PEOPLE ONLY SEE

WHAT IS READY TO SEE

RALPH WALDO EMERSON
 INTOXICATION BY
TEOBROMINE

ANDRÉS CAMILO LEÓN RAYO Y JUAN CAMILO REYES PEÑA

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CAUSES
V SEMESTER - M.V.Z
 TABLE OF CONTENS

1. Introduction. 7.2. Relative risk

2. What is theobromine ?. 8. Clinical signs
2.1. Taxonomy 8.1. Cats
2.2. Theobromine 8.2. Dogs
2.3. Aleksandr Abramovich Voskresensky 9. Emergency therapy
4. Methylxanthines group 9.1 Supportive therapy
5. Toxicokinetics 10. Discussion
5.1. RADME 11. Conclusions
6. Toxicodynamics
7. Toxicity
7.1. Treomine concentration in several products
Theobromine poisoning is more common in dogs,
maybe because they have a preference for their taste
when being processed or because of their
indiscriminate eating habits.
 WHAT IS TEOBROMINE?

It´s present in foods such as cocoa

TAXONOMY
Kingdom Plantae
This molecule is found in large proportions Sub- Tracheobionta
kingdom

Is a stimulant of the nervous system Class Magnoliopsida

Subclass Dilleniidae
Order Malvales
Methylxanthines are part of the group Family Malvaceae
SubFamily Sterculioideae
Genus Theobroma
Species T. cacao
Table 1. Theobromine taxonomy
(Molecularmente. 2016).
 WHAT IS THEOBROMINE?
THEOBROMINE

Mental performance
MODERATE Physical performance
Fatigue
THEOBROMINE

DOSES Sleep
Anxiety
Dysphoria
HIGH DOSES Physical and mild dependence
Withdrawal syndrome
 Aleksandr Voskresensky

• November 25, 1808 - January 21,

1880.
• Russian chemist.
• Director of the Imperial University of St.
Petersburg.
• "Grandfather of the Russian chemistry"
Dmitri Mendeleev.
• 1841 - Theobromine.
Figure 1. Alexandr Abramovich Voskresensky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Voskresensky
 GROUP OF METHYLXANTHINES

Caffeine Teobromine Theophylline

• Purinergic derivatives.
• Formed by heterocycles:
pyrimidine in condensed imidazole.
• 3,7 dimethylxanthine
(Theobromine).
• The salts that form theses
compounds are easily soluble.
(Moratalla, 2018) Figure 2. Chemical formula of methylxanthines
TABLE 2. Xantinas content of some food and recreation products

(Moratalla, 2018)
(Rodriguez, C., Cantero, N. 2013) (Galeano, 2012)

TOXICOCINETICS

RADME
Air Inhalation Urine

MC
Water Ingestion CNS Stool
Plasma White
Organ
Skin
Food absorption Exhaled air

Others Others Others

Metabolization
Release Absorption Excretion
Distribution
(Rodriguez, C., Cantero, N. 2013) (Galeano, 2012)

TOXICOCINETICS

RADME
INGESTION
soft tissues Bones
Lung
Organs
Gastrointestinal
tract
BLOOD Extracellular
liver Fluid

Kidney
Bile Grease
secreting organs
urinary bladder
Stool
Secretions
Urine
 TOXICODYNAMICS
Action mechanisms

Adenosinergc system and adenosine receptors

• Block adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b, A3)

PKA:
• Intracellular calcium
5
• Cardiac muscle
contractility
• Calcium sequestration

ACTION OF ADENOSINE
RECEPTORS (Moratalla, 2018)
 TOXICITY

 Cats: 20 – 200 mg/kg. (LD50).

 Dogs: 100 – 500 mg/kg. (LD50).
 Age
 Physiological status
 Concurrent treatment of the animal
 TOXICITY
(Soto-Ramírez L. Et al. 2018).
(28g = 1 Onza)
Concentration of theobromine in several products:
White chocolate: 0,25 mg per 28 g
Unsweetened "fondant" chocolate: 390-450 mg per 28 g
Milk chocolate: 44-60 mg per 28 g.
Instant hot chocolate: 13 mg de teobromina per 28 g
Coconut flour: 300-900 mg per 28 g
Coconut husks: 300-1200 mg per 28 g
Relative risk:
7 g of chocolate "fondant" per Kg of body weight.
56 g of milk chocolate per kg of body weight
11.2 g of white chocolate per kg of body weight.
 CLINICAL SIGNS

DOGS CATS
ACUTE SUBACUTE CHRONIC
Snaking Increased urination Cardiotoxic effects
Panting Tachycardia Diarrhea
Extreme Thirst Diarrhea
Restlessness - - - - - Respiratory and
cardiac problems
Agitation - - - - -
Threw up - - - - - Seizures

(Mascotaking, 2013)
(Daza, M. and Ayuso E. 2004) (Galeano, 2012) (Baixa, 2013)

CLINICAL SIGNS
CATS

LD50 20-200mg/kg (Selective)

Permissible levels

Acute Respiratory and

Vomiting cardiac problems
Clinical 4 -12 hours
and 40-50mg
diarrhea
signs 20mg Seizures
>60mg
Others
Acute - Subacute

Snaking, Panting, Extreme thirst, Restlessness - Increased urination, Tachycardia

(Daza, M. and Ayuso E. 2004) (Galeano, 2012) (Baixa, 2013)

CLINICAL SIGNS
DOGS

LD50 100-500mg/kg (Not Selective)

Permissible levels

Acute Respiratory and

Vomiting cardiac problems
Clinical 4 -12 hours
and 150-250mg
diarrhea
signs 100mg Seizures
>300mg
Others
Acute - Subacute

Snaking, Panting, Extreme thirst, Restlessness - Increased urination, Tachycardia

 EMERGENCY THERAPY
Prevent greater toxic absorption
Administer
diazepam

Cutaneous Oral
Enemas
exposure presentation
Monitor breathing

Control body gastric

Laxative
temperature lavage
SYMPTOMATIC THERAPY AND MAINTENANCE

CARDIOVASCULAR

Cardiovascular:
• Control arrhythmias.
• Correct the acid alteration base.
• Correct electrolytic abnormalities.

CNS

Diazepam for excitement or seizures.

DISCUSSION
There is a wide range of canines that are at risk of presenting a
theobromine poisoning due to their lack of food, therefore they
have found multiple results of how to treat acute intoxication in
dogs, while in farm animals no previous studies have been found
for the control of theobromine (ELIKA 2009).
It is recognized that theobromine is the substance with less toxicity
of methylxanthines but in a small amount in a pet can cause
factors that can tempt your life in less than 12 hours.
CONCLUSIONS
 There are very few cases of theobromine poisoning, since the animal must
ingest high amounts of cocoa, chocolate or caffeine.
 In clinical-veterinary practice it is unusual to find cases of theobromine
poisoning.
 Cats are more susceptible to theobromine poisoning.
 Diazepam is a very effective medicine to reduce or avoid seizures in
intoxicated animals.
Questions?
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

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