C H I N E S E 30URNAL OF PIIYSICS VOL. 31. NO.

Electromagnetic Properties of the NeutrinoT

K. L. Ng
D e p a r t m e n t of Physics, Noti’onal
Taiwan liniversity,
Taipei 106, Taitcan, R.0.c’.
(Received September 5, 1992)

In this paper, I will discuss the electromagnetic properties of the neutrino by impos-
ing the hermiticity condition, CPT and CP invariance on the electromagnetic current
matrix element. These invariances imply certain constraints on neutriuo ’s elect.romag-
netic form factors. Then, I discuss the gauge invariance and divergence problem in
defining the neutrino charge radius (NCR) within the Standard Model (SM). Mext, I
present the calculation of NCR in the IV = 1 Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
(MSSM), and compare the supersymmetric results with the SSI value.

I. INTRODUCTION

The neutrino was introduced by W. Pauli in 1930 in order to explain the continuous
electron spectrum accompanying nuclear beta decay. The experimental evidence for the
existence of a neutrino was first reported by Reines and Coivan in 1953. Even though it is
over 50 years after the discovery, we only know that the neutrino is a neutral, spin l/2 and
weakly interacting particle. We don’t know if the neutrino has a mass or not. If neutrino
has mass, then the question of whether neutrino is a Dirac or Majorana type particle arises
naturally. This is because the neutrino may be its own anti-particle (Majorana particle).
The difference between a Dirac and Majorana neutrino is clearly exhibited in the neutral
current interaction process [l], observation of neutrinoless double beta decay, and their
electromagnetic properties [2,3]. For example, a spin l/2 Majorana neutrino can only have
the anapole moment form factor, if CPT invariance holds. This result was generalized to
an arbitrary half integral spin [a], and arbitrary spin [5] !Jajorana fermion.
Since a major part of this talk will be published [6] thus I will keep the discussion
to be minimal. In section 2, I review the electromagnetic properties of the Dirac and

t Refereed version of the invited paper presented at the First Workshop on Particle Physics Phenomenofogy,
May 22-34, 1992, Kenting National Park, Pingtung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

157 @ 1993 T H E P H Y S I C A L S O C I E T Y
OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA

-.__-__.. i. .
 158 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRINO VOL. 31

Majorana neutrinos. In section 3, I discuss the conceptual difficulties in defining neutrino

charge radius (NCR) in the Standard Model (SM) and review various attempts to fix the
gauge dependence problem for the definition. In section 4, I present the calcuation of NCR
in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and investigate the dependence
of the NCR on the supersymmetric parameters and conclude in section 5.

II. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM FACTORS OF THE NEUTRINO

In this section we study the allowed form of couplings for the electromagnetic current,
J:" , matrix element between two neutrino states. In my discussion I will closely follow the
notations used in Ref. [3].

II- 1. General analysis

Consider the neutrino decay process vi f of + y, where Y; and of are two Dirac
neutrinos with masses mi and rnf (m; > mr) and y is the photon. The transition amplitude
. for this process is given by

where IV; > and < “~1 are the initial and final neutrino states respectively, and (I,)f; is
the dressed vertex function that characterize the above neutrino decay process.
Lorentz invariance implies the dressed vertex function in general can have ten types
of coupling: five vector types and five pseudo-vector types of coupling. The five possible
vector types of coupling have the following forms: qa, ye, P,, o,pqp, and a,pPfl, where
q = pf - pi, P = pf + P; a n d ocrP = ;[Y~,Y~]. The pseudo-vector types of coupling are
obtained by the addition of a 75 factor.
Using the Dirac equation, (yPpp - m)u = 0, one obtains identities which relate the
various types of coupling (the Gordon decomposition relation), hence, reduce the number
of independent couplings to six. Therefore, the electromagnetic current matrix element
between two Dirac neutrino states is given by
< Vf(Pfjl JFIv;(Pi) >

where V and A are the vector and pseudo-vector type form factors respectively.
Conservation of the electromagnetic current, q*Jz” = 0, will further reduce the
number of independent types of coupling, thus the most general electromagnetic current
matrix element between two neutrino states is given by
 VOL. 31 K. L. NG 159

< ~j(Pj)lJr%(P1) > = u(P/)[(% - %d?/d/~2)(~ t A2Y5)

(2.3)
t~upqP(1;3tA375)]/,2L(1)i)

where V2 and Vs are called the charge moment form factor and magnetic dipole moment
form factor respectively, A2 and A3 are called the anopole moment form factor and electric
dipole moment form factor respectively.

11-2. Electromagnetic form factors of a Dirac neutrino

i-_ qaJa
It follows from the hermiticity of the electromagnetic tensor operator, J,
where 7 = (-l,l, 1, l), that

< ~~(Pj)IJlTIvi(pi) >’ =< vi(pt)lJTIVj(pj) > (2.4)

thus implies

YO(Ta)~iYCl = -%(ra)ij P-5)

hence
. (V27V37A27A3)ji = (V~,VS,A~,-AS)~~ (2-Q

For the off-diagonal case, ~j # vi, hermiticity does not imply any restriction on the form
factors. For the diagonal case, hermiticity implies that all the form factors are real except
the electric moment form factor A3.
Under the CPT transformation, Jim ‘P T -Jim. This implies

CPT < vj(Pj)iJTlv;(P;) >CPT = - < ~i(pi)IJcZmIVj(pj) > . (2.7)

In terms of the Dirac spinor, the left-handed side is given by

CPT < vj(Pj)lJ?lv;(pi) >CPT = ~CPT(-Pi)(rcr)ji”C PT(-pj) cw

and

UCPT( -P) = ‘Y oV~‘( C~~(~))* (2.9)

where uCpT(p) is the CPT conjugate of the spinor u(p), VT is the time-reversal matrix, t
denotes the transpose operation, and r, is the dressed vertex function describes the process
Vi -+ tij + 7, where fi denotes the anti-neutrino state.
Using Eq. (2.8) and the properties of the gamma matrices under C and VT in Eq.
(2.7), we obtain

CVT(r,)jiV~‘C -’ = (I?a)ij (2.10)

which implies

L.’ _-.-_ IL -_, . . .

160 ELECTROhl.4GNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRINO VOL. 31

(%, T/3: &, _&),, = (-l/2. -I,>, -AZ, -_4& (2.11)

as a result of CPT invariance.

Under the CP transformation, Jz” % q,.Jz”. This implies

CP < ~_f(~_f)lJFl~;(~;) >CP = 70 < uj(pj)lJErnIv;(pi) > (2.12)

and the left-handed side is given by

CP < Vj(Pj)lJPlVi(P;) >CP = ‘1 Lcp(--p:)(l;l,)jiZ1cp(--p;) (2.13)

where p: = -GP, = (Qo, -p), r’ d enotes the dressed vertex function with q replaced by
q’ and

WPh') = YoC~%q. (2.14)

Inserting Eq. (2.13) and Eq. (2.14) into Eq. (2.12), one obtains

YOc(T/,);ic-‘YO = -77a(raJji (2.15)

If CP invariance holds. we obtain

(Vz, I&/,, A2,_A3)j; = (-1’2, -1’3, -AZ, As)ji (2.16)

It follows from Eq. (2.11) and Eq. (2.16) that .4 szi = 0. That means in a CPT invariant
theory, a Dirac neutrino cannot have the electric dipole moment form factor A3 if C P
invariance holds.

11-3. Electromagnetic form factors of a Majorana neutrino

Under the CPT transformation, a Majorana neutrino, v”, transforms as [7]

W7+M(p,s) > = &&M(p, -s) > (2.U)

where 71;~~ is a phase factor that depends on the spin of the particle, and q&T = -_rlc&.
Assuming CPT inva.riance for the electroma.gnetic current matrix element, we have

CPT < ~~(~j)lJ:~lq%) >CPT = - < ~~~4(~~~IJZ’7$%j) > (2.18)

For a Majorana neutrino. the left-hand side of Eq. (2.18) can be written as

CPT < $%j)lJ:“I~~fbi) >CPT = ~PT(Pj)(ra)jiUPTh) (2.19)

where u~T(I)) = -JQV~~U*(~). This implies

I,F’(r;)j;&- = -(r&j (2.20)

Using lhc properties of the gamma matrices under \‘l. in Eq. (2.20), we obtain
 VOL. 31 K. L. NG 161

(V2, V3, AZ, -43)fi = (-V., -V,, A27 -hIif (2.21)

For the same neutrino species, i = f, CPT invariance implies A2 # 0, that is a Majorana
neutrino has the anapole moment form factor only.
Under CP transformation, a Majorana neutrino transforms as

CPIYyP,s) > = 17;plv"(-P,4 > (2.22)

where r$& is the CP parity of the Majorana neutrino and q& = fi. Assuming CP
invariance, we have

The left-hand side of Eq. (2.23) can be written as

C P < V~(P_f)/J~mI~Y(Pi) >CP = UP(P;)(r~)fi~P(P:) (2.24)

where up(p’) = you(p). Using Eq. (2.23) and Eq. (2.24), one obtains

r?+70(rL)fi70 = 77cr(Fa)fi (2.25)

.
where qcp = iq. Eq. (2.25) implies

The amplitude of the Majorana neutrino decay process, VM --f vy + 7, depends on t h e

relative CP parity of the initial and final neutrino states. For instance, if $qf = 1, a
Majorana neutrino has pseudo-vector types of coupling (electric dipole type transition), A 2
and As, while for $qf = -1, a Majorana neutrino has vector types of coupling (magnetic
dipole type transition) V2 and Va only.

III. NEUTRINO CHARGE RADIUS OF THE NEUTRINO

In this section, I discuss the subtlety of defining the NCR in SM and review various
attempts to fix the problem.
The matrix element of the electromagnetic current J,“, between two neutrino states
is given by (2.3). It is tempting to define the mean square charge radius of the neutrino as

Even though neutrino remains carrying zero net charge under arbitrary quantum
fluctuations, it can have a nonzero charge radius due to the fluctuation of the charge distri-
bution in the surroundings. This definition is motivated via the elastic electron scattering
 162 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE KEUTRINO VOL. 31

off a static charge distribution. Bardeen, Gastmans. and Lautrup [S] calculated < r2 >
in SM and found that it is ultraviolet divergent and concluded it can not be a physical
quantity. Several authors have tried to remedy this problem by increasing the number of
Feynman diagrams involved in the definition of V2(q2). Lucia, Rosado, and Zepeda [9]
studied neutrino-lepton neutral current scattering, where the amplitude is given by

M = ie2 terms (3.2)

w h e r e Lz = 2Lf-ypu;, Lz = tij[--$r,(l- ys) + s2yP]
u,, and LE = VfyP(l - 7s)~;. F. and kz
are finite and gauge-invariant functions. The authors proposed a generalization of charge
radius to the “electroweak radius”. defined as

< r2 >EW = -6 (3.3)

&12 92 =o

. which is then a finite and gauge-invariant quantity. Subsequently, Degrassi, Marciano, and
Sirlin (DMS) [lo] reconsidered the radiative corrections to the neutral current v-lepton and
u-hadron scatterings. DMS concluded that the minimal set of diagrams that will give a
gauge-invariant and finite result of the NCR are given in Figs. 1 and 2. The 22 box
diagram is gauge-invariant by itself and does not contribute to the NCR if masses of the
external fermions are ignored.
The sum of the contributions of the minimal set of diagrams mentioned above can
be written as

SM em ---.-!?_ < flJ,“,li

= 2M$
> LLA(“)(q2) (3.4)
where Aty)(q2) is the induced electromagnetic form factor of interest. This led DMS to
define the effective electromagnetic form factor of the neutrino, a finite, gauge invariant
function of the momentum transfer that can be associated with low energy neutrino scat-
tering processes. The corresponding effective charge radius of the neutrino is defined as

< T2 3
>D,j,fS = -- A(“)(O).
M;,
(3.5)

Here we list the numerical values for the NCR by DMS for future reference purposes.
For m2 = 120GeV and mH = lOOGeV, one obtains

6.6 x 10-34cm2 for u,,

< T2 >DhfS = 38 x 10-34cm2 for vP,, (3.6)
55 x 10-34cm2 for v,.

Recent experimenta.1 bounds from u,e and v,e elas,tic seattering on NCR is [ll]
 VOL. 31 163

FIG. 1. Electromagnetic proper vertex, yZ mixing and related counterterms in v-lepton scattering.

f ”

Ii IL
W Z

IL Y ”
(b)

f Y

Ii Ii
Z

Z
IL 1r
1 ”

Cd)

FIG. 2. Vertex correction to Z mediated amplitude and box diagrams in v-lepton scattering

-.. . .
 164 ELECTROMAGNETICPROPERTIESOFTHENEUTRINO VOL. 31

-281x 10-34~m2 2 < r2 >", < 51 x 10-34cm2 (3.7)

and most recently, the LAMPF obtained the first bound on < r2 >“,

-274 x 10-34cm2 < < r2 >“, < 488 x 10-34cm2 (3.8)

with 90% CL.

IV. NEUTRINO CHARGE RADIUS IN MINIMAL SUPERSYMMETRIC

STANDARD MODEL

In this section, I study the effect of supersymmetry on the neutrino charge radius.
As in the case of SM, the supersymmetric corrections to the NCR arise from vacuum
polarizations (two-point functions), vertex corrections (three-point functions), box diagrams
(four-point functions), and counterterm diagrams. The gauge-independence and finitness of
the SUSY corrections is shown in [6]. Of all the contributions to the form factor A”(q2), we
. expect the oblique two-point functions are the dominant one. A general expression for the
electromagnetic form factor AcV)(q2) in terms of the two, three, and four point functions
has been obtained by DMS [lo]. It is given by

A(“)(q2) = icA+jq2) + (il)ZRe[Az;y) _ Aw~2Mi?d]

M’
(4.1)
t ;F;r(q2) + 2B(q2)
where (c, s) = ( COST,, sin8,) and Bw is the Weinberg angle. The general form of the self-
energy of the gauge bosons IIF, (V = yy, 72, IYW, 22) is given by

IIF = Av(q2)g’“” t Bv(q2)qpq” (4.2)

By using the Dirac equation, it is straightforward to show that only the transverse part
Av(q2) is relevant in our problem. Fy,z are the form fa,ctors of the yvv and Zff vertices,
and B arises from the box diagrams.

IV-l. Numerical Results

The interested reader can find a detailed study of the dependence of the NCR for
each of the three different sectors: Riggs sector, scalar matter sector, and the gaugino sector
within the MSSM in Ref. [6]. In this section I will summarize the various contributions
from each of the three sectors and give a brief discussion on the MSSM results.
Our numerical results show that vacuum polarizations give the dominant contri-
butions to the NCR, while the TVV vertex, Zee vertes and the box diagrams give sn~all
contributions only.
VOL. 31 I<. L. NG 165

(I) Higgs bosons sector

The Higgs bosons contributions to the NCR in the MSSM are small in comparison
to the SM result, and therefore can be neglected in general.
(II) Scalar matter ‘sector
The scalar leptons give a positive contribution to the NCR. As the gravitino mass
becomes heavy, the scalar leptons contributions are comparable to the SM value for clec-
tron type neutrino. The three scalar quark generations also give positive contributions to
the NCR which arise mainly from the scalar top quark contribution. The scalar quarks
contributions are comparable to the SM value for electron type neutrino.
(III) Gaugino sector
The two charginos and the four neutralinos always give a negative contributions to
the NCR and the magnitude of the contributions increase as the charginos masses increase.
Depending on the two chargino masses, the magnitude of the gaugino contributions to the
NCR are comparable to the SM results.

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

It is shown that the Dirac neutrino decay process, v, - ~1 + r, is characterized by

six electromagnetic form factors (three vector types and three pseudo-vector types). In
the diagonal case, the electric dipole moment form factor is not allowed in a CPT and CP
invariant theory. For a Majorana neutrino, in the diagonal case, it has the anapole moment
form factor only, if we assume CPT invariance. For the off-diagonal case, if the initial and
final Majorana neutrinos have the same (opposite) CP parity, then only electric (magnetic)
type transitions are allowed.
We show that in the context of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, the NCR
is a finite and gauge independent quantity. The oblique correction is the dominant one.
The vertex and box corrections to the NCR are comparable but can be neglected because
they are in general samller compared with the oblique correction. The Higgs bosons give
negligible contributions to the NCR. The scalar matter sector contributions to the NCR
are comparable to the SM value.for electron type neutrino. The magnitude of the gaugino
sector contributions to the NCR are comparable to the SM results.
The current experimental upper and lower bound on the NCR from accelerator experi-
ments is only a few times above the SM and SUSY predictions. With moderate improvement
on the current experimental precisions, one will be able to test if Nature is Supersymmetric
or not.
 166 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRINO VOL. 31

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. H. Y. Cheng for the invitation and his hospitality. This
work is supported by the National Science Council, R.0.C research grant NSC-81-0208-M-
002-518.

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