Accepted Manuscript

Structural analysis of the northern part of the East Anatolian Fault System

Mehmet Köküm, Murat İnceöz

PII: S0191-8141(18)30156-1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.016
Reference: SG 3687

To appear in: Journal of Structural Geology

Received Date: 19 March 2018

Revised Date: 6 June 2018
Accepted Date: 19 June 2018

Please cite this article as: Köküm, M., İnceöz, M., Structural analysis of the northern part of the East
Anatolian Fault System, Journal of Structural Geology (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.016.

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1 Structural Analysis of the northern part of the East Anatolian Fault System

2 Mehmet KÖKÜM*, Murat İNCEÖZ

3 Fırat University, Geological Engineering, Elazig, 23200, TR

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4 *Corresponding author (e-mail: mkokum@firat.edu.tr)

5 ORCID ID:0000-0001-5149-3931

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23 Abstract

24 The East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) is an intra-continental strike-slip fault associated with

25 the collision of the Arabian plate with the Anatolian plate in the Alp-Himalaya system. In this

26 study, the northern part of the EAFS, was studied. We measure more than two-hundred fault slip

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27 data (strike, dip, striation and slip sense for each fault) in eighteen different localities to make

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28 paleostress reconstruction of the related area. Several criteria are taken into consideration in order

29 to reveal chronology of faulting such as superimposed slickenlines, age of the affected strata and

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30 syndepositional faults. Our results show three different deformation stages from the Middle

31 Eocene to today in the study area: (1) The NW-SE extensional tectonic, oldest stage, became

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effective in Middle Eocene-Middle Miocene; (2) the NNE-SSW compressional tectonic become
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33 effective in Late Miocene-Early Pliocene; (3) the strike-slip tectonic, youngest stage, has been

34 effective since Late Pliocene. The maximum compressive stress (σ1) orientation averaged around
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35 N25°E and N15°E for Stage 2 and Stage 3, respectively. This ca. 100 rotation of the maximum
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36 compressive stress (σ1) orientation may be related to the formation of the strike-slip faults
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37 concluded changing in the stress orientations between σ3 and σ2 in the Late Pliocene.

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39 Key Words: Turkey, paleostress, slip data, strike-slip fault

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441. Introduction

45 In most cases, it is not possible to determine the faulting mechanism on active and/or old

46 faults considering only stratigraphic or morphological data. In addition, several different

47 movements may have occurred through time on a single fault (Angelier, 1984). Paleostress

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48 studies allow calculation of the orientation and relative values of the principal stress axes using

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49 fault slip data on the fault surface. Thus, the past and present behavior of the fault could be

50 revealed. In the light of this information, tectonic processes in the region at various scales

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51 through time can be constructed. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the past and present behavior

52 of the East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) and its relation with the regional stress in the study

53 area.
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54 The study area is located in the northern part of the EAFS, between localities of Palu and Uslu

55 (Elazığ) district (Figure 1). The EAFS is a NE-SW trending left-lateral strike-slip fault, about 550
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56 km long that forms the boundary between Arabian and Anatolian plates. The North Anatolian
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57 Fault System (NAFS) is a right-lateral strike-slip fault trending almost E-W and about 1200 km
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58 long, and forms the boundary between the Eurasia and Anatolian plates. The EAFS and NAFS

59 join at Karlıova (Bingöl) in the Eastern Anatolia and make the Karlıova Triple Junction (Şengör
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60 et al. 2004). The EAFS and NAFS accommodate the southwestward motion of the Anatolian

61 plate towards the Hellenic-Cyprian Arc (Jackson and McKenzie, 1984).

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62 Previous studies of the EAFS, Turkey’s second active fault, focused on the mapping fault
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63 geometry and identifying segmentations (Arpat and Şaroğlu, 1972; Jackson and McKenzie, 1984;

64 Şengör et al., 1985; Lyberis et al., 1992; Şaroğlu et al., 1992; Nalbant et al., 2002; Çetin et al.,

65 2003; Westaway, 2003; Yılmaz et al., 2006; Aksoy et al., 2007, Duman and Emre, 2013).

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66 However, they have not provided satisfying information in terms of the deformation mechanism

67 and kinematic features of faults.

68 The most detailed study of the tectonic evolution of the region was carried out by Kaymakcı et

69 al. (2006, 2010). Five deformation stages have been interpreted in the southeastern Anatolian

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70 from Cretaceous to recent. On the basis of Kaymakcı et al. (2010), the earliest deformation stage

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71 occurred during the Paleocene to middle Eocene times. This stage corresponds to slab rollback

72 causing NE-SW extension in the upper plate. The second deformation stage, NW-SE

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73 compression, took place during Late Eocene to Oligocene times with a change in the slab angle.

74 The third deformation stage took place during Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene times with a

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slab break off process generating NW-SE extension in the upper plate. The fourth deformation
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76 stage took place during Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene period with the collision of Arabian and

77 Anatolian plates resulting in approximately N-S compression. Due to this compressional stage,
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78 the continental crust started to thicken. The fifth, last deformation stage has taken place since
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79 Late Pliocene with the activation of northeast and northwest trending left-lateral and right-lateral
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80 strike-slip faults, respectively, which accommodate westward motion of Anatolian plate.

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822. Geological Background

83 Turkey is located in the Alpine-Himalayan system at the collision area between the Arabian and
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84 African plates. The Neotethys Ocean played a significant role in tectonic frame of the area; it
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85 started to open in the Late Triassic, and expanded through the Jurassic to Late Cretaceous times.

86 Within the study region, the Neotethys Ocean is divided into two branches; the northern and

87 southern. The closure of the northern branch of the Neotethys Ocean along the Izmir-Ankara-

88 Erzincan Sütur Zonu (IAESZ) took place from the Late Cretaceous (Okay, 1999; Kaymakcı et al.,
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89 2009) to Early Cenozoic (Şengör and Yılmaz, 1981) times. The closure of the southern branch of

90 the Neotethys Ocean (along the Bitlis Sutur Zone (BSZ)) occurred during the Middle to Late

91 Miocene (Şengör vd., 1985). From the beginning of the Jurassic, Cimmerian plate was

92 continually divided into smaller plates such as Anatolide-Tauride Platform and Keban, Malatya

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93 and Pütürge Massifs due to rifting within the plate (Ketin 1966, 1968).

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94 After closure of the Neotethys Ocean in Turkey, the study area experienced with N-S

95 compression due to the collision of the Arabian and Anatolian Plates, which occured during the

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96 Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene. E-W trending thrust faults were active during this period and

97 some of these thrust produced ophiolite emplacement. Since the Late Pliocene the compressional

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tectonic regime has replaced by strike-slip tectonic regime (Kaymakcı et al., 2010).
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100 3. Stratigraphy
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101 In the study area, different types of rock units ranging from Precambrian to Holocene age are
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102 exposed (Figure 2). The closure of the Neotethys Ocean along the Bitlis Suture Zone (BSZ)
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103 during Late Cretaceous to Middle Miocene times, with the collision of Arabian and Anatolian

104 Plates played an important role in emplacement of the rocks within the area. There are both
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105 autochthonous and allochthones units in the area (Perinçek, 1979) (Figure 3).

106 Autochthonous units retain their original position and are located in the footwall of the nappes.
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107 These include the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene aged Çaybağı Formation and the Late Cretaceous
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108 aged Mardin Group Carbonates.

109 Allochthones units are not found in their original locations and have been moved long distances.

110 They are located in the hanging-wall of the nappes covering most of the study area. The main

111 ones are:

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112 Allochthones units are classified under three subheadings with respect to the age of the

113 emplacement: (1) in Late Cretaceous; (2) in Miocene; (3) in Early Pliocene.

114 The (1) Late Cretaceous aged Koçali Complex and Mesezoic aged Karadut Complex,

115 tectonically imbricated with north dipping thrust faults towards Mardin Group in Late Cretaceous

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116 (Figure 3) (Kaymakci et al., 2010).

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117 The (2) Pütürge Metamorphic, Elazığ Magmatics, Guleman Ophiolites, Hazar Group, and

118 Maden Complex, are in the nap area and they were tectonically moved long distance from the

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119 north towards south during the Miocene (Perinçek, 1979).

120 The (3) Late Cretaceous aged Elazığ Magmatics and Middle Eocene-Oligocene aged Kırkgeçit

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Formation, were pushed over younger Çaybağı Formation in the Early Pliocene.
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1234. Structural Analysis

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1244.1. Measurement Strategy and Determination of Stress Regime

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125 More than two-hundred fault slip data (strike, dip, striation and slip sense for each fault) were
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126 measured in eighteen different localities in the area of near northern part of the EAFS. In the

127 study area, principal stress orientations were inferred by using the new direct inversion method
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128 (INVD) (Angelier, 1984, 1990), based on the Wallace-Bott’s principal (Wallace, 1951; Bott,

129 1959). There are two fundamental assumptions for paleostress calculation: (1) maximum resolved
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130 shear stress, for each fault, must be parallel the slip vector (Wallace-Bott’s principal), and (2) the
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131 rock body is expected to be homogeneous and isotropic. We solve for the orientations of the three

132 principal stress axes, maximum (σ1), intermediate (σ2) and minimum (σ3), as well as the stress

133 ratio R= (σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3), using the fault slip data (strike, dip, striation and slip sense for each

134 fault). Stress in rock can be described using three principal stress axes, which together define a
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135 stress ellipsoid. The ration R is the ratio of the differences of the magnitudes of the principal

136 stresses to each other and is a scalar measure of the state of stress on the fault (normal, thrust,

137 etc.) (Angelier, 1990). The inversion minimizes the angular deviation between a maximum shear

138 and the observed fault slip data, and requires a minimum of four slip measurements (Angelier,

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139 1990). To obtain the stress results, we use the ‘Structural Geology to Post Script’ (SG2PS)

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140 software, which is based on INVD (Angelier, 1984, 1990).

141 Two distinct strategies were applied to differentiate successive stress systems from

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142 heterogeneous fault-slip data. First, when fault slip data include superimposed slickenlines, which

143 cannot be interpreted by a single stress tensor, we separated homogeneous fault subsets based on

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both fault orientation and striation when data was recorded at the field (Figure 4). An inversion
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145 was performed for each subset and tagged with A or B suffix (e.g., sites 8A and B). Second, we

146 divided faults within each analyzed group into homogeneous sub-groups depend on maximum
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147 misfit angle (ANG) and analyzed sub-groups separately. For all faults in each dataset, the
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148 reliability criterion for the maximum deviation (ANG) are appointed as 20° (Angelier, 1988,
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149 1994). Moreover, corrugated fault surfaces and curved linear slickenlines, which may be due to

150 anisotropy, were removed for further analysis (Figure 5) (Lisle, 2013; Lejri et al., 2015; Simón,
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151 2018).

152 Several criteria are taken into consideration in order to reveal the chronology of faulting such as
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153 superimposed slickenlines (Figure 4), syndepositional faults (Figure 8) and age of the affected
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154 strata (Figure 9).

1554.2. Fault Slip Analysis Across the Successive Deposits

156 Fault slip data were collected in the different types of rock units ranging from Late Cretaceous

157 to Plio-Quaternary age (Table 1 and Figure 6):

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158 1. Three of the fault slip data samples were collected from three outcrops in Plio-Quaternary

159 aged conglomerates. These conglomerates are made up of loosely cemented heterogeneous

160 material; therefore, slickenlines cannot be easily seen on fault surfaces. Inversion on fault slip

161 data indicates NNE-SSW compression in a pure strike-slip regime for two samples (Sites 15A

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162 and 18), and pure compression with σ1 oriented NW-SE for the third one (Site 15B). tectonics.

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163 The direction of the maximum horizontal stress of strike-slip fault suggests NNE-SSW

164 compression; on the other hand; reverse fault, showing totally different direction, suggests

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165 northwest-southeast compression (Figure 6), which are discussed in section 4 since this outcome

166 is not compatible with the results.

167 2.
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Ten samples were collected in Eocene rocks, eight of them in basalts and two in
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168 limestone (two outcrops). Inversion of fault slip data provides stress tensors belonging to diverse

169 stress regimes: pure strike-slip (Sites 4, 5, 7 and 16), pure compression (Sites 1 and 17), pure
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170 extension (Sites 2, 12 and 13) and one radial extension (Site 3). The direction of the maximum
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171 horizontal stress (σ1) is NNE-SSW for the strike-slip and pure compression stress tensors, and
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172 the direction of the minimum horizontal stress (σ3) is NW-SE for the extensional tensors the

173 normal faults. These outcomes are compatible with the rest of the results.
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174 3. Two samples were collected in outcrops of Lower Eocene aged sedimentary rocks.

175 Inversion on fault slip data indicate existing of Stress tensors representing NNE-SSW pure
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176 compression (site 11) and NW-SE pure extension (Site 14) have been obtained. The direction of
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177 the maximum horizontal stress (σ1) suggests NNE-SSW compression for the reverse faults, NW-

178 SE extension for the normal faults. These outcomes are compatible with the rest of the results.

179 4. Finally, fault slip data were collected from six outcrops were sampled in Late Cretaceous

180 aged basaltic rocks. Five of them provide compressional stress tensors (horizontal σ1) in which
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181 NNE-SSW compression prevails, although showing varying stress regimes: on fault slip data

182 indicate existing of pure strike-slip (Site 8B), pure compression (Site 9B and 10), pure extension

183 (Site 8A), transpression (Site 9A), and transtension (Site 6). The other one indicate pure

184 extension (Site 8A) showing a nearly NW-SE trending σ3 axis. The direction of the maximum

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185 horizontal stress (σ1) suggests NNE-SSW compression for the strike-slip and reverse faults, NW-

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186 SE extension for the normal faults. These outcomes are compatible with the rest of the results.

187

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1885. Discussion

189 The inversion of more than two-hundred fault slip data for each fault in eighteen different

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localities in the study area are quite consistent and suggest three successive deformation stages:
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191 • The oldest (first) deformation stage in the study area is extensional tectonic regime

192 (Figure 7). The old rocks from Late Cretaceous to Oligocene age are affected by this deformation
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193 (Sites 2, 3, 8A, 12, 13, 14); however, we don’t see trace of this deformation in Plio-Quaternary
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194 rocks.
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195 The Middle Eocene-Oligocene aged Kırkgeçit Formation covers many areas in and around the

196 study area as well as in the East Anatolian region. The northwest corner of the study area,
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197 Kırkgeçit Formation, is highly deformed and E-W trending fold axes were observed. The process,

198 extensional tectonic followed by compressional tectonic, resulted inversion of pre-existing

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199 structures. We; therefore, could not define any growth faults in the study area. Within the nearby
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200 of the study area, Kırkgeçit Formation where directly rest on to the older units, a number of well-

201 developed growth faults were observed.

202 For example, in the western margin of the Kırkgeçit Basin, where Kırkgeçit Formation

203 uncomfortably rest on Late Cretaceous aged Elazığ Magmatics, 20 km north of the site 11,
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204 growth faults are observed (Figure 8). Similar relationships are also observed in various localities

205 throughout the region. Based on this information it is concluded that Middle Eocene-Oligocene in

206 the region are deposited during a phase of extensional deformation (phase 1). Due to the absence

207 of the units in the range of Oligocene to Late Miocene, the upper boundary of this phase could

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208 not be constrained precisely and it is accepted roughly as Middle Miocene, which is the age of

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209 the collision of the Arabian and Anatolian plates.

210 The stress configurations for each sites for the deformation phase 1 is shown in Figure 7 and

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211 Table 1. In seven outcrops located over the whole area, this deformation stage is characterized by

212 almost NW-SE extension and results are compatible with each other.

213 •
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The second deformation stage in the study area is compressional tectonic regime (Figure
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214 7). The rocks from Eocene to Late Cenozoic (Sites 1, 9A, 9B, 10, 11, 15B and 17) affected by

215 this deformation. Within the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Çaybağı Formation, which is the
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216 youngest unit affected by compressional deformation, we observe a very well developed E-W
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217 trending fold axes and thrust faults. The stress configurations for these thrust faults suggest NNE-
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218 SSW compressional tectonic regime (Figure 9) and results are supported by previous paleostress

219 study (Gedik, 2014). These E-W trending fold axes and thrust faults were displaced by NE–SW
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220 trending strike-slip faults. Moreover, the undeformed Plio-Quaternary aged Palu Formation rests

221 uncomfortably on the Çaybağı Formation (Çolak et al., 2012). Based on this information, it is
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222 interpreted that the reverse faults are older than the strike–slip faults and belong to a new phase of
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223 deformation (phase 2) that took place during the deposition of the Çaybağı Formation in the Late

224 Miocene-Early Pliocene times.

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225 • In the light of these information given above, we may conclude that the strike-slip

226 tectonic regime, namely the Neotectonic period for the region, should belong to the younger

227 phase of deformation (phase 3) which has been active since the Late Pliocene.

228 • In the Late Pliocene the complete formation of the EAFS and NAFS as well as NE and

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229 SW directed left-lateral and right-lateral strike-slip faults in the region concluded significant

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230 change in the tectonic style of the region with change in stress orientations between σ3 and σ2

231 (Kaymakcı et al., (2010). The EAFS and NAFS accommodate the southwestward motion of the

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232 Anatolian Plate towards the Hellenic-Cyprian Trench (Jackson and McKenzie, 1984). In seven

233 outcrops located over the whole area, this deformation stage is characterized by almost NNE-

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SSW compression and results are compatible with each other.
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235 • The Wallace (1951) and Bott (1959) method assumes that slip on faults occurs in the
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236 direction of maximum resolved shear stress. Moreover, it assumes that fault planes are rigid and

237 there is no significant rotation in the stress field. The Wallace (1951) and Bott (1959) assumption
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238 is questionable, even though successful studies strengthened the power of these assumptions (e.g.
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239 Bergerat, 1987; Casas et al., 1992; Liesa and Simón, 2009). Earlier geomechanical studies (e.g.

240 Wallace and Morris, 1986; Tibaldi, 1998; Twiss et al., 1991; Simón et al., 2008) validate that
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241 some factors (e.g. fault geometry, block rotation, local stress perturbation) may cause spatial

242 heterogeneity in fault slip directions.

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243 Site 9B and 15B are the only data that suggest different direction of the maximum horizontal
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244 stress (σ1) with almost E-W direction from rest of the data. For site 9B, being located in close to

245 the fault tip line may cause stress heterogeneity result in variability of slip vectors (Pollard et al.,

246 1993; Dupin et al., 1993, 1994; Maerten et al., 1999; Lejri et al., 2015). Site 15B may reflect the

247 local stress field resulting from the geometry of the fault in outcrop located in pressure ridge
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248 (Figure 10). Nonuniform compression directions in the study area may indicate internal

249 deformation which may relate to stress heterogeneity of the plate. In the field, researchers must

250 systematically collect as many as data in order to improve the success of the analysis.

251 • The average σ1 strikes around N25°E and N15°E for the strike-slip (Stage 2) and

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252 compressional (Stage 3) tectonic regime, respectively (Figure 11). The average σ1 strikes rotate

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253 ca. around 100 since Middle Miocene.

254 • The average σ3 strikes around N65°W for the extensional (Stage 1) tectonic regime

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255 (Figure 11).

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2576. Conclusion
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258 The following conclusions were obtained as a result of this study.

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259 On the basis of paleostress inversion using fault slip data sets suggest three successive

260 distinct deformation stages in related area.

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261 • The first, oldest stage, deformation stage is characterized by NW-SE extension and
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262 became effective in Middle Eocene-Middle Miocene times.

263 • The second deformation stage is characterized by NNE-SSW compression and became
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264 effective in Late Miocene-Early Pliocene times.

265 • The third, the youngest, deformation stage is characterized by strike-slip tectonic and has
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266 been active since Late Pliocene.

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267 • In the Late Pliocene, the EAFS as well as NE and SW directed left-lateral and right-lateral

268 strike-slip fault systems in the region were formed and formation of the strike-slip faults

269 concluded change in the stress orientations between σ3 and σ2.

270 • The average σ3 strikes was around N65°W for the extensional (Stage 1) tectonic regime.
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271 • When regional stress areas are reconstructed, spatial heterogeneity must be considered.

272 The success of the analysis may be improved by systematic collection of more data.

273 • The results of this work are compatible with each other and tectonic frame of the study

274 area.

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275

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276 Acknowledgments

277 This study is supported by Fırat University Scientific Research Projects between 2016–2017. We

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278 would like to thank constructive and careful reviews by Dr. José L. Simón and

279 anonymous reviewer improved the paper significantly.

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340 Lyberis, N., Tekin, Y., Chorowicz, J., Kasapoğlu, E., Gündoğdu, N., 1992. The East Anatolian

341 Fault: an oblique collisional belt, Tectonophysics, 204, 1-15.

342
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M.T.A, 2011. 1/100.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel
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343 Müdürlügü, Ankara (in Turkish).

344 Maerten, L., Willemse, E.J., Pollard, D.D., Rawnsley, K., 1999. Slip distributions on intersecting
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345 normal faults. J. Struct. Geol. 21, 259-272.

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346 Nalbant, S.S., McClusky, J.,Steacy, S., Barka, A.A., 2002. Stres accumulation and increased
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347 seismic risk in eastern Turkey, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195, 291-298.

348 Okay, A. I., Tüysüz O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand. B., Jolıvet, L.,
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349 Horvath, E & Seranne, M. (Eds) The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine

350 Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, J56o 475-515.

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351 Perinçek, D., 1979. The geology of Hazro–Korudağ–Çüngüş–Maden–Ergani–Hazar–Elazığ–

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352 Malatya area: Guide book, TJK. Yayını, 33s.

353 Pollard, D.D., Saltzer, S.D., Rubin, A.M., 1993. Stress inversion methods: are they based on

354 faulty assumptions? J. Struct. Geol. 15, 1045-1054.

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355 Sasvári, Á. and Baharev, A., 2014. SG2PS (Structural Geology to Post Script Converter) – A

356 graphical solution for brittle structural data evaluation and paleostress calculation. Computers and

357 Geosciences 66, 81-93.

358 Simón, J.L., 2018. Forty years of paleostress analysis: has it attained maturity? Journal of

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359 Structural Geology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.02.011.

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360 Simón, J.L., Arlegui, L.E., Liesa, C.L., 2008. Stress partitioning: a practical concept for analysing

361 boundary conditions of brittle deformation. Geodinamica Acta 53, 1057-1065.

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362 Şaroğlu, F., Emre, O.&Kuşçu, I. 1992. The East Anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Annalae

363 Tectonicae, 6, 99–125.

364
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Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., Şaroğlu, F., 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in
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365 zones of tectonic escape; Turkey as a case study, in: Biddle K.T., Christie-Blick N. (Eds.), Strike-

366 slip Faulting and Basin Formation, Soc.Econ.

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367 Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey; A plate tectonic approach;
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368 Tectonophysics, 75, p.181-241.

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369 Tibaldi, A., 1998. Effects of topography on surface fault geometry and kinematics: examples

370 from the Alps, Italy and Tien Shan, Kazakstan. Geomorphology 24, 225– 243.
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371 Twiss, R.J., Protzman, G.M., Hurst, S.D., 1991. Theory of slickenline patterns based on the

372 velocity gradient tensor and microrotation. Tectonophysics 186, 215-239.

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373 Wallace, R.E., 1951. Geometry of shearing stress and relation to faulting. J. Geol. 59, 118–130.
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374 Wallace, R.E., Morris, H.T., 1986. Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines. Pure

375 Appl. Geophys. 124. 107-126.

376 Westaway, R., 2003, Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Updated, Turkish

377 J.Earth Sci. J., 12, 5-46.

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378 Yılmaz H., Över S., And Özden S., 2006. Kinematics of The East Anatolian Fault Zone Between

379 Turkoglu (Kahramanmaras) And Celikhan (Adiyaman), Eastern Turkey Earth Planets Space, 58,

380 1463–1473.

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401 Table 1. Computed Principal Stress Axes from Fault Slip Data
Site n Rock Type Age σ1 σ2 σ3 R SR Ang. Lat. Long.
1 15 Basaltic rocks Eocene 212/10 305/15 089/72 0.682 PC 19.5 38.39 39.18
2 9 Basaltic rocks Eocene 024/49 191/40 286/06 0.728 PE 7.1 38.41 39.20
3 4 Basaltic rocks Eocene 304/57 204/08 109/31 0.245 RE 10.2 38.42 39.23
4 11 Basaltic rocks Eocene 009/40 209/48 108/10 0.596 PS 6.9 38.43 39.25
5 18 Basaltic rocks Eocene 203/15 312/75 112/14 0.301 PS 15.4 38.43 39.27
6 11 Basaltic rocks Late Cretaceous 193/25 037/63 288/09 0.832 TT 14 38.45 39.27

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7 11 Basaltic rocks Eocene 198/23 018/67 288/0 0.277 PS 19.1 38.43 39.31
8A 8 Basaltic rocks Late Cretaceous 343/63 164/27 074/00 0.504 PE 7.7 38.49 39.25
8B 19 Basaltic rocks Late Cretaceous 189/28 324/53 086/22 0.324 PS 20.4 38.49 39.25
9A 12 Basaltic rocks Late Cretaceous 202/07 112/04 356/82 0.120 TP 17 38.50 38.23

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9B 7 Basaltic rocks Late Cretaceous 076/08 171/31 332/58 0.294 PC 8.5 38.50 38.23
10 10 Basaltic rocks Late Cretaceous 021/09 117/36 280/53 0.331 PC 3.1 38.49 39.36
11 5 Claystone Lower Eocene 022/10 121/40 281/48 0.393 PC 5.2 38.51 39.40
12 6 Basaltic rocks Eocene 250/64 064/26 155/02 0.489 PE 2.6 38.51 39.52

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13 13 Basaltic rocks Eocene 284/73 019/01 109/17 0.485 PE 17.8 38.53 39.52
14 6 Claystone Lower Eocene 022/55 222/34 126/10 0.522 PE 18.4 38.54 39.58
15A 9 Conglomerate Plio-quaternary 023/08 146/76 292/11 0.365 PS 10.5 38.59 39.73
15B 14 Conglomerate Plio-quaternary 293/12 198/24 049/63 0.431 PC 7.6 38.59 39.74

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16 12 Limestone Eocene 194/03 318/85 104/04 0.343 PS 16.1 38.70 39.94
17 12 Limestone Eocene 028/04 121/36 294/53 0.402 PC 16.2 38.70 39.95
18 9 Conglomerate Plio-quaternary 015/22 162/64 280/13 0.587 PS 3.1 38.69 39.75
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n is the number of fault data measured for stress tensor calculation. σ1, σ2, and σ3 correspond to the maximum,
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intermediate, and minimum principal stress axes, respectively. R is the ratio (σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3). SR is the stress

regime with six types: (1) PC: pure compressional, (2) PE: pure extensional, (3) PS: pure strike-slip, (4) RE: radial
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extensional, (5) TT: transtensive, and (6) TP: transpressive.

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404

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405 Figure 1. Main tectonic features of Turkey (Anatolia) and location of the study area (simplified
406 from Emre et al., 2013).
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422 Figure 2. Geological map for the study area (Eastern Anatolia). Main structures have been
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423 highlighted (simplified from MTA, 2011).
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438 Figure 3. Generalized tectono-stratigraphical column of the study area and nearby (modified from
439 Perinçek, 1979 and Kaymakçı et al., 2010).
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444 Figure 4. Example of studied outcrop for chronology of faulting from the Late Cretaceous aged
445 Basaltic rocks. A) Superimposed slickenlines. B) Sketch of (b) and its paleostress

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446 configuration. C) Sketch of (c) and its paleostress configuration. The location of the
447 photo is shown in Figure 2.
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456 Figure 5. Photograph of the outcrop for curved linear slickenline from the Middle Eocene-
457 Oligocene aged limestone. A) Curved linear slickenline. B) Sketch of (b) and its
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458 geometrical interpretation. The location of the photo is shown in Figure 2.

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470 Figure 6. Classification of paleostress configurations based on the fault slip data were collected in
471 the different types of rock units ranging from Late Cretaceous to Plio-Quaternary age.
472 Stereonets illustrate fault slip data in equal-area lower hemisphere projection, and
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473 arrows indicate the strike of the horizontal principal stresses computed.
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481 Figure 7. Tectonic map of the study area with paleostress configurations and orientation of the
482 principal stresses. Stereonets illustrate fault slip data in equal-area lower hemisphere
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483 projection, and arrows indicate the strike of the horizontal principal stresses computed.
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491 Figure 8. Growth faults developed within the Middle Eocene-Oligocene aged Kırkgeçit
492 Formation and resultant stress configuration. Note increase in throw from a–a’ to b-b’
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493 and b-b’ to c–c’. (Location of the photo, 380 40’ 30’’ N, 390 09’ 30’’ E).
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508 Figure 9. Reverse fault developed within the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene aged Çaybağı
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510 Figure 2.
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523 Figure 10. A) Google Earth image of the fault geometry for site 15. B) Reverse faults developed
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525 The location of the photo is shown in Figure 2.
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542 Figure 11. Rose diagram of the azimuthal distribution of the σ1 for stage 3 and 2, and σ3 for
543 stage 1. The average σ1 strikes is around N15°E and N25°E resulting counterclockwise
544 rotation around 100 since middle Miocene. The average σ3 strikes was around N65°W

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• Faulting mechanism and structural characteristics are examined of the East Anatolian Fault

System within the study area.

• Chronology of faulting are revealed.

• Kinematic analyses suggest existing of three different deformation phases.

• The compressional (σ1) stress axis has rotated counterclockwise around 100 since Miocene.

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