Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Health Care Ethics

Presented by:

Menpin, Bethel Grace Noelle P.

Terrible, Tom Iris M.

BSN 1-8

Presented to:

Ms. Bernadette A. Sapinoso

April 26, 2019

 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Moral Decision Making

1. PRINCIPLE OF MORAL DISCERNEMNT

Discernment is the ability to obtain sharp perceptions or to judge well. In
the case of judgment, discernment can be psychological or moral in nature.
Within judgment, discernment involves going past the mere perception of
something and making nuanced judgments about its properties or qualities.
Considered as a virtue, a discerning individual is considered to
possess wisdom, and be of good judgement; especially so with regard to subject
matter often overlooked by others.
The Process of Moral Discernment
The process of individual discernment has required tasks in order for good
discernment. These tasks include taking time in making the decision, using both
the head and heart, and assessing important values. Time is necessary to make
a good choice, decisions made in a hurry are often not the best decisions. When
time is available to assess the situation, it improves the discernment process.
When time allots the tentative decision can be revisited days later to make sure
that the individual is satisfied with their choice after the discernment process.

2. PRINCIPLE OF WELL-FORMED CONSCIENCE

Conscience represents both the more general ability we have as human
beings to know what is good and right and the concrete judgments we make in
particular situations concerning what we should do or about what we have
already done. Moral choices confront us with the decision to follow or depart from
reason and the divine law. A good conscience makes judgments that conform to
reason and the good that is willed by the Wisdom of God. A good conscience
requires lifelong formation.

There are some rules to follow in obeying one’s conscience. First, always
follow a certain conscience. Second, an incorrect conscience must be changed if
possible. Third, do not act with a doubtful conscience. We must always obey the
certain judgments of our conscience, realizing that our conscience can be
 incorrect, that it can make a mistake about what is truly the good or the right
thing to do. This can be due to ignorance in which, through no fault of our own,
we did not have all we needed to make a correct judgment.

However, we must also recognize that ignorance and errors are not
always free from guilt, for example, when we did not earnestly seek what we
needed in order to form our conscience correctly. Since we have the obligation to
obey our conscience, we also have the great responsibility to see that it is formed
in a way that reflects the good moral.

3. STRATEGIES OF MORAL-DECISION PROCESS

When addressing ethical conduct within organizations, it is important to
note the nature of organizational settings. The old model of organizations as
bloated bureaucracies has faded. Many of the structures within organizations that
individuals relied on as they approached their tasks have evaporated. The
boundaries between organizations have blurred. The line between management
and workforce has become fuzzy.

The relationship between providers of services and products and their

customers or clients has developed a new intimacy and complexity. These
factors combine to create an environment that is dynamic and complex. People
are increasingly finding themselves in situations marked by competing interests,
values, and goals, where stakeholders of multiple stripes come together to
achieve personal as well as organizational goals.

In this complex environment, individuals must make decisions that are

responsive to multiple competing demands in a timely manner. It is not difficult to
see how the complexity and ambiguity of modern organizations can thrust people
into situations that call for ethical decision-making. Circumstances in which a
variety of people have competing interests, the outcomes are difficult to predict,
and there is sufficient ambiguity to obscure ethical procedures are ripe for ethical
misconduct to occur.

Strategies of Moral Decision Process

 Recognizing your circumstances

 Seeking outside help
 Questioning your own and others’ judgment
 Dealing with emotions
 Anticipating consequences of actions
 Analyzing personal motivations
 Considering the effects of action to others