance. Adulterants

produce physiological effects and give the illusion that more controlled substance is
present than its actual content.

Alkaloid - One of a group of nitrogenous organic bases, especially one of vegetable

origin, having a powerful toxic effect on animals and man, such as nicotine, cocaine,
strychnine, or morphine.

Amitriptyline - A tricyclic antidepressant drug, found to impair skilled performance and

to be additive with ethanol in its adverse effects.

Amobarbital - A barbiturate derivative used as a sedative or hypnotic; available in

ampules for intravenous or intramuscular injection for the control of seizures.

Amphetamine - A drug that is representative of a class of structurally related

compounds known as phenethylamines. Basis of a group of hallucinogenic,habit-
forming drugs that affect the central nervous system.The sale and use restricted to
physicians; trade name Benzedrine.

Analgesic - Any drugs, such as salicylates, morphine, or opiates used primarily for
the relief of pain.

Anaphylaxis - An allergic hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a foreign protein or

drug.

Antidepressant - A drug, such as imipramine and tranylcypromine, that relieves

depression by increasing central sympathetic activity.

Antisera - Injecting human serum into various animals, such as the horse, goat,sheep,
rabbit, duck, hen, or guinea pig, can produce antihuman sera.

Antiserum - Any immune serum that contains antibodies active chiefly in destroying a
specific infecting virus or bacterium.
Barbiturate - A derivative of barbituric acid that produces depression of the central
nervous system and consequent sedation.

Benzoylecognine - A cocaine metabolite.

Butabarbital - A short- to intermediate-acting barbiturate derivative.

Butalbital - An occasionally encountered short-acting barbiturate closely related to

Talbutal and less closely to Amobarbital and Secobarbital. Intoxication can result in
lethargy, confusion, disorientation, and ataxia.

Cannabidiol - A constituent of cannabis, which, upon isomerization to a

tetrahydrocannabinol, has some of the physiologic activity of marijuana.

Cannabinol - (C21H26O2) A physiologically inactive phenol formed by spontaneous

dehydrogenation of tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis.

Cannabis - A genus of tall annual herbs in the family Cannabaccae having erect stems,
with 3 to 7 elongated leaflets and pistillate flowers in spikes along the stem. Commonly
known as marijuana or sometimes referred to on the street as grass or pot.

Chronic - Persistent, prolonged, repeated.

Chronic effect - A pathologic process caused by repeated exposures over a period of

long duration.

Chronic tolerance - The gradual decrease in degree of effect produced at the same
blood concentration in the course of repeated exposure to that drug.

Cocaine - A colorless to white crystalline powder. Used as a local anesthetic (medicine

or dentistry), usually as the hydrochloride. Also known by street names, such as coke,
snow, or freebase.

Codeine - A narcotic alkaloid that is used in medicine and cough syrups; highly toxic
and habit-forming narcotic.

Concentration - The amount of a substance in a stated unit of a mixture or solution.

Common methods of stating concentration are percent by weight,percent by volume, or
weight per unit volume. Amount of a drug in a unit volume of biological fluid, expressed
as weight/volume.

Confirmatory test - Second test by an alternative chemical method for unambiguous

identification of a drug or metabolite.

Crack - Concentrated form of cocaine, which is used in vapor form. It is smoked or

inhaled through crack pipes. It is a highly addictive drug that causes psychotic behavior,
which is often violent. Almost pure form of the drug cocaine hydrochloride, obtained
from a shrub native to Bolivia and Peru. It can cause increased alertness and energy,
runny nose, and decreased appetite when snorted, injected, or smoked.

Cut-off concentration - Concentration of a drug in a specimen or sample used to

determine whether the specimen or sample is considered positive or negative. In some
circumstances it is recommended that the cut-off concentration should be set equal to
the limit of detection.

Depressants - Drugs that depress the action of the central nervous system such as
phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and alcohol.

Designer drugs - Drugs that are produced illicitly by means of chemical

technology.They can cause uncontrollable tremors, chills, or sweating and faintness and
paranoia when injected or taken in pill form.

Diazepam - (valium) The second benzodiazepine derivative to have been approved for
human usage has been one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the United
States. It is administered as an antianxiety agent,muscle relaxant, or anticonvulsant.

Drug - Any natural or synthetic substance that is administered to produce specific

physiological or psychological effects.

Drug abuse - The nonmedicinal use of a drug in a manner that is not socially
acceptable.

Drug dependence - The primary hazard of the abusive use of drugs is the likelihood for
some individuals to develop a “need” or compulsive desire that may occur as a result of
a psychological or a physical craving.

Hallucinogens - Drugs like marijuana, LSD, PSP, and ecstasy that produce changes in
mood, thought and perception.

Hashish - Purified resin prepared from the flowering tops of the female cannabis plant
and smoked or chewed as a narcotic or an intoxicant.

Impramine - The prototype of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs.

Marijuana - Popular name for the dried flowers and leaves of Cannabis sativa.

Meperidine hydrochloride - A fine, white, odorless, crystalline powder; very soluble in

water, soluble in alcohol, and used in medicine as a narcotic.

Methadone hydrochloride - A synthetic narcotic. Used medicinally as a sedative and

also useful in treating heroin addiction.
Methamphetamine - Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic strong odor and slightly
burning taste. Highly toxic, flammable, as well as a dangerous fire risk. Basis of a group
of hallucinogenic, habit-forming drugs that affect the central nervous system.

Morphine - White crystalline alkaloid, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; highly
toxic, narcotic, habit-forming drug.

Mushroom - (Drugs) Umbrella-shaped fungus, some varieties of which contain a drug

that can cause hyperventilation, tremors, and hyperactivity when the fungus is chewed,
smoked, or ground and infused in water and drunk as a tea.

Narcotic - Pharmacologically, any substance that produces narcosis, a stuporous state

resembling sleep, and characterized by loss of sensation. Addictive substance that
reduces pain, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor.

Opiates - Natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substances with morphine-like effects in

the body. They are primarily employed as analgesics and can be considered narcotic in
their effects.

Opium - A highly toxic plant alkaloid that is a habit-forming narcotic; one source of
opium is morphine.

Overdose - An excessive dose of medicine or narcotic substance.

Peyote - The common name for the small Mexican cactus, Lophophora williamsii,which
contains the hallucinogen, mescaline.

Pharmacodynamics - The study of the relationship of drug concentration to drug

effects.

Pharmacokinetics - The study of the time course of the processes

(absorption,distribution, metabolism, and excretion) a drug undergoes in the body.

Pharmacologic - Relating to the study of drugs and their origin, natural properties,and
effects on living organisms.

Phencyclidine (PCP) - Has an anesthetic activity and is manufactured legitimately for

use as a veterinary anesthetic. It has no legitimate use in humans because of its
hallucinogenic actions. The effects on humans are considered euphoric, but at times
depression or anxiety and aggressive behavior are produced. Common street names
are PCP, peace pill,hog, and angel dust.

Picking - Adherence of a drug to the face of the punch used to produce a tablet.Picking
creates holes in the surfaces of pressed tablets, usually near letters such as A or R.
Propoxyphene - A mildly effective narcotic analgesic, somewhat less potent than
codeine, that bears a close structural relationship to methadone.

Qualitative test - A test that determines the presence or absence of specific drugs or
metabolites, proteins, or enzymes in the specimen or sample.

Quinine - Bulky, white, amorphous powder or crystalline alkaloid; very bitter taste;
odorless and levorotatory. Used in medicine as an antimalarial drug.

Secobarbital - A barbiturate derivative of short duration of action; used as either a

sedative or hypnotic.

Solvent - A substance capable of dissolving another substance (solute) to form a

uniformly dispersed mixture (solution) at the molecular or ionic size level.

Stimulants - Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system, creating
feelings of confidence and energy. A drug that produces a temporary increase of
functional activity or efficiency. A drug that increases alertness and motor activity and,
at the same time, reduces fatigue, allowing the individual to remain awake for an
extended period of time. It can cause weight loss, increased respiration and heart rate,
blurred vision, and anxiety when snorted,injected, smoked, or swallowed in capsule,
tablet, or pill form.

Strychnine - An alkaloid found together with the less active brucine in the seed of
Strychnos nux-vomica, a tree indigenous to India. It is a potent central nervous system
stimulant and convulsant, acting by the selective blockage of postsynaptic neuronal
inhibition.

Substance abuse - Use of alcohol or drugs that results in adverse effects on the user.
Substance abuse is a major health and social problem in the United States among
adolescents.

Tolerance - A state that develops after long-term exposure to a drug. Metabolic

tolerance infers a faster removal and oxidation by the liver. Functional tolerance infers a
change in sensitivity of the organ to the effects of the drug.

Fire Technology and Investigation term

Vapor Density - the density of the vapor relative to the density of air and is calculated
by dividing the molecular weight of the gas by that of air.

Flash point - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces a flammable
vapor.

Fire point/flame point - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces
a flammable vapor in sufficient quantity such that if a source of ignition is introduced,
the vapor will ignite and is usually a few degrees above the flash point

Ignition/auto-ignition temperature - the temperature at which a fuel will ignite on its

own with out any additional source ignition.

Thermal inertia - the ease at which a material can be ignited.

Heat release rate - is a measure of the amount of energy a specific type of fuel can
contribute to the heat flux in a fire.

Heat transfer - the mechanism in which fire can spread from its origin to other sources
of fuel.

Combustion - or burning - is the sequence of exothermic chemical reaction between

fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical
species. The result of the heat can result in the form of either glowing or flame.

Glowing combustion - occurs when solid fuels are not capable of producing sufficient
quantities of gas during pyrolysis to sustain a flame. If access to the oxidant (air) is
limited, glowing combustion may result.

Flaming combustion -commonly recognized type of fire and occurs with gaseous fuel
sources only. The color of the flame can give some indication of the composition of the
fuel.

Spontaneous combustion - the ignition of organic matter with out apparent cause,
typically through heat generated internally by rapid oxidation.A process whereby a
material self heats.

Explosive combustion - can occur when vapors, dust of gases, premixed with
appropriate amount of air are ignited.

Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.

Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility as well
as the failure analysis of fire or explosion.

Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source
together with proper air or oxygen.

Fire spread - the movement of fire from one place to another.

Flash fire - a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity such as the one that races over
dust, over the surface of flammable liquids or through gases.
Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fire
area, including interior finish and trim expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in
wood.

Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in
contact with each other and a fire begins.

Rekindle - a return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment of a fire

reigning at some time after being put out.

Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.

Definition of terms - (RA no.9514)

Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize fire hazard.

Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a
building for him.

Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off
explosives.

Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive compound

produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material.

Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance,materials or compound

having cellulose nitrate as base.

Combustible/Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set

on fire.

Combustible fiber - any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as
cotton,oakum,rags,waste cloth,waste paper,kapok,hay,straw,Spanish
moss,excelsior,and other similar materials commonly used in commerce.

Combustible liquid - any liquid having a flash pointat or above 37.8 degrees Celsius or
100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or
with certain chemicals.

Curtain board - a vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached

to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of
the roof into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to
a roof vent.
Cryogenic - descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction
with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate
surroundings.

Damper - a normally open device installed inside an air duct system which
automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Distillation - the process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile
from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to
produce as nearly purified substance.

Duct system - a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper proportion
and ignited will cause an explosion.

Electrical arc - an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric

current across a space between two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence
of the conducting vapor.

Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned and is still
oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.

Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective

purposes.

Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it
lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the
occupants of the building or the fighting element of the presence or danger of fire to
enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress
the fire.

Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or
partitions.

Fire Hazard - any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire or which may obstruct,delay,hinder or interfere with
firefighting operations and thesafeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and
unobstructed at all times for the expedient operations of firefighting units.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - any device intended for the protection of
buildings or persons to include but not limited to built in protection system such as
sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system,detectors for heat,smoke and
combustion products and other warning system components,personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets,helmets,fire suits,globes and other garments that may
be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.

Fire Safety Constructions - refers to design and

installationsof walls,barriers,doors,windows,vents,means of egress etc. Integral to and
incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life,from
smoke,fire,fumes or panic before the building is evacuated.

Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in
sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.

Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or
dimensions.

Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.

Hazardous operation/process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion etc.,

or produces materials which are likely to cause fires or explosions.

Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or around a wall
in approximately the same floor level.

Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored
and arranged for firefighting.

Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is
connected.\.

Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels

and oxidizers which ignite simultaneously on contact with each other.

Industrial Baking and Drying - the industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for
the purpose of removing solvents or moisture from the same and,or to fuse certain
chemical salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated.

Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in

an electrical system.

Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to
be used.
Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by
virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance
of the latter.

Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic compound which release oxygen readily.
It causes fire
when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high
temperature.

Overloading - the use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or
consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical
system.

Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real
property.

Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to

stimulate or support combustion.

Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment- type or burner where the fuel is
subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the combustion chamber and /or which
includes fans or other provisions for the introduction of air above normal atmosphere
pressure into the same combustion chamber.

Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people

congregate, gather or assemble for any purpose.

Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the
sky, dedicated for public use.

Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to

air.

Refining - a process where impurities and,or deleterious materials are removed from a
mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial
distillation and electrolysis.

Self Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and
heat and delay the spread o fire.

Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities

from pure metals.

Sprinkler System - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a

building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which
automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a
fire.

Standpipe System - a system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be
attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to the
outlet as needed.

Vestibule - a passage hall or ante chamber between the outer doors and the interior
parts of a house or building.

Vertical Shaft - a enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor as
well as from the base to the top of the building.

Fire - Combustion or burning in which substances combine chemically with

oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light,heat and smoke.

Flame - A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by

something on fire.

Conflagration - An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.

Burning - Means on fire or very hot or bright.

Combustion - The rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen involving

the production of heat and light.

Heat - The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for
at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.

Light - The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible.

Plasma - Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other being solid,liquid and
gas.

Flash point - The lowest temperature a which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be
ignited in air.

Fire point - Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for at least five
seconds after ignition by an open flame.
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation definition of term

Investigation - an inquiry, judicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts
concerning the matters involved.
- it is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital
information, facts, circumstances in order to establish the truth.
Criminal Investigator - a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation
of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the revised penal code,
criminals laws and special laws which are criminal in nature.
- a well trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the
field of criminal investigation.

Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a

person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action.

Neighborhood Investigation - one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom
cases which is often overlooked. The objective is to identify and interview in person all
individuals in the area where the victim was kidnapped or last known sighting area
during the window of opportunity.(last time seen until the time discovered missing.

Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been
committed.

Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) - used to describe the physical or
material evidence that a crime has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.

Confession - is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution

of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charge.

Admission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting

an acknowledgement of guilt.

Organized criminal group - a structured group of three or more persons existing

for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious
crime or offenses.

Organized crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a

criminal or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or
power using gangland style to attain their purpose.

Physical evidence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable
of being exhibited, examined or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to
fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs,
electronic parts used in the commission of the crime.

Victimology/victim profiling - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and

personality, assist in determining the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the
victim and the type of person who could have committed the crime. Complete
information regarding the victims physical description, normal behavior patterns, the
family dynamics and known friends and acquintances should be obtained as soon as
possible.

Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after
two hour interrogation. Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of his right to
counsel and remain silent, his conviction was overturned.

Waterboarding - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her
head lowered, then the face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect
to gag and experience the sensation of drowning.

Chinese water torture - interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the

forehead of the suspect. The goal is to drive the suspect to nearinsanity thereby
obtaining a confession.

Serial Killer - is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in
between.

Police Blotter - is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard bound cover that contains the
daily register of all crime incident reports, official summary of arrests and other
significant events reported in a police station. A separate police blotter shall be
maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like violence against women and
children and those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy
pursuant to RA 9262 (anti violence against women and children act of 2004) and RA
9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare act of 2006).

Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act has occurred.

Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished
picture.

Types of Sketches
1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View)
2. Elevation Drawing
3. Exploded View
4. Respective Drawings

Allan Pinkerton - a Scottish american detective who created the Pinkerton National
Detective Agency, the first detective agency in the US.Pinkerton foiled a plot to
assassinate President Lincoln.
Rouges Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and
suspects kept for identification purposes.A compilation of descriptions, methods of
operation having places and names of criminal and their associates.

Mugshot - is a photographic portrait taken after one is arrested.

Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The searchers (3
person is good)proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the
rectangle.
Double Strip Search Method - modification of the strip search method. The rectangle
is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.

Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is good) follow each other along the
path of a spiral beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards the center.
Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant and
then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.

Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to be approximately circular. The

searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. Procedure is
repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers.

Background Interview - time and place of interview are not a consideration except for
busy person.

Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be carefully planned. Busy person can be
interviewed at night, privacy is important.

Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in places other than the subjects
home/office to prevent him/her feeling confident. Investigator should get interviewees
respect.

Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon possible while facts are fresh in the
memory of interviewees.

Traffic Operation and Accident Investigation definition of term

Traffic - may consist of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, street cars and
other conveyances either singly or together while using the public way for purposes of
travel.

Traffic laws - laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles.

Traffic signs/road signs - are signs erected at the side of the roads to provide
information to road users.

Rules of the road - are the laws and the informal rules that may have developed
overtime to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.

Right of way - is a strip of land that is granted, through an easement or other

mechanism for transportation purposes such as for a trail, driveway, rail line or highway.
- the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass along a specific
route through property belonging to another.

Traffic signal/Traffic light - a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections.

Highway - any public road. A main road especially one connecting major town or cities.

Speed limit - define the maximum, minimum or no speed limit and are normally
indicated using a traffic sign.

Hit and run - is the act of causing a traffic accident and failing to stop and identify
oneself afterwards.

Traffic accident - occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian,
animal, road debris or other statutory obstruction such as tree or utility pole.

Mary Ward - worlds first road traffic death including a motor vehicle, is alleged to have
occurred on august 31, 1869, when she fell out of her cousins steam car and was run
over it.

Skid mark - is the mark a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or
spins on the surface of the road.

acceleration marks - created on acceleration if the engine provides more power that
the tire can transmit.

braking marks - if the brakes "lock-up" and cause the tire to slide.

yaw marks - if the tire slide sideways.

Abrasion - a condition manifested in pavement markings by gradual surface erosion,

thinning, and disappearance of the film due to wind, water, sand, and vehicle tire wear.

Acceleration - a rate of change of speed resulting in an increase in travelspeed.

Acceleration lane - a speed change lane for the purpose of enabling vehicle entering a
roadway to increase its speed to a rate at which it can safely merge with through traffic,
providing the necessary merging distance, and giving the main road traffic the
necessary time to make appropriate adjustment.
Acceleration marks - marks that are just opposite the skid marks.The tires are being
rotated by the axle and when done fast enough, the outside of the tire, the thread, takes
time to catch up to the rest of the tire, which is being held by
the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface.Therefore, the
acceleration marks are heavy at the beginning and lighten up as the tire thread catches.

Access - a way of entering or traveling towards a location.

Actuation - the operation of a detector in registering the presence or passage of a

vehicle or pedestrian.

Advance warning area - the first component of a work zone, upstream of the approach
area, used to alert drivers to road work ahead.

Advisory maximum speed - an advisory speed posted when the

roadway geometries result in a maximum safe speed which is 20 km/hr or more below
the operating speed and is 10 km/hr or more below the regulatory speed limit.

Advisory speed - the speed, determined to the nearest 5 km/hr at which traffic may
safely negotiate a potential hazard under favorable driving conditions.

A.I.D. - automatic incident detection.

Anti lock breaking system - (ABS) breaking system designed to break to break the
vehicle in the most effective manner, without locking up the tires and causing the tires to
go into a skid.This system is used differently than standard breaks when breaking in an
emergency situation.The break pedal is stepped on and held in place while the
electronic system takes over and modulates or applies the brakes until the wheels want
to lock up and then releases and breaks again.

Base drawing - The scale drawing made of the accident scene that shows all the
landmarks and detail to set the scene. It generally does not contain any measurements
or any points of impact (POI) or points of rest (POR)

Bottleneck - a highway section with reduced capacity that experiences operational

problems such as congestion.

Boulevard - an improved strip of land between the roadway and the sidewalk or
between two opposing roadways.

Bull nose - the area or point of divergence between two diverging roadways such as
between free way mainline lanes and an exit ramps.

Bumper fracture - fractures that typically occur due to the impact of a vehicle on the
calves of a decedent with fractures of the tibia or fibula.They may be unilateral or lateral.
Call box - a telephone pr other communications device located a given locations along
the side of the freeway.Motorists can request various services such as police, fire, or
ambulance by pressing certain buttons or using voice communications.

Carbon dioxide - a molecule consisting of one atom of carbon and two atoms of
oxygen,which is a major combustion product of the burning of organic materials.Carbon
dioxide is the result of complete combustion of carbon.

Carbon monoxide - a colorless, odorless, very toxic gas formed by burning carbon or
organic fuels.A gaseous molecule having the formula CO, which is the product of
incomplete combustion of organic materials.

Carpool - an arrangement in which a group of people share the use and possibly the
cost of a car in traveling to and from pre-arrange destinations together.

Causeway - a bridge or raised way constructed over marshy land or water.It may be
either an earth fill or bridge type structure.

Center lane facility - a reserved lane at or near the center of the roadway.

Chemical etching - a form of texturing a mold utilizing an acid bath that erodes
selective portion of the metal, leaving a resulting texture or pattern.

Chicane - a series of curb extensions on alternating sides of a roadway, which narrow a

roadway and requires vehicle to meander to travel through the chicane. Typically, a
series of three curb extensions is used.

Chop shop - a location, often an automobile repair shop or salvage yard, where a
stolen car is stripped of its parts (radio,doors,engine,etc) the remains are cut up and
sold for scrap metal.

Citation - a ticket issued by an officer deputized by the LTO for violating traffic laws.

Collision - an incident resulting in property damage, personal injury or death, and

involving the loss of control and/or the striking of one or more vehicles with another
vehicle, person, an animal, or an inanimate object.

Collision,primary - the impact between and another vehicle or a vehicle and a fixed
object.

Collision,secondary - the impact between the occupant

Collision,tertiary - the impact between the occupant and the restraint system.

Corrosion - the degradation of metals or alloys due to reaction with the

environment.The corrosive action on the metals or alloys is accelerated by acids, bases,
or heat.

Crosswalk - (pedestrian crossing) is a designated point on a road at which some

means are employed to assists pedestrians wishing to cross.

Curb - a vertical or sloping member along the edge of the roadway clearly defining the
roadway edge.

Declination - the difference between true north as shown on a topographic map and
magnetic north as indicated by the magnetic needle on a compass.

Drag factor - comes from the tool used to determine the value of
thecoefficient of friction of the road surface.A portion of a concrete-weighted tire is
pulled or dragged along the roadbed by a "fish scale"The investigator reads the scale
and and divides by the weight of the tire to determine thecoefficient of friction.It is called
dragged factor because it is determined bydragging the tire.

Driveway - every entrance or exit used by vehicular traffic to or from lands or buildings
abutting a highway.

DUI - driving under the influence.

DWI -driving while intoxicated.

Dyslexia - a disturbance to the ability to read.

Efface - to rub out, to strike, scratch out, or to erase.

First responder - the initial responding law enforcement officer or other public safety
official or service provider arriving at the scene prior to the arrival of the investigator in
charge.

Footbridge - (pedestrian bridge) is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in some

cases cyclists, animal traffic rather than vehicular traffic.

Footpath - is a path along the side of the road.

Gross weight - the weight of the vehicle without load plus the weight of any load
thereon.

Intersection - is a road junction where two or more roads either meet or cross at
grade.(same level)An intersection maybe 3 way, T-junction, fork, 4 way, cross roads, 5
way or more.
Laned roadway - a roadway is which is divided into two or more clearly marked lanes
for vehicular traffic.

Longitudinal axis - the long axis of the vehicle that runs from the front (hood) to the
rear (trunk) of the vehicle.
Metallic paint - paint used for covering metal surfaces, the pigment is usually iron
oxide.

Meter - the basic unit of length in the metric system.

Motor vehicle - (road vehicle) is a self propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate
on rails such as trains or trolleys.

Overhang - that potion of a transport vehicle which extends beyond the front or rear
bumper.

Pavement - (road surface) is the durable surface material laid down on an area
intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic such as road or walkway.

Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running.

Prying tool - a tool that can be used to forcibly open a locked door/cover by applying
leverage to the door/cover at one of its edges.

R.A.4136 - Land transportation and traffic code.

Refuge island - (pedestrian island) is a small section of pavement or

sidewalk completely surrounded by asphalt or other road materials where pedestrian
can stop before finishing crossing the road.

Right of way - the right of one vehicle or pedestrian to proceed in a lawful manner in
preference to another vehicle or pedestrian approaching under such circumstances of
direction, speed, and proximity as to give rise to danger of collision unless one grants
precedence to the other.

Road - is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places which typically has
been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a
horse, cart, or motor vehicle.

Roadway - consists of a width of road on which a vehicle is not restricted by any

physical barriers or separation to move laterally.

Road junction - is a location where vehicular traffic going in different directions can
proceed in a controlled manner designed to minimize accidents.

Runabout - is type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is slowed and
flows almost continuously in one direction around a central island to several exits into
the various intersecting roads.
Skid marks - marks left on the road surface when the tire stops rotating, locks up and
skids.

Speed limit - the maximum speed at which a vehicle may legally travel on a particular
stretch of road.

Stellar pattern - A bull’s-eye-type fracture of the windshield when struck by a human or

anthropomorphic head during a collision. Damage occurs in the form of a circular
pattern, with cracks radiating from the center.

Stile - is a structure which provides people a passage through or over a fence or

boundary via steps, ladder, or narrow gaps.

Submarining - action of the occupant sliding forward underneath the lap belt portion of
the restraint system, with the lap belt webbing resting above the pelvic girdle.
Tint - a color that has been made lighter by the addition of white.

Tire impression - when a tire contacts a surface, it results in the transfer of the class
characteristics of design and size and possibly of wear and individual characteristics of
the tire.

Tire patch - that portion of the tire that rest on the road surface.It is oval shaped and
has its longest axis along the normal direction of travel of the vehicle.When a vehicle is
sliding sideways, the tire marks left on the road gets almost twice as wide as the tires
turn sideways and the short axis is in the direction of travel that makes the tire marks.

Tire thread - part of a tire that contacts the road surface and contains a design.

Traffic - may consists of pedestrians,ridden or herded animals,vehicles, streetcars, and

other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the public way for purposes of
travel.

Traffic circle - is a type of intersection that has a generally circular central island.

Traffic collision - (traffic accident) occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle,
pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction such as a tree or utility
pole.

Traffic engineering - is a branch of civil engineering that use engineering techniques to

achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways.

Traffic light - (traffic signal) are signalling devices positioned at road intersections,
pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.
Traffic signs - (road signs) are signs erected at the side of roads to provide information
to road users.

Trails - (byway) is a path with a rough beaten or dirt/stone surface used for travel.

Tumblehome - The curvature of a vehicle body inward toward the roof. This gives the
vehicle a rounder look from the front and decreases aerodynamic drag.

VIN - vehicle identification number, the serial number that the car's manufacturer
stamps on several motor vehicle parts (many of which are inaccessible) for the purpose
of tracing and identifying car ownership.

Vulcanization - a irreversible process in which a rubber compound is heated under

pressure resulting in a chemical change in its structure.

Walkway - is a composite or umbrella term for all engineered surfaces or structures

which support the use of trails.

RA 4136 - Land Transportation and Traffic code of the Philippines.

Coefficient of Friction - is a dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of

the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together.

Rail Adhesion - grip wheels of a train have on the rails.

Split Friction - dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either side of a
car.

Road Texture - affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface.

Profilograph - devised used to measure pavement surface roughness.

Tribometer - an instrument that measures friction on a surface.

Traffic Waves - "stop waves" "traffic Shocks" - are traveling disturbances in the
distribution of cars on a highway.

Traffic Flow - the total number of vehicles passing a given point in a given time. Traffic
flow is expressed as vehicle per hour.

Traffic Congestion - "traffic jam" - is a condition on roads, streets or highways that

occurs as use increases.

Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot whetherwalking or running.

Gridlock - a traffic jam so bad that no movement is possible.

China - (Beijing-Zhangjiakou province) - is considered the worlds worst traffic jam ever
as traffic congestion stretched more than 100 kilometers including 11 days of gridlock.

Brazil - (Sao Paolo) - has the worlds worst daily traffic jams.

France - (A6 Auto-route) - between Paris and Lyon w.

Special Crime Investigation - is a special study of modern techniques in

the investigation of serious and specific crimes including murder, homicide, rape,
abortion, robbery, arson kidnapping, blackmail, carnapping and criminal negligence.The
emphasis is on physical evidence rather than an extra judicial confession. Special crime
investigation focuses on specific crimes which by their nature are difficult and complex
to investigate.

Police Report Writing (Technical English)Definition of Terms:

Affidavit - summary judgment. The kind of affidavit necessary to support a summary

judgement is that affidavit from which it may be clearly drawn that certain facts pleaded
by either party are certain, undisputed and indubitable which dispense with the
hearing or trial of the case.(PNP definition).

After operation report - it is a report that may be rendered after any successful police
operation that leads to the arrest of any member or some members of syndicated crime
group.

After soco report - it is a report rendered by the team leader of the SOCO that
conducted the scene of the crime operations, processing or investigation.

Agents report - it is a report rendered by a documented agent who answers an

intelligence requirement.

Agreement - Proposal. A proposal remains an offer even if not answered and

irrespective of the length of time that has passed. It only becomes an agreement when
accepted by the other party.(PNP definition).
Book of account - a book containing charges and showing a continuous dealing with
persons generally. To be admissible in evidence, it must be kept as an account book
and the charges made in the usual course of business.

Case officer - the person responsible for and in charge of the investigation of the case.

Police blotter - a record or log where all types of operational and under cover
dispatches shall be recorded containing the 5 "W" and 1 "H"(Who, What, Where, When,
Why, and How of an information.

Spot report - refers to an immediate initial investigative or incident report addressed to

higher headquarters pertaining to the commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or
man-made disaster or unusual incidents involving loss of lives and damage of
properties.

Tactical interrogation report - the reportrendered by an interrogator which contain the

following information: 1. Personal and family background 2. Educational background 3.
Professional background 4. Criminal activities,associates/armaments 5. Plans

Summary of information (SOI) - an intelligence report rendered regarding any illegal

activity or violation of laws being observed by intelligence operatives within a given area
of responsibility. This is the usual basis of case operations hence, information received
should be cared, validated, countered checked, analyzed and evaluated.

Police Report - report made by the police containing the initial statement made by the
victim at the time she or he reported the crime. A police report consists of a testament,
specific details of the event and names of people involved.