MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINIRING

(NOVEMBER 2011)

Situation 1 – The probability of event A happening is 3/5 and the probability of

event B happening is 2/3

1. What is the probability of both A and B happening?

A. 3/5 C. 2/5
B. 1/5 D. 4/5
2. What is the probability of only event A happening i.e. event A happening and
event B not happening?
A. 4/5 C. 3/5
B. 1/5 D. 2/5
3. What is the probability of either A, or B, or A and B happening?
A. 11/15 C. 3/5
B. 14/15 D. 13/15

Situation 2 – Answer the following problems:

4. Six congruent circles are arranged in a circle way that each circle is tangent
to at least two other circles. If the radius of each circle is 2 cm, find the
perimeter of the polygon formed by connecting the centers of each circles.
A. 12 cm C. 30 cm
B. 24 cm D. 32 cm
5. Which of the following is/are correct?
I. sin(-A) = -sin(A)
II. cos(-A) = -cos(A)
III. tan(-A) = -tan(A)

A. I only C. I & III only

B. II only D. I & II only
6. A solid rectangular block has a volume of 30 cm3. If all side measure are
integers, which of the following is the least possible surface area?
A. 92 C. 86
B. 82 D. 62

Situation 3 – Answer the following problems:

7. What is the distance between the intercepts of the line x + 2y – 6 = 0?

A. 6.231 C. 8.639
B. 6.708 D. 5.449
8. If |x3 – 8| ≤ 5, find the range of values of x.
A. ∛3 ≤ x ≤ ∛13 C. ∛3 ≥ x ≥ ∛13
B. ∛3 ≥ x ≤ ∛13 D. ∛3 ≤ x ≥ ∛13
STRUCTURAL ENGINIRING & CONSTRUCTION
(NOVEMBER 2011)

Situation 1 – A load of W = 30 kN is
lifted through a boom BCD as shown in
the figure. The boom makes an angle of
60° with the vertical. Neglect the weight
of the boom and for this problem, L1 = L2
= 2m. The pulley at D is frictionless.

1. Determine the angle .

A. 40°
B. 35° D. 30°
C. 45°
2. What is the tension in cable AC in kN?
A. 51.96 C. 34.89
B. 25.36 D. 43.21
3. What is the total reaction at B in kN?
A. 54.77 C. 17.32
B. 43.21 D. 51.96

Situation 2 – The strut shown in the figure carries an axial load of P = 148 kN.

4. Determine the bearing stress between the pin and the strut:
A. 463 MPa C. 285 MPa
B. 345 MPa D. 563 MPa
5. Determine the shearing stress in the pin.
A. 286 MPa C. 321 MPa
B. 368 MPa D. 341 MPa
 6. Determine the shearing stress in the bolts
A. 159.4 MPa C. 123.9 MPa
B. 196.4 MPa D. 167.3 MPa

Situation 3 – The column shown in the figure is

loaded with a vertical load P = 3 kN and a lateral
load H = 0.45 kN. The column is 3 m high and is
made of steel with 300 mm outer diameter, 6
mm thick and weighs 150 N/m.

7. What is the maximum stress at the base

due to the load P?
A. 1.78 MPa
B. 1.37 MPa
C. 2.54 MPa
D. 0.87 MPa
8. What is the maximum stress at the base
due to the lateral load?
A. 4.76 MPa
B. 5.28 MPa
C. 3.46 MPa
D. 2.89 MPa
9. If the column is a solid timber with a diameter of 250 mm, what is the
maximum shearing stress at the base?
A. 0.089 MPa C. 0.045 MPa
B. 0.164 MPa D. 0.012 MPa

Situation 4 – The frame shown in the figure is acted upon by wind load pressure of
1.44 kPa. These frames are spaced 6 m apart normal to paper. Consider the roller
support at B and the joint at D as pin.

10. Determine the horizontal component of the reaction at A.

A. 35.7 kN C. 18.3 kN
B. 26.5 kN D. 12.7 kN
11. Determine the vertical component of the reaction at A.
A. 23.9 kN C. 18.5 kN
B. 20.2 kN D. 16.3 kN
12. Determine the horizontal component of the reaction at B.
A. 26.5 kN C. 12.7 kN
B. 18.3 kN D. 35.7 kN
Situation 5 – The sheet pile shown
in the figure is provided with tension
rods spaced 3 meters apart. The
wooden stringers has d = 300 mm
and can be considered simply
supported at each connection to the
tension rod. Allowable bending and
shearing stresses of the stringer are
14.7 MPa and 1.48 MPa,
respectively.

13. What is the design moment of the stringer?

A. 54.8 kN-m C. 42.4 kN-m
B. 74.4 kN-m D. 63.9 kN-m
14. What is the value of stringer width “b” based on the bending?
A. 192 mm C. 290 mm
B. 249 mm D. 338 mm
15. What is the value of stringer width “b” based on shear?
A. 321 mm C. 288 mm
B. 235 mm D. 254 mm

Situation 6 – The 6 m long prestressed cantilever beam shown in the figure carries
a concentrated live load of 18 kN at the free end and a uniform dead load due to its
own weight. Unit weight of concrete is 20 kN/m3. The strands are 12 mm in
diameter with total prestressing force of 540 kN applied at an eccentricity “e” above
the neutral axis of the cross-section.

16. What is the maximum stress (MPa) in the bottom fiber of the beam at the
free end when the eccentricity e = 0?
A. -7.86 C. -2.25
B. -13.45 D. -10.35
17. What is the stress in the top fiber of the beam at the fixed end when the
eccentricity e = 100 mm?
A. +5.4 MPa C. +8.1 MPa
B. +6.3 MPa D. +3.6 MPa
18. What is the required eccentricity e such that the stress in the top fiber of the
beam at the fixed end is zero?
A. 230 mm C. 200 mm
B. 160 mm D. 260 mm

Situation 7 – Reinforced concrete beams having widths of 400 mm and overall

depths of 600 mm are spaced 3 meters on the centers as shown in the figure.
These beams support a 100 mm thick slab. The superimposed loads on these
beams are as follows:

Dead load (incl. floor finish, ceiling, etc.)……………………….3.2 kPa

Live load ………………………………………………………………….……….3.6 kPa

The columns E and H are omitted such that the girder BEHK supports the beams
DEF at E and GHI at H. Assume EI = constant for all beams. Unit weight of concrete
is 24 kN/m3.

19. Determine the factored uniform load on beam GHI, in kN/m.

A. 47.71 C. 67.21
B. 56.98 D. 41.23
 20. Determine the maximum factored shear (in kN) in beam GHI assuming that
G and I are fixed and H is hinge.
A. 143.2 C. 121.1
B. 178.9 D. 98.4
21. Determine the maximum factored positive moment (in kN-m) in beam GH
assuming that G and I are fixed and H is hinge.
A. 213 C. 154
B. 187 D. 112

Situation 8 – Channel sections are used as purlin. The top chords of the truss are
sloped 4H to 1V. The trusses are spaced 6 m on center and the purlins are spaced
1.2 m on centers.

Loads:
Dead load = 720 Pa
Live load = 1000 Pa
Wind load = 1400 Pa
Wind Coefficients:
Windward = + 0.2
Leeward = - 0.6

Properties of C200 x 76
Sx = 6.19 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.38 x 104 mm3
Weight, w = 79 N/m
 Allowable bending stress, Fx = Fy = 207 MPa

22. Determine the computed bending stress, fbx, due to the combination of dead
and live loads only.
A. 196 MPa C. 123 MPa
B. 176 MPa D. 151 MPa
23. Determine the computed bending stress, fby, due to the combination of dead
and live loads only
A. 169 MPa C. 143 MPa
B. 123 MPa D. 103 MPa
24. Determine the value of the interaction equation using the load combination
of 0.75 (D + L +W) at the windward side.
A. 0.87 C. 1.25
B. 1.59 D. 1.87

Situation 9 – The column shown in the figure is subjected to shear force parallel to
the 600 mm side. Allowable concrete shear stress for shear parallel to the 600 mm
side is 0.816 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel strength for both
longitudinal and confining reinforcements is 415 MPa. The ties are all 12 mm in
diameter with clear cover of 40mm.

25. Determine the factored shear force Vu that the column can resist if the nominal
shear strength provided by the ties is 375 kN.
A. 378 C. 467
B. 426 D. 532
26. If the ties are spaced at 225 mm on centers, what is the maximum value of
Vu in kN?
A. 472 C. 335
B. 421 D. 389
27. If the factored shear force parallel to the 600 mm side is 400 kN, determine
the required spacing of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the
provision for seismic design.
A. 126 mm C. 241 mm
B. 164 mm D. 100 mm
5.21.4 Special Provision for Seismic Design

5.21.4.4 Transverse Reinforcement

5.21.4.4.1 Transverse reinforcement as specified below shall be provided unless a
large amount is required by Sec. 5.21.7

(1) The volumetric ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement, ρs, shall not
be less than that indicated by:

ρs = 0.12f’c / fyh 21-2

and shall not be less than

𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
ρs =0.45 ( − 1) 10-5
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦

(2) The total cross sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement shall not
be less than that given by:

𝑠ℎ𝑐 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔
Ash =0.3 ( 𝐴 − 1) 21-3
𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐

𝑠ℎ𝑐 𝑓′𝑐
Ash = 0.9 𝑓𝑦ℎ
21-4

(3) Transverse reinforcement shall be provided by either single or

overlapping hoops. Crossties of the same bar size and spacing as the hoop
may be used. Each end of the crosstie shall engage a peripheral longitudinal
reinforcing bar. Consecutive crossties shall be alternated end for end along
the longitudinal reinforcement.

(4) If the design of the member core satisfies the requirement of the
specified loading combinations including earthquake effect, Eq. (21-3) and
(10-5) need not to be satisfied.

5.21.4.4.2 Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced at distance not exceeding (a)

one-quarter of the minimum member dimension, (b) six times the diameter of
longitudinal reinforcement, and (c) as defined by Eq. 21-5
350−ℎ𝑥
sx = 100 + 21-5
3

The value of sx shall not exceed 150 mm and need not be taken less than 100 mm.

Where:
 Ach = cross-sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-out of
transverse reinforcement, mm2

Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including

crossties) within spacing s and perpendicular to dimension hc

fyh = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, MPa

hc = cross-sectional dimension of column core measured center-to-center of

outer legs of the transverse reinforcement comprising area Ash, mm

hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoop of crosstie legs on all faces of

column, mm

s = spacing of transverse reinforcement measured along the longitudinal axis

of the structural member, mm

Situation 10 – The girder AB shown in the figure is subjected to torsional moment

from the loads on the cantilever frame. The following factored forces are computed
from this beam:
Factored moment, Mu = 440 kN-m
Factored shear, Vu = 280 kN
Factored torque, Tu = 180 kN-m

The girder has a width of 400 mm and an overall depth of 500 mm. Concrete cover
is 40 mm. The centroid of longitudinal bars of the girder are placed 65 mm from the
extreme concrete fibers. Concrete strength f’c = 20.7 MPa and steel yield strength
for longitudinal bars is fy = 415 MPa. Use 12 mm U-stirrups with fyt = 275 MPa.
Allowable shear stress in concrete is 0.76 MPa.

28. Determine the required area of tension reinforcement of the girder, in mm2.
A. 4,154 C. 3,873
B. 2,732 D. 3,313
29. Determine the spacing of transverse reinforcement due to Vu.
A. 137 mm C. 98 mm
B. 167 mm D. 185 mm
30. Determine the additional area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion,
in mm2.
A. 3,850 C. 2,850
B. 3,420 D. 4,120
Code:

1. Threshold torsion: For Nonprestressed members, it shall be permitted to

neglect torsion effects if the factored torsional moment Tu is less than:

1 𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝟐
Tu < ∅√𝒇′ 𝒄 ( 𝑷 )
12 𝒄𝒑

2. Torsional moment strength: The adequacy of solid sections under combined

shear and torsion shall be such that:

𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ ′
√(𝑏 )2 + ( )2 ≤ ∅ (𝑏𝑉𝑤𝑐𝑑 + 23 √𝑓 𝑐)
𝑤𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ

3. Where Tu exceeds the threshold torsion, design of cross-section shall be based

on:

∅ Tn ≥ Tu
2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Tu = cot θ
𝑠

Where Ao shall be determined by analysis except that is shall be permitted to

take Ao equal to 0.85Aoh; θ shall not be taken smaller than 30 degrees nor
larger than 60 degrees. It shall be permitted to take θ equal to:

(a) 45 degrees for nonprestressed members or members with less

prestress than in (b); or

(b) 37.5 degrees for prestressed members with an effective prestress

force not less than 40 percent of the tensile strength of the
longitudinal reinforcement.
4. The additional area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, Al, shall not
be less than:

𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al = 𝑝ℎ ( 𝑓 )cot2 θ
𝑠 𝑦

5. Minimum torsion reinforcement: Where torsional reinforcement is required,

the minimum area of transverse closed stirrups shall be computed by:

𝑏𝑤 𝑠
Av + 2At = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑡
but shall not be less than (0.35bws)/fyt
6. Where torsional reinforcement is required, the minimum total area of
longitudinal torsional reinforcement, Al min, shall be computed by:

5√𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Al min = − 𝑝 ( )
12𝑓𝑦 𝑠 ℎ 𝑓𝑦

7. Spacing of torsion reinforcement: The spacing or transverse torsion

reinforcement shall not exceed the smaller of ph /8 or 300 mm.
The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion shall be distributed around
the perimeter of the closed stirrups with a maximum spacing of 300 mm. The
longitudinal bars or tendons shall be inside the stirrups. There shall be at least
one longitudinal bar or tendon in each corner of the stirrups. Longitudinal bars
shall have a diameter at least 0.042 times the stirrup spacing, but not less
than a No. 10.

Where:

Acp -area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section, mm2

Al -total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, mm2
Ao -gross area enclosed by shear flow path, mm2
Aoh -area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement, mm2
At -area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion within spacing s, mm2
fyt -specified yield strength fy of transverse reinforcement, MPa
Pcp - outside perimeter of concrete cross section, mm
ph -perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement, mm
 *** END ***

Answer Key:

1D 6A 11 B 16 C 21 D 26 C

2B 7B 12 C 17 D 22 D 27 D

3A 8C 13 D 18 D 23 A 28 D

4A 9D 14 C 19 A 24 C 29 A

5B 10 A 15 C 20 B 25 C 30 B
Solutions

Situation 1

Since pulley is frictionless, the tensions at slack and tight sides are equal.

T = W = 30 kN

By inspection,  = 30°

a = 2 sec 30° = 2.309 m d = 4 tan 30° = 2.309 m

Considering the FBD of the boom:

∑MB = 0 Tc sin60° x a + T x d = T x 4
Tc = 25.359 kN

∑FH = 0 BH = Tc cos30° + T
BH = 51.962 kN

∑FV = 0 BV = T - Tc sin30°
BV = 17.321 kN

RB = √𝐵𝐻 2 +𝐵𝑉 2 RB = √(51.962)2 + (17.321)2

RB = 54.772 kN
Situation 2

P = 148 kN

Part 1: Bearing stress between the pin and strut:

Bearing area; Ap = 2 x (Dpin)(tstrut)
Ap = 2 x (16)(10)
Ap = 320 mm2
𝑃 148,000
fp = fp =
𝐴𝑝 320
fp = 462.5 MPa

Part 2: Shearing stress in pin: (double shear)

𝜋
Shearing area, AV = 2 x 4 (16)2 = 804.248 mm2
Shear force, PV = P = 148 kN
𝑃𝑉 148,000
fV = fp =
𝐴𝑉 402.124
fp = 368.05 MPa

Part 3: Shearing stress in bolts:

𝜋
Shearing area, AV = 2 x 4
(16)2 = 804.248 mm2
Shear force, PV = P cos 30°
Pv = 148 cos 30°
Pv =128.172 kN
𝑃𝑉 128,172
fV = fp =
𝐴𝑉 804.248
fp =159.4 MPa

Situation 3

Parts I and II:

Outer diameter, Do = 300 mm
Inner diameter, Di = 288 mm
𝜋
Area, A = 4 (3002 – 2882) = 5,541.77 mm2

𝜋
Moment of inertia, I = 64
(3004 – 2884) = 59.901 x 106 mm4
Moment due to P, Mp = P x e = 3 x 0.1 = 0.3 kN-m
Moment at base due to H, MH = H x L = 0.45 x 3 = 1.35 kN-m
Weight of column, W = w x L = 150 x 3 = 450 N

Stress due to column weight:

 𝑊 450
f1 = − f1 = −
𝐴 5541.77
f1 = - 0.081 MPa

Stress due to P alone:

𝑃 𝑀𝑝 𝑐 3000 0.3 𝑥 106 (150)

f2 = − − f2 = − −
𝐴 𝐼 5541.77 59.901 𝑥 106
f2 = - 1.293 MPa

Stress due to lateral load H alone:

𝑀𝑝 𝑐 0.3 𝑥 106 (150)

f2 = − f2 =
𝐼 59.901 𝑥 106
f2 = - 3.381 MPa

Part 1:
Maximum base stress due to P:
fmax = -0.081 – 1.293 = -1.374 MPa

Part 2:
Maximum base stress due to lateral load:
fmax = -0.081 – 3.381 = - 3.462 MPa

Part 3:
Shear, V = H = 450 N
Diameter, D = 250 mm, r = 125 mm
4𝑉 4(450)
Shear stress, fV = fV =
3𝜋𝑟 2 3𝜋(125)2
fV = 0.012 MPa

Situation 4
Bay, s = 6 m
w=cxpxs

w1 = 0.08(1.44)(6) w2 = 0.1(1.44)(6)
w1 = 6.912 kN/m w2 = 0.864 kN/m
w3 = 0.5(1.44)(6) w4 = 0.4(1.44)(6)
w3 = 4.32 kN/m w4 = 3.456 kN/m
θ = arctan (2/6)
θ = 18.435°

F1 = w1 x 4 =27.648 kN
F2 = w2 x 6.325 = 5.464 kN F3 = w3 x 6.325 = 27.322 kN
F2x = F2 sin θ = 1.728 kN F3x = F3 sin θ = 8.64 kN
F2y = F2 cos θ = 5.184 kN F3y = F3 cos θ = 25.92 kN
F4 = w4 x 4 = 13.824 kN

∑MA = 0 F1(2) + F4(2) + F3x(5) = BV(12) + F2x(5) + F2y(3)+ F3y(9)

27.648(2) + 13.824(2) + 8.64(5) = 12BV + 1.728(5)
+ 5.184(3)+ 25.92(9)
BV = - 10.944 kN (downward)

∑FV = 0 AV + BV + F2y + F3y = 0

AV = - 20.16 kN (downward)

∑MD right = 0 (See figure below)

F3(3.162) + F4(4) + BH(6) + BV(6) = 0
27.322(3.162) + 13.824(4) + BH(6) + (-10.944)(6) = 0
BH = - 12.672 kN (to the left)
 ∑FH = 0 (entire frame)
AH + BH + F1 + F4 – F2x + F3x = 0
AH + (-12.672) + 27.648 +13.824 – 1.728 + 8.64 =0
AH = -35.712 kN (to the left)

Situation 5
 F1 = 1⁄2 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 H2 x L
F1 =1⁄2
(1/3)(17.3)(5.4)2(3)

F1 = 252.234 kN
y1 = (2.1 +
3.3)/3 = 1.8 m

F2 = 1⁄2 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 H2 x L
F2 =1⁄2 (9.8)(2.7)2(3)

F2 = 107.136 kN
y2 = (2.7)/3 = 0.9 m

∑Mpin = 0 T(2.1) + F2y2 = F1y1

T = 107.274 kN

From the beam diagram shown:

R = T/2 = 85.137 kN
R = wL/2
w = 2R/L
w = 2(85.137)/3
w = 56.758 kN/M

𝑤𝐿2 56.758(3)2
Mmax = Mmax =
8 8

Mmax = 63.853 kN-m

Vmax = R = 85.137 kN

6𝑀 6(63.853 𝑥 106 )
fb = ≤ Fb = 14.7
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏(300)2
b = 289.6 m

3𝑉 3(85,137)
fV = ≤ FV = 1.48
2𝑏𝑑 2𝑏(300)
b = 287.6 m

Situation 6
 wD = 𝛾c x bh wD = 20 x (0.4)(0.6)
wD = 4.8 kN/m

Moment at fixed end; M = 18(6) + 4.8(6)(3)

M = 194.4 kN-m

𝑃𝑠
Axial stress due to prestressing force, fpa = −
𝑏ℎ
540,000
fpa =−
400(600)

Fpa = - 2.25 MPa

6𝑃𝑠 𝑒
Stress due to eccentric position of Ps; fpe = ± 2
𝑏ℎ

fpe = ±0.0225e (-) for top fiber

6𝑀
Stress due to moment, fM = ± 2 (+) for top fiber
𝑏ℎ

Part 1: Stress in bottom fiber at the free end of the beam

when e = 0

Since M = 0 at the free end, fbot = -2.25 MPa

(uniform in the entire cross section)

Part 2: Stress in the top fiber at fixed end when e = 100 mm:
M = 194.4 kN-m

6𝑀
ftop = -2.25 - 0.0225e +
𝑏ℎ2

6(194.4 𝑥 106 )
ftop = -2.25 – 0.0225(100) +
400(600)2

ftop = + 3.6 MPa

Part 3: Value of “e” such that the stress in the top fiber at fixed end is zero:

6𝑀
ftop = -2.25 – 0.0225e +
𝑏ℎ2

6(194.4 𝑥 106 )
0 = -2.25 – 0.0225e +
400(600)2

e = 260 mm

Situation 7
Unit weight of concrete, 𝛾c = 24 kN/m3
Dead load pressure = 3.2 kPa
Live load Pressure = 3.6 kPa

Weight of beam:
wb = 𝛾c Ac wb = 24(0.4)(0.6)
wb = 5.76 kN/m

Weight of slab:
ps = 𝛾c t ps = 24(0.1)
ps = 2.4 kPa

Factored floor pressure:

pu = 1.4(3.2+2.4) + 1.7(3.6)
pu = 13.96 kPa

Equivalent load on beam due to factored pressure:

𝑝𝑢 𝑠 𝑠 2 (13.96)(3) 3 2
wu1 = [3 − ( ) ]𝑥 2 wu1 = [3 − (7.5) ] 𝑥 2
6 𝐿 6
wu1 = 39.646 kN/m

Total factored uniform load (including beam weight)

wu = 1.4(5.76) + 39.646
wu = 47.71 kN/m → Part 1

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 47.71(7.5)2
Moment at G, MG = − MG = −
12 12
MG = - 223.643 kN-m

Reaction at G, RG = 1⁄2 wu L RG = 1⁄2 (47.71)(7.5)

RG = 178.91 kN

Maximum factored shear in beam GHI, Vmax = RG = 178.91 kN

Maximum positive moment in beam GH:

 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 47.71(7.5)2
M= 24
M= 24

M = 111.82 kN-m

Situation 8

Dead load pressure = 720 Pa

Live load pressure = 1000 Pa
Wind = 1400 Pa
Beam weight = 79 N/m
Fbx = 207 MPa
Fby = 207 MPa
θ = arctan (1/4)
θ = 14.036°

Wind coefficient:
Windward
coefficient = 0.2
Leeward coefficient = -0.6

Dead load; wD = 720(1.2) +79

wD = 943 N/m

Live load; wL = 1000(1.2)

wL = 1200 N/m

Wing: www = 1400(1.2)(0.2)

www = 336 N/m

wlw = 1400(1.2)(-0.6)
wlw = -1008 N/m

Part 1: Due to dead and live load only

wN = (wD + wL) cos θ wN = (943 +1200) cos 14.036°

wN = 2079.015 N/m

wT = (wD + wL) sin θ wT = (943 +1200) sin 14.036°

wT = 519.754 N/m

𝑤𝑁 𝐿2 2079.015(6)2
Mx = 8
Mx =
8
Mx = 9.356 kN-m
 𝑀𝑥 9.356 𝑥 106
fbx = fbx =
𝑆𝑥 6.19 𝑥 104
fbx = 151.14.MPa

𝑤𝑇 𝐿2 519.754(6)2
My = 8
My =
8
My = 2.339 kN-m

𝑀𝑦 2.339 𝑥 106
fby = fby =
𝑆𝑦 1.38 𝑥 104
fby = 169.485 MPa

Part 2: Dead + Live + Wind on windward side

wN2 = 0.75(wN + www) wN = 0.75(2079.015 + 336)
wN = 1811.262 N/m

wT2 = 0.75(wT) wT = 0.75(519.754)

wT = 389.815 N/m

𝑤𝑁2 𝐿2 1811.262(6)2
Mx = 8
Mx =
8
Mx = 8.151 kN-m

𝑀𝑥 8.151 𝑥 106
fbx = fbx =
𝑆𝑥 6.19 𝑥 104
fbx = 131.675 MPa

𝑤𝑇2 𝐿2 389.815(6)2
My = 8
My =
8
My = 1.754 kN-m

𝑀𝑦 1.754 𝑥 106
fby = fby =
𝑆𝑦 1.38 𝑥 104
fby = 127.114 MPa
𝑓bx 𝑓𝑏𝑦 131.675 127.114
+ = + = 1.25
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦 207 207

Situation 9

bw = 400 mm fy = 415 MPa

h = 600 mm Allowable shear stress of concrete, Fvc = 0.816 MPa
f’c = 21 MPa

Reduction factor, 𝜙 = 0.085

Effective depth, d = 600 – 40 – 12 – 0.5(0.25)
Effective depth, d = 535.5 mm

Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc = Fvc bw d

Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc = 0.0816(400)(535.5)
Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc = 174.787 kN

Part 1:
Vs = 375 kN

Vn = Vc + V s Vn = 174.787 + 375
Vn = 549.787

Vu = 𝜙 V n Vu = 0.85(549.787)
Vu = 467.319 kN

Part 2:
s = 225 mm
𝜋
Av = 3 x (12)2 = 339.29 mm2
4

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 339.29(415)(535.5)
Vs = Vs =
𝑠 225
Vs = 335.12 kN

Vn = Vc + Vs Vs = 174.787 + 335.12
Vs = 509.906 kN

Vu = 𝜙 V n Vu = 0.85(509.906)
Vu = 433.42 kN
 Part 3:
Vu = 400 kN

Vs = Vu – Vc Vs = 400 – 174.787
Vs = 225.213 kN

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 339.29(415)(535.5)
s= s=
𝑉𝑠 225.213

s = 334.8 mm

Requirements for Seismic Design:

Ach = (600 – 2 x 40)(400 - 2 x 40) = 166,400 mm2

Ag = 600 x 400 = 240,000 mm2
𝜋
Ash = 3 x 4 (12)2 = 339.29 mm2
hc = 400 – 2(40) – 12 = 308 mm

𝑠ℎ𝑐 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 𝑠(308)(21) 240,000

Ash = 0.3 ( 𝐴 − 1) 339.29 = 0.3 (166,400 − 1)
𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐 415
s = 164 mm

𝑠ℎ𝑐 𝑓′𝑐 𝑠(308)(21)

Ash = 0.9 𝑓𝑦ℎ
339.29 = 0.9 415

s = 242 mm

Minimum requirement according to Section 5.21.4.4.2:

a) b/4 = 100 mm
b) 6(25) = 150 mm
350 − ℎ𝑥
c) 100 +
3
hx = ½ (600 – 2 x 40) – ½(12) + ½(25) +½(12)
hx = 272.5 mm
350 − ℎ𝑥
100 + = 126 mm
3

Therefore, uses s = 100 mm

Situation 10

Mu = 440 kN-m cover = 40 mm

Vu = 280 kN f’c = 20.7 MPa
Tu = 180 kN-m fy = 415 MPa
b = 400 mm fyt = 275 MPa
h = 500 mm Bar diameter, d = 12 mm
Allowable shear stress in concrete, Fvc = 0.76 MPa
Effective depth, d = 500 – 65 = 435 mm

Part 1:
Mu = 440 kN-m

0.85𝑓𝑐′ β1 600 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)

ρb = ρb =
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 ) 415(600+415)
ρb = 0.0213

ρmax = 0.75 ρb = 0.01598

ρmax 𝑓𝑦
ωmax = = 0.3203
𝑓𝑐′

Rn max = f’c ω(1 – 0.59ω) Rn max = 20.7(0.3203)[1 – 0.59(0.3203)]

Rn max = 5.378 MPa

Mn max = Rn max bd2 Mn max = 5.378(400)(435)2

Mn max = 407 kN-m

𝜙 Mn max = 0.90(407) = 366.32

Since Mu > 𝜙 Mu max, the beam must be doubly reinforced

Mu1 = 𝜙 Mu max = 407 kN-m

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 440 = 366.32 + Mu2

Mu2 = 73.68 kN-m

Tension steel area, As = As1 + As2

As1 = ρmax bd As1 =0.01598(400)(435)

As1 = 2,780 mm2

Mu2 = T2 (d – d’) 73.678 x 106 = As2 (415)(435 - 65)

As2 = 533 mm2

As = 2,780 + 533 = 3, 313 mm2

Part 2:
Vu = 280 kN
𝜋
Av = 2 x (12)2 = 226.2 mm2
4

𝑉𝑢 280
Vn = Vn =
𝜙 0.85
Vn = 329.412 kN
 Vc = Fvc bw d Vc = 0.76(400)(435)
Vc = 132.24 kN

Vs = Vn – Vc Vs = 329.24 – 132.24
Vs = 197.17 kN < 1/3 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑑 226.2(275)(435)
S= s=
𝑉𝑠 197,170
s = 137.2 mm

Maximum spacing (d/2 = 217.5 mm)

or 600 mm

Therefore, s = 137 mm

Part 3:
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al = 𝑝ℎ ( ) cot 2 𝜃
𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
θ = 45°
x = 400 – 46 x 2 = 308 mm
y = 500 – 46 x 2 = 408 mm
Aoh = x y = 308(408) = 125,664 mm2
Ao = 0.85Aoh = 106,814 mm2
ph = 2 (x +y) = 1432 mm

𝑇𝑢 180
Tn = = = 211.77 kN-m
𝜙 0.85

2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 2(106,814)𝐴𝑡 (275)

Tn = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 211.77 x 106 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 45°
𝑠 𝑠
𝐴𝑡
𝑠
= 3.605 mm

𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 275
Al = 𝑝ℎ ( ) cot 2 𝜃 Al = 3.605(1,432)( ) cot2 45°
𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 415
Al = 3, 420 mm2
MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINIRING
(MAY 2012)

1. X and Y are inversely proportional with each other. Given that X = 15,000 when
Y = 162,500. Find X when Y = 328,400.
A. 7,422.35 C. 7,849.56
B. 6,567.45 D. 8,956.32
2. The sum of seven consecutive integers is zero. What is the smallest integer?
A. -4 C. -3
B. -1 D. -2
3. The sum and product of three distinct positive integers are 15 and 45,
respectively. What is the largest integer?
A. 5 C. 15
B. 9 D. 7
4. What is the curved surface area of a spherical segment (with two bases) if the
diameters of the bases, which are 25 cm apart, are 100 cm and 140 cm,
respectively.
A. 11,673.43 cm2 C. 13,783.34 cm2
B. 10,567.93 cm2 D. 12,328.75 cm2
5. The area of a park on a map is 500 mm2. If the scale of the map is 1 to 40,000,
determine the true area of the park in hectares (1 hectare = 104m2)
A. 40 C. 160
B. 80 D. 12
2𝜋
6. Evaluate the interal:∫𝜋3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

A. 1 C. ½
B. 0 D. -1
7. Find the general solution of the following differential equation:

y” + 3y’ - 4y = 0

A. y = C1 e4x + C2 x e-x C. y = C1 e4x + C2 e-x

B. y = C1 e-4x + C2 x ex D. y = C1 e-4x + C2 ex
STRUCTURAL ENGINIRING & CONSTRUCTION
(MAY 2012)

1. A vertical load of W is
supported by the tripod
shown. If the capacity of
each leg is 15 kN, what is the
safe value of W?
A. 34.48kN
B. 36 kN
C. 32.12 kN
D. 42 kN
2. Six (6) steel cables are used
to support a circular
moulding having a diameter
of 2 m and weighing 3.6
kN/m. The cables are equally
spaced around the moulding
and attached to a single hook
3 m above the moulding. If
the allowable stress in the cable is 105 MPa, what is the required diameter?
A. 8 mm C. 9 mm
B. 7 mm D. 10 mm
3. A vertical steel rod is fixed at the top and supports an 8-kN load at the lower
end. The rod is 10mm n diameter and 25 mm long. Unit weight of steel is 77
kN/m3. What is the total elongation of the rod?
A. 12.732 mm C. 12.973 mm
B. 12.853 mm D. 12.612 mm
4. A hallow circular tube has an outside diameter of 85 mm and is 5 mm thick. The
tube is fixed (cantilever) at one end and subjected to a torque of 4 kN-m at its
free end. What is the maximum shearing stress in the tube?
A. 76.5 MPa C. 92.3 MPa
B. 98.7 MPa D. 84.2 MPa
5. A decorative concrete beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m. The beam
weighs 4 kN/m and the cracking moment is 38 kN-m. What is the safe uniform
load of the beam?
A. 4.44 kN/m C. 5.24 kN/m
B. 4.84 kN/m D. 3.84 kN/m
6. A 2.8 m cantilever beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m
throughout its length and a concentrated load of 30 kN at a point 2 meters from
the fixed end. What is the bending moment at the fixed end?
A. 91.3 kN-m B. 76.7 kN-m
 C. 123.9 kN-m D. 99.2 kN-m
7. A 12 m long beam is simply supported at the left end and at 3 m from the right
end. The beam will be subjected to a uniformly distributed moving load. What
total length of the beam must be subjected to this load to produce maximum
negative moment at midspan?
A. 9 m C. 7.5 m
B. 3 m D. 4.5 m

Situation 1 – The hook is

subjected to three forces P, Q
and S as shown. P = 35 kN and
Q = 45 kN.

8. Determine the angle 

such that the resultant of
the three forces is 80 kN
acting horizontally to the
right.
A. 22.85°
B. 21.78°
C. 24.98°
D. 23.12°
9. If angle  = 60°, find the magnitude of the force S such that the resultant
force is horizontal to the right.
A. 48 kN C. 42 kN
B. 51 kN D. 45 kN
10.Find the magnitude of the force S such that the three forces are in equilibrium.
A. 43.87 kN C. 45.98 kN
B. 40.93 kN D. 38.65 kN

Situation 2 – The
horizontal distance from A
at one end of the river to
frame C at the other end is
20 m. The cable carries a
load of W = 50 kN. The sag
“d” of the cable is 1 m.
 11.Find the distance x1 such that the tension in segment AB of the cable is equal
to that segment BC.
A. 9 m C. 12 m
B. 10 m D. 11 m
12.Calculate the tension in segment BC when x1 =5 m.
A. 206.56 kN C. 165.43 kN
B. 174.9 kN D. 187.92 kN
13.What is the total length of the cable when x1 = 5 m?
A. 20.13 m C. 21.12 m
B. 20.76 m D. 19.76 m

Situation 3 – The 1.8-m-diameter

circular plate shown is supported by
equally spaced posts along its
circumference. A load P = 1150 kN is
placed at distance x = 0.45 m from
post A.

14.Neglecting the weight of the plate,

what is the reaction at post A?
A. 834.2 kN
B. 766.7 kN
C. 191.7 kN
D. 194.6 kN
15.Neglecting the weight of the plate,
what is the reaction at post B?
A. 766.7 kN
B. 834.2 kN
C. 194.6 kN
D. 191.7 kN
16.Considering the weight of the plate, what is the reaction at C? the plate is 45
mm thick and the unit weight of steel is 77 kN/m3.
A. 194.6 kN
B. 191.7 kN
C. 834.2 kN
D. 766.7 kN
Situation 4 – The billboard, 3 m high
by 4 m wide, is supported as show in
the figure. The total weight of the
billboard is 30 kN. H = 1.5 m, θ = 60°.
 Wind pressure, q = 1.6 kPa
Wind pressure coefficient, c = 1.0

17. The horizontal component of the reaction at A is nearest to:

A. 19.54 kN C. 16.38 kN
B. 21.89 kN D. 12.45 kN
18. What is the axial stress strut BC whose cross sectional dimension is 6 mm x
76 mm?
A. 94.1 MPa C. 76.5 MPa
B. 87.3 MPa D. 102.6 MPa
19. If the strut AB were replaced by a 16 mm ∅ steel cable, determine the normal
stress (in MPa) in the cable.
A. 86.5 MPa C. 96.3 MPa
B. 90.1 MPa D. 99.1 MPa

Situation 5 – A girder
weighing 18 kN/m is
suspended on a parabolic
cable by a series of vertical
hanger. The length of the
beam is 24 m and the sag
of the cable is 3 m.

20. What is the vertical

component of the reaction at A?
A. 240 kN C. 216 kN
B. 250 kN D. 275 kN
21. What is the tension in the cable at the center?
A. 487 kN C. 432 kN
B. 412 kN D. 521 kN
22. If the allowable cable tension is 360 kN, what is the minimum sag?
A. 4.5 m C. 5 m
B. 3.5 m D. 5.5 m
Situation 6 – Steel tank with an outside diameter of 600 mm has a wall thickness
of 8 mm. The tank is used as storage of gas under a pressure of 2.2 MPa.

23. Determine the value of the tangential stress in the tank wall.
A. 83.2 MPa C. 89.4 MPa
B. 80.3 MPa D. 90.2 MPa
24. Determine the value of the longitudinal stress in the tank wall.
A. 38.5 MPa C. 34.7 MPa
B. 43.1 MPa D. 40.2 MPa
 25. If the allowable tensile stress in the wall is 124 MPa, to what value may the
gas pressure be increased?
A. 3.765 MPa D. 3.397 MPa
B. 2.873 MPa
C. 4.123 MPa
Situation 7 – The solid pole shown in the
figure is loaded with vertical load P = 3kN and
lateral load H = 0.45 kN. The pole is 3 m high
280 mm diameter and weighs 22 kN/m3.

26. What is the maximum compressive

stress at the base?
A. 0.75 MPa
B. 0.88 MPa
C. 0.65 MPa
D. 0.52 MPa
27. What is the maximum tensile stress at
the base?
A. 0.88 MPa
B. 0.52 MPa
C. 0.75 MPa
D. 0.65 MPa
28. What is the maximum shearing stress in the pole?
A. 0.0097 MPa C. 0.0132 MPa
B. 0.0054 MPa D. 0.0115 MPa

Situation 8 – The barge

shown in the figure supports
the load w1 and w2. For this
problem, w1 = 145 kN/m,
w2 = 290 kN/m, L1 = 3 m,
L2 = 6 m, L3 = 3 m.

29. What is the length of

barge “L” so that the
upward pressure is
uniform?
A. 15 m C. 20 m
B. 12 m D. 18 m
30. What is the shear at 3 m from the left end?
A. -162 kN C. -194 kN
B. -151 kN D. -174 kN
31. At what distance from the left end will the shear in the barge be zero?
 A. 4 m C. 5 m
B. 5.5 m D. 4.5 m
Situation 9 – A concrete pad supports two distributed loads of 112 kN/m, as
shown in the figure. It required to determine the maximum shear ad moment in the
pad due to these loads.

32. What uniform base pressure “q” is induced by these loads?

A. 24 kN/m C. 48 kN/m
B. 32 kN/m D. 42 kN/m
33. What is the maximum shear acting on the concrete pad?
A. 24 kN C. 32 kN
B. 42 kN D. 48 kN
34. What is the maximum moment on the pad?
A. 42 kN-m C. 32 kN-m
B. 24 kN-m D. 48 kN-m

Situation 10 – A 10-m long beam is simply supported at the left end and at 2 m
from the right end. The beam will be analyzed for maximum shear at the midspan
that can be induced by a moving load.

35. What is the ordinate of the influence diagram at the midspan?

A. 0.3 C. 0.25
B. 0.45 D. 0.5
36. What is the ordinate of the influence diagram at the free end?
A. 0.3 C. 0.25
B. 0.45 D. 0.5
37. The beam will be subjected to a uniformly distributed moving load. What
total length of this beam must be subjected to this load to produce maximum
shear at the midspan?
A. 4 m C. 3 m
B. 6 m D. 5 m
Situation 11 – The trussed
beam shown is 5.4 m long. A
man of weight “W” is standing
at the middle of the beam.
Neglect the weight of the
beam.

38. The capacity of the rod is 2kN, what is the safe maximum weight of the man
in kg?
A. 132 kg C. 156 kg
B. 129 kg D. 187 kg
39. If the man weighs 85 kg, what is the tensile stress in the rod if its diameter is
10mm?
A. 12.89 MPa C. 17.87 MPa
B. 14.35 MPa D. 16.78 MPa
40. What is the total length of the rod?
A. 6.12 m C. 5.34 m
B. 5.69 m D. 7.32 m
Situation 12 – The truss shown is made from Guijo 100 mm x 150 mm. The load
on the truss is 20 kN. Neglect friction.
Allowable stresses for Guijo:
Compression parallel to grain = 11 MPa
Compression perpendicular to grain = 5 MPa
Shear parallel to grain = 1 MPa
Shear longitudinal for joints = 1.45 MPa

41. Determine the minimum value of x.

A. 180 mm C. 160 mm
B. 150 mm D. 140 mm

42. Determine the minimum value of y in mm.

A. 34.9 C. 13.2
B. 26.8 D. 19.5
43. What is the axial stress in member AC in MPa?
A. 1.26 C. 0.67
B. 1.89 D. 2.78
Situation 13 – The lap joint of a tension member is shown in the figure. The plate
is 252 mm wide and 12 mm thick. The bolts are 20 mm in diameter and the holes
are 3 mm larger than the bolt diameter. Steel is A36 with Fy = 248 MPa and Fu =
400 MPa. It is required to determine the capacity of the joint based on gross area,
net area, and block shear.
 44. Determine the safe value of P based on tension on gross area.
A. 450 kN C. 500 kN
B. 420 kN D. 480 kN
45. Determine the safe value of P based on tension on net area.
A. 439 kN C. 453 kN
B. 421 kN D. 486 kN
46. Determine the safe value of P based on tension on block shear.
A. 423 kN C. 495 kN
B. 469 kN D. 521 kN

Situation 14 – A 6-m long

fixed-ended beam carries a
uniformly distributed load
of 20 kN/m. Use E = 200
GPa and Ix = 67.5 x 106
mm4.

47. Determine the moment at the fixed end.

A. -60 kN-m C. -65 kN-m
B. -55 kN-m D. -50 kN-m
48. What is the maximum shear in the beam?
A. 60 kN C. 65 kN
B. 55 kN D. 50 kN
49. Compute the vertical deflection at the midspan.
A. 4 mm C. 5 mm
B. 7 mm D. 6 mm
Situation 15 – A fixed end beam has a span of 10 m and supports a super
imposed uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m.

Properties of W 450 x 70:

A = 8700 mm2 tf = 15 mm
bf = 150 mm d = 450 mm
Ix = 274.7 x 106 mm4 tw = 10 mm
Iy = 8.47 x 106 mm4 Wb = 70 kg/m
50. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam.
A. 112.56 MPa C. 142.20 MPa
B. 132.98 MPa D. 123.87 MPa
51. What is the average shearing stress in the beam?
A. 24.35 MPa C. 23.15 MPa
B. 26.92 MPa D. 19.32 MPa
52. Determine the maximum shearing stress in the beam
A. 26.92 MPa C. 2435 MPa
B. 19.32 MPa D. 23.15 MPa
Situation 16 – A built up section
consisting of W 350 x 90 with two 12
mm plates welded to form a box section
as shown in the Figure S01. The section
is used as a column 10 meters long.
The column is fixed at both ends and
braced at midheight about the weak
axis (Y-axis). The code provision is
given in Figure NSCP-01. Use Fy = 248
MPa.

Properties of W350 x 90:

bf = 250 mm Ix = 266 x 106
tf = 16.4 mm Iy = 44.54 x 106
d = 350 mm A = 11,550 mm2
tw = 9.5 mm
53. Determine the effective slenderness ration of the column with respect to
lateral buckling about the x-axis.
A. 42.76 C. 37.66
B. 34.89 D. 35.98
54. Determine the effective slenderness ration of the column with respect to the
lateral buckling about the y-axis.
A. 34.89 C. 37.66
B. 35.98 D. 42.76
55. Determine the axial load capacity of the column in kN.
A. 2435 C. 3219
B. 2895 D. 2663
Figure NSCP-01
When KL/r < Cc (short column)

𝐾𝐿 2 𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 3
( ) 𝐹𝑦 5 3( ) ( )
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Fa = [1 − ] 𝐹.𝑆. F.S. = + −
2𝐶𝑐2 3 8𝐶𝑐 8𝐶𝑐3

When KL/r > Cc (long column)

12𝜋2 𝐸
Fa = 𝐾𝐿 2
23( )
𝑟
K = effective length factor K = 0.5 for both ends fixed
K = 1 for both ends pin K = 0.7 for one end fixed and other end pin

Situation 17 – A box column is formed by welding two channel sections at the tip
of their flanges. The column has an unsupported length of 4 m and is hinged at
both ends (K=1.0).

The property of each channel section is as follows:

bf = 90 mm tw = 12 mm 𝑥̅= 21 mm
tf = 10 mm Ix = 38.1 x 106 mm4 A = 4560 mm2
d = 250 mm Iy = 2.91 x 106 mm4

56. What is the compressive stress in the column due to an axial load of 900 kN?
A. 98.7 MPa C. 89.4 MPa
B. 91.2 MPa D. 102.5 MPa
57. What is the maximum bending stress in the column due to a moment of 70
kN-m, about the x-axis of the section?
A. 114.8 MPa C. 96.5 MPa
B. 123.9 MPa D. 1181.1 MPa
58. What is the critical (maximum) effective slenderness ratio of the column?
A. 48.2 C. 54.4
B. 76.1 D. 65.2
Situation 18 – The deck of a bridge consists of a ribbed metal deck with 100 mm
concrete slab on top. The superstructure supporting the deck is made of wide
flange steel beams strengthened by a cover plate 16 mm x 260 mm one at the top
and one at the bottom, and is spaced 1.2 m on centers. The beams are simply
supported over a span of 25 m. The loads on each beam are as follows:

Dead load = 12 kN/m (including beam weight and deck)

Wheel live loads:
Front wheel = 18 kN
Rear wheel = 72 kN
Wheel base = 4.3 m

15
Impact factor = ≤ 30%, where L = length in m.
𝐿+37

Properties of W 850x185:
A = 23,750 mm2 tw = 15 mm
d = 850 mm Ix = 2662 x 106 mm4
bf = 290 mm Iy = 81.52 x 106 mm
tf = 20 mm
59. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam due to dead load.
A. 123 MPa C. 92 MPa
B. 107 MPa D. 98 MPa
60. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam due to live load plus
impact.
A. 79 MPa C. 68 MPa
B. 62 MPa D. 56 MPa
61. Calculate the maximum average web shear stress in the beam due to live
load plus impact.
A. 7.6 MPa C. 9.1 MPa
B. 8.5 MPa D. 12.4 MPa
Situation 19 – The W450x86 beam is supported by a concrete wall and a 130-
mm- wide bearing plate as shown. The beam reaction is 250 kN. All steel are A36
steel with Fy = 248 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 27.5 MPa.

Properties of W450x86 are as follows:

d = 450 mm tf = 18 mm k = 38 m
bf = 190 mm tw = 10 mm

Allowable bearing stress of concrete, Fp = 0.35 f’c

Allowable bending stress of weak axis of plate, Fb = 0.75 Fy

62. What is the required width of the bearing plate “W”?

A. 220 mm C. 180 mm
B. 240 mm D. 200 mm
63. Using the width in Part 1, wat is the required plate thickness? Assume that
the critical section in bending for bearing plate is distance “k” from the axis of
the beam.
A. 28.4 mm C. 24.5 mm
B. 32.1 mm D. 21.2 mm
64. Determine the web yielding stress at the web toe of fillet.
A. 102 MPa C. 127 MPa
B. 85 MPa D. 111 MPa

Situation 20 – The floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete structure is shown in

the figure. The beams are 280 mm wide and 520 mm deep and the slab is 110 mm
thick. Other than concrete weight, the floor is subjected to additional
(superimposed) dead load of 3 kPa and live load of 5.2 kPa. Unit weight of concrete
is 23.5 kN/m3.

Due to space consideration, the columns E and H are to be removed. This will make
girder BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI at H.

Use tributary area method.

65. Determine the uniform service dead load on beam DEF.

A. 19.87 kN/m C. 17.38 kN/m
B. 21.34 kN/m D. 16.21 kN/m
66. Determine the uniform service live load on beam DEF.
A. 13 kN/m C. 11 kN/m
B. 14 kN/m D. 12 kN/m
67. Determine the factored concentrated load at E due to loads on beam DEF.
A. 287.9 kN C. 254.5 kN
B. 145.8 kN D. 321.2 kN

Situation 21 – The floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete structure is shown in

the figure. Then the columns E and H are deleted, girder BEHK carries the reaction
of BEF at E and GHK at H. this girder maybe considered fixed at B and K. the
uniform load on this girder is 5 kN/m and the concentrated load at E and H are each
270 kN.

68. Calculate the maximum shear at B due to uniform and concentrated loads.
A. 321 kN C. 265 kN
B. 289 kN D. 253 kN
69. Calculate the maximum shear at E due to concentrated load only.
A. 300 kN B. 280 kN
 C. 290 kN D. 270 kN
70. Calculate the maximum positive moment in the girder due to uniform load
only.
A. 11.72 kN-m C. 9.65 kN-m
B. 13.21 kN-m D. 10.12 kN-m

Situation 22 – The rectangular footing shown is subjected to axial load of P =

1200 kN and a moment of M = 360 kN-m. it is required to determine the safe gross
bearing capacity of the soil to support the given loads. The unit weights of concrete
and soil are 23.5 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3, respectively.

71. What is the maximum foundation pressure in kPa?

A. 256 kPa C. 287 kPa
B. 274 kPa D. 321 kPa
72. What is the minimum foundation pressure in kPa?
A. 64 kPa C. 82 kPa
B. 69 kPa D. 54 kPa
73. What is the minimum required gross allowable soil bearing capacity to carry
the given loads?
A. 310 kPa C. 290 kPa
B. 280 kPa D. 300 kPa
Situation 23 – The T-beam shown
resulted from monolithic
construction of the beam and slab.
The effective flange width is 1100
mm and the uniform slab thickness
is 120 mm. width of beam is 340
mm, total depth of the T-section is
590 mm. The centroid of steel is 70
mm from extreme concrete fiber.
Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and
streel strength fy = 415 MPa. Use
strength design method.

74. Calculate the nominal strength of the beam for positive moment neglecting
the contribution of the top reinforcement.
A. 567.2 kN-m C. 456.1 kN-m
B. 503.2 kN-m D. 526.5 kN-m
75. Calculate the nominal strength of the beam for negative moment.
A. 289.88 kN-m C. 432.12 kN-m
B. 321.98 kN-m D. 238.43 kN-m
76. Calculate the required nominal shear strength of the beam if it is subjected to
a factored shear of 220 kN.
A. 289.4 kN C. 258.8 kN
B. 269.5 kN D. 231.9 kN
Situation 24 – A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall
depth of 480 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m. Steel strength
fy = 415 MPa and concrete strength f’c = 28 MPa. Concrete cover is over 70mm
from the centroid of the steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Other
than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a superimposed dead load of 18
kN/m and live load of 14 kN/m. Use the strength design method.

77. Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.

A. 135 kN-m C. 168 kN-m
B. 121 kN-m D. 183 kN-m
78. If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280kN-m, determine
the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
A. 8 C. 9
B. 6 D. 7
79. If the beam will carry an additional factored load of 240 kN at midspan,
determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
A. 14 B. 9
 C. 10
D. 12

Situation 25 – The section of a

column is shown in the figure.
For this problem, b1 = 300 mm,
b2 = 180 mm, d1 = 250 mm, d2
= 350 mm. f’c = 28 MPa, fy =
414 MPa.

80. Determine the location of

the gross concrete area
measured from y-axis.
A. 281 mm
B. 262 mm D. 253 mm
C. 274 mm
81. Determine the location of the plastic neutral axis of the column measured
from the y-axis. Neglect the area of concrete occupied by the steel.
A. 272 mm C. 282 mm
B. 302 mm D. 292 mm
82. Determine the factored moment Mu due to factored load Pu = 3200 applied
400 mm from the y-axis. Assume that the column is reinforced such that
plastic neutral axis is 290 mm from the y-axis.
A. 352 kN-m C. 326 kN-m
B. 387 kN-m D. 376 kN-m
Situation 26 – The column shown in the
figure is subjected to shear force parallel to
the 600 mm side. Allowable concrete shear
stress fir shear parallel to the 600 mm side
is 0.816 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 21
MPa and steel strength for both
longitudinal and reinforcements is 415 MPa.
The ties are all 12 mm in diameter with
clear cover of 40 mm.

83. Determine the factored shear force

Vu that the column can resist if the nominal shear strength provided by the
ties is 375 kN.
A. 421 C. 486
B. 514 D. 452
84. If the ties are spaced at 230 mm o centers, what is the maximum value of Vu,
in kN?
 A. 446 C. 389
B. 521 D. 416
85. If the factored shear force parallel to the 600 mm side is 400 kN, determine
the required spacing of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the
provisions for seismic design.
A. 154.8 mm C. 125.8 mm
B. 112.5 mm D. 208.1 mm
Situation 27 – A prestressed concrete beam ha a width of 300 mm and an overall
depth of 600 mm. the prestressing tendons are placed at a distance “e” below
neutral axis of the beam and the applied prestressing force is P = 1500 kN. There is
15% loss of prestress.

86. Determine the compressive stress in concrete when P is applies at the

centroid of the beam.
A. 6.43 MPa C. 7.08 MPa
B. 8.21 MPa D. 7.54 MPa
87. What is the maximum compressive stress in the beam when e = 120 mm?
A. 14.32 MPa C. 15.58 MPa
B. 18.72 MPa D. 16.92 MPa
88. Determine the value of eccentricity “e” such that the resulting stress at the
top fiber of the beam is zero.
A. 100 mm C. 200 mm
B. 120 mm D. 150 mm
Situation 28 – The section of a prestressed double-tee concrete floor joist is
shown in the figure. The prestressing force in each tee is 750 kN. Unit weight of
concrete is 23.5 kN/m3.

The properties of the double tee section are:

Area = 220,000 mm2
I = 1890 x 106 mm4
y1 = 90 mm
 y2 = 270 mm
y3 = 75 mm
Simple span, L = 8 m

Service load on floor: Dead load = 2.5 kPa

Live load = 6 kPa

89. Determine the initial stress at the bottom fibers due to prestressing force
along?
A. -42.3 MPa C. -52.8 MPa
B. -48.6 MPa D. -37.6 MPa
90. Determine the stress at the bottom fibers due to service load and
prestressing force. Assume that there is a loss of prestress of 20% at service
loads.
A. -8.9 MPa C. -12.32 MPa
B. -9.87 MPa D. -6.56 MPa
91. Calculate the additional load can the floor carry so that the stress at the
bottom fibers at the midspan is zero.
A. 5.43 kPa C. 4.89 kPa
B. 7.98 kPa D. 3.04 kPa
Situation 29 – A square footing is shown in the figure. The footing is to support a
350 mm x 400 mm column that carried an axial dead load of 740 kN and an axial
live load of 460 kN. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Main bar diameter is 20
mm, concrete cover from center of main bars = 90 mm.

92. Calculate the factored shear on footing at critical section for wide-beam
action.
A. 435 kN C. 504 kN
B. 612 kN D. 587 kN
93. Calculate the factored shear on footing at critical section for two-way action.
A. 1432 kN C. 1648 kN
B. 1873 kN D. 1256 kN
94. Determine the required number of 20-mm bars.
A. 15 C. 13
B. 17 D. 11
Situation 30 – Answer the following questions:

95. Which of the following deals with forces at rest?

A. Impact C. Static
B. Kinetic D. Dynamic
96. Which of the following forces determines whether a body will be at rest or in
motion?
A. Resultant C. Work
B. Equilibrant D. Momentum
97. Energy by virtue of velocity
A. Potential C. Work
B. Kinetic D. momentum

Situation 31 – Answer the following questions on axial deformation of rigid bodies:

98. Within proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain.

A. Elastic limit C. Poisson’s Ratio
B. Young’s Modulus D. Hooke’s Law
99. The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.
A. Hooke’s Law C. Young’s Modulus
B. Poisson’s Ratio D. Elastic Limit
100. Within elastic range, the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain
curve.
A. Young’s Modulus C. Hooke’s Law
B. Elastic Limit D. Poisson’s Ratio
ANSWER KEY:

1A 11 B 21 C 31 C 41 C 51 C 61 B 71 A 81 D 91 D

2B 12 D 22 A 32 C 42 D 52 A 62 D 72 A 82 A 92 C

3B 13 A 23 B 33 D 43 A 53 C 63 C 73 D 83 C 93 C

4D 14 B 24 D 34 A 44 A 54 B 64 D 74 B 84 A 94 A

5A 15 D 25 D 35 D 45 A 55 D 65 C 75 A 85 B 95 C

6D 16 A 26 B 36 C 46 B 56 A 66 A 76 C 86 C 96 A

7B 17 C 27 D 37 B 47 A 57 A 67 A 77 C 87 C 97 B

8A 18 A 28 A 38 B 48 A 58 C 68 B 78 D 88 A 98 D

9D 19 B 29 A 39 D 49 C 59 D 69 D 79 D 89 B 99 B

10 B 20 C 30 D 40 B 50 C 60 C 70 A 80 B 90 A 100 A
Solutions

LAD = √1.82 + 2.42 + 0.92 𝜋𝜋

LAD =3.1321 m
LAB = LAD = 3.1321 m
LAC =√2.42 + 1.82 = 3m
2.4
FACy = 3
FAC = 0.8 FAC

2.4
FABy = FAB = 0.7662 FAB
3.1321

By symmetry, FAB = FAD

∑MBD = 0
FACy(2.7) = W(0.9) 0.8FAC(2.7) = (0.9)
FAC = 0.4167 W

Set FAC = 15 kN W = 36 kN

∑MCE = 0
2(FABy)(2.7) = W(1.8) 5.4(0.7662FAB)= W(1.8)
FAB = 0.43501 W = FAD

Set FAB = 15 Kn
W = 34.482 kN (governs)

2
 θ = arctan(3/1) = 71.565°

Total weight, W = 3.6 x 𝜋(2) = 22.619 kN

∑FV = 0 6 x T sin θ = 22.619

T = 3.974 kN
𝜋
Ft = T x A c 105 = 3,974 x 4
(dc) 2
dc = 6.9 say 7 mm

D = 10 mm P = 8 kN E = 200 GPa (for steel)

L = 25 m 𝛾s = 77 kN/m3

𝜋
Area, A = 4 (10)2 = 78.54 mm2

Weight of rod, W = 𝛾s Vs =
77,000[78.54/10002](25)
W = 154.189 N

Elongation due to concentrated load P:

𝑃𝐿 8,000(25,000)
𝛿1 = 𝛿1 =
𝐴𝐸 78.54(200,000)
𝛿 1 = 12.732 mm

Elongation due to own weight:

1 1
𝑊𝐿 (151,189)(25,000)
2 2
𝛿2 = 𝛿2 =
𝐴𝐸 78.54(200,000)
𝛿 2 = 0.1203 mm

Total deformation, 𝛿 = 𝛿 1 +𝛿 2 = 12.853 mm

Outside diameter, D =
Inside diameter, d = D – 2t =
Torque, T =

Maximum shearing stress:

 16 𝑇𝐷 16(4 𝑥 106 )(85)
𝜏= 𝜏 =
𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑 4 ) 𝜋 (854 −754 )
𝜏 = 84.22 MPa

Cracking moment, M = 38 kN-m

Weight of beam = 4kN/m

𝑤𝐿2 𝑤(6)2
M= 38 =
8 8
w = 8.444 kN/m

Safe uniform load = 8.444 – 4 = 4.444 kN/m

MA = 30(2)+ 10(2.8)(1.4)
MA = 99.2 kN-m

Moment = w x Area under the influence diagram

Maximum negative moment at B will occur when the uniform load is within CD
only. Total length = 3 m
Situation 1

Given:
P = -35i
Q = (45 cos 60°)i – (45 sin 60°)j
Q = 22.5i – 38.97j

Part 1:

Resultant, R = 80i

R=P+Q+S
80i = -35i + (22.5i-38.9j) + S
S = 92.5i + 38.97j
Sx = 92.5 kN , Sy = 38.97 kN

𝑆𝑦 38.91
𝛼 = arctan 𝛼 = arctan
𝑆𝑥 92.5
𝛼 = 22.85°
Part 2:

Resultant is horizontal
to the right with 𝛼 = 60°
R = P + Q + S = Rxi + 0j
Rxi = -35i + (22.5i – 38.97j)
+ S(cos 60° i + sin 60° j)
Rxi + 0j = (-12.5 0.5S)I +
(-38.97+0.866S)j

0 = -38.97 + 0.866S
S = 45 kN

Part 3:

P+Q+S=0
-35i + (22.5i – 38.97j) + S = 0
S = 12.5i + 38.97j
Sx = 12.5 kN
Sy = 38.97 kN

S = √12.52 + 38.972
S = 40.927 kN
 Situation 2

Part 1:
The tensions in the cables are equal when their angles of inclination
are equal. Since A and C are on the same elevation, therefore x1 = x2 = 10.

Parts 2 & 3:

𝜃 = arctan (5/1) = 78.69°

𝛼 = arctan (15/1) = 86.19°
𝛽 = 180 ° - 𝛼 – 𝛽 = 15.12°

From the force polygon:

𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑊
= =
sin 𝛼 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛽

50
T1 = sin 15.12°
sin 86.19° =
191.21 kN → Part 2

50
T2 = sin 15.12°
sin 78.69° =
187.92 kN

Length of cable:
L = x1 sec θ + x2 sec 𝛼
L = 5 sec 78.69° + 15 sec 86.19°
L = 20.13 m → Part 3

Situation 3

Parts 1 & 2:
Neglecting the weight of the plate:
 ∑MA = 0
2RB (1.35) = 1150 (0.45)
RB = 191.667 kN = RC

∑FV = 0
RA = 1150 – 2 (191.667)
RA = 766.67 kN

Part 3
Considering the weight of the plate:

W = 𝛾 s Vs
𝜋
W = 77 x 4
(1.8)2(0.45)
W = 8.817 kN

∑MA = 0
2RB (1.35) = 1150 (0.45) + 8.817(0.9)
RB = 194.61 kN = RC

Situation 4

a = 1.5 cot 30° a = 2.598 m

|∑MC =0| AH(3) + 19.2(1.5) = 30(2.598)

AH = 16.38 kN → Part 1
 At joint A:
∑FH = 0 FAB cos 30° = 16.38
FAB = 18.915 kN

18.915 𝑥 103
Stress in member AB, fAB = 𝜋
(16)2
4

Stress in member AB, fAB = 94.08 MPa → Part 3

At joint B:
∑FH = 0 FBC cos 30° = 19.2 + 18.915 cos 30°
FBC = 41.085 kN

41.085 𝑥 103
Stress in member BC, fBC =
6(76)

Stress in member BC, fBC = 90.1 MPa → Part 2

Situation 5

W1 = 18(12)
W1 = 216 kN

θ = arctan(3/6)
θ = 26.565°

From the force polygon:

T = W1 csc θ
T = 216 csc 26.565°
T = 483 kN

AV = T sin θ = 216 kN

H = W1 cot θ H = 216 cot 26.565°

H = 432 kN

Part 3:
When T = 360 kN

𝑊 216
θ = arcsin = arcsin = 36.87°
𝑇 360

Sag = 6 tan θ = 4.5 m

Situation 6

Given: Outside diameter, Do = 600 mm

Thickness, t = 8 mm
Pressure inside, pi = 2.2 MPa

Inside diameter, D = Do – 2t = 584 MPa

Part 1:

𝑝𝐷 2.2(584)
σt = σt =
2𝑡 2(8)
σt = 80.3 MPa
Part 2:

pD 2.2(584)
σl = σl =
4t 4(8)
σl = 40.15 MPa
Part 3: Note: in thin walled cylindrical tanks, tangential stress twice as
critical as longitudinal stress.

σt allow = 124 MPa

𝑝𝐷 𝑝(584)
σt = 124 =
2𝑡 2(8)
p = 3.397 MPa

Situation 7
𝜋
A= (280)2 = 61,575.2 mm2
4
𝜋
I= 64
(280)2 = 301.719 x 106 mm4
Total vertical load at the base:
𝜋
Pt = P + 𝛾Vol = 3 + 22 + 4
(0.28)2(3) = 7.064 kN

Total moment at base:

M = H x L +P x e = 0.45(3) + 3(0.1) = 1.65 kN-m

Parts 1 & 2: Maximum normal stress at the base:

 𝑃𝑡 𝑀𝐶
f= - ± ; c = D/2 = 140 mm
𝐴 𝐼
3000 1.65 𝑥106 (140)
f=- 61,575.2
± 301.718 𝑥 106
f = - 0.1147 ± 0.7656

Maximum compressive stress, fc = - 0.1147 - 0.7656

Maximum compressive stress, fc = -0.88 MPa

Maximum tensile stress, ft = - 0.1147 + 0.7656

Maximum tensile stress, ft = 0.651 MPa

Part 3:

Shear, V = H = 450 N
Diameter, D =280 mm, r = 140mm
4𝑉 4(450)
Shear stress, fv = fv =
3𝜋𝑟 3𝜋(140)2
fv = 0.0097 MPa

Situation 8

W = 145(3) + 290(3) = 1305 kN

Location of W:
Wx = 145(3)(1.5) + 290(3)(10.5)
x = 7.5 m
 For the uniform pressure at the bottom of the barge, x = L/2.
L = 2(7.5)
L = 15 m → Part 1

𝑊 1305
Upward pressure, q = = = 87 kN/m
𝐿 15

Shear at a point 3 m from the left end (@B):

VB = q(3) – w1(3) VB = 87(3) - 145(3)
VB = -174 kN → Part 2

Point of zero shear:

q(x1) = w1(3) 87(x1) = 145(3)
x1 = 5m → Part 3

Situation 9
 Part 1:

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 2 𝑥 112(1.5)
q= q=
𝐿 7
q = 48 kN/m

Part 2: Maximum shear:

VB = VA + 48(1) = 48 kN
VC = VB – 112(1.5) + 48(1.5) = -48 kN
Thus, Vmax = 48 kN

Part 3: Maximum moment:

MG = 48(1.75)(1.75/2) – 112(0.75)(0.75/2) = 42 kN-m
MH = 48(3.5)(3.5/2) – 112(1.5)(1.75) = 0

Maximum moment = MG = 42 kN-m

Situation 10

Shear = w x Area under the influence diagram.

From the influence diagram, the uniform load must be within AB and CD to
produce maximum area. The total length is 4 + 2 = 6 m
Situation 11

The beam is assumed hinged at B.

The force in the strut is W.

θ = arctan(0.9/2.7)
θ = 18.435°

∑FV = 0
2T sin θ = W

Part 1: T = 2kN
W = 2(2) sin 18.435°
W = 1.265 kN = 1265 N

𝑊 1265
Mass, M = M=
𝑔 9.81

M = 128.99 kg

Part 2:

M = 85 kg
By ratio and proportion from the previous question:

𝑇 2 𝑘𝑁
=
85 𝑘𝑔 128.99 𝑘𝑔
T = 1.318 kN
 𝑇 1,318
Stress, ft = ft = 𝜋
𝐴𝑟 (10)2
4
ft = 16.78 MPa

Part 3:
Length of rod = 2 √2.72 + 0.92
Length of rod = 5.692 m

Situation 12

p = 11 MPa
q = 5 MPa
fV = 1 MPa

𝛼 = arctan(0.75/1.2)
𝛼 = 32°

At joint C: 2F sin𝛼 = 20
F = 18.868 kN

𝐹
Axial stress on member AC = = 1.258 MPa
100(150)

R1 = F sin𝛼 = 10kN R2 = F cos𝛼 = 16 kN

Considering R2:

On surface ab: θ = 𝛼 = 32°

𝑝𝑥𝑞
Fab = = 8.227 MPa
𝑝 sin2 𝜃 +𝑞 cos2 𝜃
 R2 = fab x Aab 16,000 = 8.227 x y x 100
y = 19.45 mm

Shear: Fv = 1 MPa
R2 = F v + A v 16,000 = 1 x (100x)
x = 160 mm

Situation 13

Part 1: Tension on gross area:

Ag = 252(12) = 3024 mm2
Allowable tensile stress, Ft = 0.6Fy = 0.6(248) = 148.8 MPa

P = Ft x A P = 148.8(3024)
P = 450 kN

Part 2: Tension on net area.

Allowable tensile stress, Ft = 0.5Fu = 200 MPa
Net area, An = (252 – 3 x 23)(12) = 2196 mm2

P = Ft x A n P = 200(2196)
P =439.2 kN

Part 3: Block shear:

Path 1:
Tension:
At = (63x2- 2x23)(12)
At = 960 mm2

AV = 2[63x2 +38
– 2.5x23](12)
AV =2556 mm2

Ft = 0.5Fu = 200 MPa

FV = 0.3Fu = 120 MPa

P = Ft x A t + F V x A V
P = 200(960) +
120(2556)
P = 498.72 kN

Path 2:
Tension:
At = (63x3 - 2.5x23)(12)
At = 1578 mm2
 AV = [63x2 + 38
– 2.5x23](12)
AV = 1278 mm2

Ft = 0.5Fu = 200 MPa

FV = 0.3Fu = 120 MPa

P = Ft x A t + F V x A V
P = 200(1578) +
120(1278)
P = 468.96 kN

Situation 14

Part 1: Moment at fixed end:

𝑤𝐿2 20(6)2
MA = - MA = -
12 12
MA = -60 kN-m

Part 2: Maximum shear:

𝑤𝐿
Vmax = RA Vmax =
2
20(6)
Vmax = = 60 kN
2

Part 3: Midspan deflection:

𝑤𝐿4 20(6)(1000)4
𝛿 mid = 𝛿 mid =
384𝐸𝐼 200,000 (67.5𝑥106 )

𝛿 mid = 5 mm

Situation 15

Total load:
70(9.81)
w = 20 + = 20.834 kN/m
1000

𝑤𝐿2
Maximum moment, Mmax = MA = MB = -
12

20.834(10)2
Mmax = -
12

Mmax = -173.613 kN-m

 Maximum shear, Vmax = RA = RB

𝑤𝐿
Vmax =
2

Vmax = 104.168 kN

Part 1: Maximum bending stress:

450
𝑀𝐶 173.613 𝑥 106 ( )
2
fb max = fb max =
𝐼𝑥 274.7 𝑥 106
fb max = 142.2 MPa

Part 2: Average shearing stress:

𝑉 104.168 𝑥 103
fv ave = fv ave =
𝑑𝑡𝑤 450(10)
fv ave = 23.15 MPa

Part 3: Maximum shearing stress:

𝑉𝑄
fv max =
𝐼𝑥 𝑡

Q = ∑Ay
Q = 150(15)(210+7.5) + 210(10)(105)
Q = 709.875 x 103 mm3

t = 10 m

104.168 𝑥 103 (709.875 𝑥 103 )

fv max =
274.7 𝑥 106 (10)
fv max = 26.92 MPa

Situation 16

2𝜋2 𝐸 2𝜋2 (200,000)

Cc = √ = √
𝐹𝑦 248
Cc = 126.17

Properties of built-up section:

A = 11,550 + 2 x (350)(12)
A = 19,950 mm2

12(350)3
Ix = 266 x 106 + 2 x
12
Ix = 351.75 x 106 mm4
 𝐼
rx = √𝑥 = 132.784 mm
𝐴

350(12)3 250 122

Iy = 44.54 x 106 + 2 [ 12
+ (350)(12)(2
+ 2
)]
Iy = 188.79 x 106 mm4
𝐼
ry = √𝑦 = 97.28 mm
𝐴

𝐾𝑋 𝐿𝑋 0.5(10,000)
LRx = = = 37.66 → Part 1
𝑟𝑥 132.784
𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 0.7(5,000)
LRy = = = 35.98 → Part 2
𝑟𝑦 97.28

𝐾𝐿
Maximum = 37.66 < Cc short column
𝑟
𝐾𝐿
𝑟 37.66
𝛼= 𝛼=
𝐶𝑐 126.17
𝛼 = 0.2984
5 3 𝛼3
FS = + 𝛼− FS = 1.775
3 8 8

𝛼2 𝐹𝑦
Fa = (1 − ) Fa = 133.476 MPa
2 𝐹𝑆

P = Fa x A P = 133.476(19,950)
P = 2662.8 kN → Part 3

Situation 17

A = 2A1
A = 2(4560)
A = 9,120 mm2

Ix = 2Ix1
Ix = 2(38.1 x 106)
Ix = 76.2 x 106

Iy = 2(Iy1 + A x12)
Iy = 2 [2.91x106 + 4560(69)2]
Iy = 49.24 x 106 mm4
 𝐼 76.2 𝑥 106
rx = √𝑥 rx = √ = 91.41 mm
𝐴 9,120

𝐼 49.24 𝑥 106
ry = √𝑦 ry = √ = 73.48 mm
𝐴 9,120

Part 1:
Axial load = 900 kN
Axial compressive stress:

𝑃 900,000
fa = fa =
𝐴 9,120
fa = 98.68 MPa

Part 2:
Moment about x-asis, Mx = 70 kN-m

Bending stress:
250
𝑀𝑥 𝑐 70𝑥106 ( )
2
fb = fb =
𝐼𝑥 76.2 𝑥 106
fb = 114.83 MPa

Part 3: Critical slenderness ratio

𝐾𝐿 1(4000)
(𝑟) = = 43.76
𝑥 91.407
𝐾𝐿 1(4000)
(𝑟) = = 54.44 ← Critical
𝑦 74.48

Situation 18
 Moment of inertia of the beam with cover plate:

260(16)3 2
Ix = 2662 x 106 + 2 x [ 12
+ 260 (16)(433 )
Ix = 4,222 x 106

Part 1: Bending stress due to dead load

𝑤𝑑 𝐿2 12(25)2
MD = MD =
8 8
MD = 937.5 kN-m

𝑀𝑐 937.5 𝑥 106 (441)

fb = fb =
𝐼𝑥 4,222 𝑥 10^6
c = 441 mm fb = 97.925 MPa

Part 2: Bending stress due to live load plus impact

Maximum moment in the beam due to two moving loads:

(𝑃𝐿−𝑃𝑑)2
Mmax =
4𝑃𝐿

P = total load = 90 kN d = wheel base = 4.3 m

Ps = smaller load = 18 kN L = beam length = 25 m

(90(25)−18(4.3))^2
Mmax = = 524.466 kN-m
4(90)(25)

15 15
Impact factor = = = 0.2419 < 0.3 (ok)
𝐿+ 37 25+37

Maximum moment with impact:

M = Mmax(1 + Impact factor)
M = 524.466(1 + 0.2419) = 651.33 kN-m

𝑀𝑐 651.33 𝑥 106 (441)

fb max = fb max =
𝐼𝑥 4,222𝑥106
c = 441 mm fb max = 68 MPa

Part 3: Maximum average shearing stress.

Maximum shear occurs at the reaction where the heaviest load is nearest.
 ∑MR1 = 0 25 R2 = 18(20.7) + 72(25)
R2 = 86.904 kN

Maximum shear including impact:

Vmax = 86.904 x (1 + Impact factor)
Vmax = 89.904(1+0.2419)
Vmax =107.93 kN

𝑉 107.93 𝑥 103
fv ave = fv ave =
𝑑𝑡𝑤 850(15)
fv ave = 8.465 MPa

Situation 19

Part 1:
Load, P = 250 kN
Allowable bearing stress of concrete, Fp = 0.35f’c = 9.625 MPa

P = Fp A 250,000 = 0.625 x W x 130

W = 199.8 mm say 200 mm

Part 2:
Actual bearing pressure:

𝑃
fp = =
130(200)
9.615 MPa

x = 100 – k = 62 MPa

3𝑓𝑝 𝑥 2
t= √
𝐹𝑏

3(9.61)(62)2
t =√
0.75(248)
t = 24.4 mm
Part 3: Web yielding stress at toe of fillet (end reaction):
 𝑃 250,000
fa = fa =
(𝑁+2.5𝑘)𝑡𝑤 [130+2.5(38)]10

fa = 111.11 MPa

Situation 20

Loads:

Dead load:
wd = beam weight + slab weight + dead load pressure
wd = 𝛾c Ab + 𝛾c Ac + pd x S
wd = 23.5(0.52)(0.28) + 23.5(2.5)(0.11) + 3(2.5)
wd = 17.384 kN/m → Part 1

Live load:
w1 =pl x S w1 = 5.2(2.5)
w1 = 13 kN/m → Part 2

Part 3: Factored concentrated load at E:

Factored load:
wu = 1.4 wd + 1.7 wl wu = 1.4(17.384) + 1.7(13)
wu = 46.438 kN/m

Factored concentrated load at E:

RE = wu(6.2) RE = 46.438(6.2)
RE = 287.9 kN
Situation 21

Part 1: Shear at B due to concentrated and uniform loads:

VB = RB1 + RB2 VB = ½(5)(7.5) + ½(270 + 270)

VB = 288.75 kN

Part 2: Maximum shear at E due to concentrated load

In Figure (2):
VE1 = 270 kN
VE2 = 270 – 270 = 0
VEmax = 270 kN

Situation 22
Given: P = 1200 kN L = 2.5 m
M = 360 kN-m Thickness of concrete, hC = 0.7 m
B = 3m Thickness of soil, hS = 1.5 m

M 360
Eccentricity, e = e=
P 1200
e = 0.3 m < (B/6 = 0.5 m) OK
 Net foundation pressure:

P 6M 1200 6(360)
q= - ± 2 q=- ± 2
L(B) LB 2.5(3) 2.5(3)
q= -256 kPa and -64 kPa

Maximum ne foundation pressure = 256 kPa  Part 1

Minimum net foundation pressure = 64 kPa  Part 2

Part 3: Gross allowable soil pressure, qa:

qe = qa - γchc - γshs

qe = effective (net) soil bearing capacity = 256 kPa

256 = qa – 23.5(0.7) – 18(1.5)
qa = 299.45 kPa

Situation 23
π
Top bar, As1 = 3 x (25)2 = 1473 mm2
4
π
Bottom bar, As2 = 5 x (25)2 = 2454 mm2
4
Flange area, Af = 1100(120) = 132,000 mm2
Effective Depth, d = 590 -70 = 520 mm

600d
Balance, cbalance = = 307 mm
600 + fy

β1 = 0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

Part 1: Strengh of beam for positive momen, neglecting top bar.

As = 2454 mm2
 Assuming fs = fy:

Asfy = 0.85 f’c Ac 2454(415) = 0.86(21)Ac

Ac = 57,062 mm2 < Af

Ac = bf x a 57,602 = 1100 x a
a= 51.9 mm

c = a / βf c = 61 mm < cbalance (fs = fy)

Mn = T(d - a/2) Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)

Mn = 2454(415)(520 – 51.9/2)
Mn = 503.2 kN∙m

Part 2: Negative moment

Assuming fs = fy and f’s < fy:

T = Cc + C’s

Asfy = 0.85 f’c a b + A’s f’s

c -d'
fs = 600 a = β1c
c

c - 70
1473(415) = 0.85(21)(0.85c)(340) + 2454 x 600
c
c = 80.68 mm < cbalance (fs = fy)

80.68 - 70
f’s = 600 = 79.425 MPa < fy (OK)
80.68

a= β1c = 68.6mm

Mn = Cc(d – a/2) + C’s(d – d’)

Mn = 0.85 f’c a b (d – a/2) + A’s f’s (d – d’)
Mn = 0.85(21)(68.6)(340)(520 – 68.6/2)
+ 2454(79.425)(520 – 70)
Mn = 289..88 kN∙m
 Part 3:
Factored shear, Vu = 220 kN

Vu 220
Nominal shear strength, Vn = = = 258.82 kN
Φ 0.85

Situation 24
Given: b = 300 mm f’c = 28 MPa
d = 480 – 70 = 410 mm β1 = 0.85
fy = 415 MPa ρmin = 1.4/fy = 0.00337
Bar diameter, db = 20 mm

Weight of beam, wb = γcAb = 23.5(0.3 x 0.48) = 3.384 kN/m

Part 1:
Factored load, wu = 1.4(3.384 + 18) + 1.7(14)
Factored load, wu = 53.738 kN/m

Maximum factored moment:

wu L2 53.738(5)2
Mu = Mu =
8 8
Mu = 167.93 kN∙m

Part 2:
Mu = 280 kN∙m

Solve for the Mumax to determine whether compression steel is

needed

0.85f'c β1 600 0.85(28)(0.85)(600)

ρb = ρb =
fy (600+ fy ) 415(600 + 415)
ρb = 0.02881

ρmax = 0.75 ρb ρb = 0.02161

ρmaxfy
ωmax = ωmax = 0.03203
f'c
Ru max = f’c ωmax(1 – 0.59 ωmax) = 7.274
Mu max = Φ Ru max b d2 = 330.14 kN∙m
Required Mu = 280 kN∙m < Mu max (singly reinforced)

Mu = Φ Ru max b d2 280 x 106 = 0.90Ru(300)(410)2

Ru = 6.169 MPa

0.85f'c 2R u
ρ= [1-√1- ]
fy 0.85f'c

0.85(28) 2(6.169)
ρ= [1-√1- ] = 0.01755 > ρmin
415 0.85(28)

As = ρ b d As = 0.01755(300)(410)
As = 2159 mm2

π π
As = db2 N 2159 = (20)2 N
4 4
N = 6.9 say 7 bars

Part 3:
Part 3:
Pu = 240 kN at midspan
Mua = 167.93 kN∙m (From part 1)

Pu L
Mu = + 167.93 = 467.93 kN∙m > Mu max (doubly)
4
Mu1 = Mu max = 330.14 kN∙m
As1 = As max = 2,658 mm2

Mu2 = Mu – Mu1 = 137.79 kN∙m

Mu2 = ΦT2(d – d’) 137.79 x 106 = 0.90 As2(415)(410-70)

As2 = 1,085 mm2

As = As1 + As2 As = 2,658 + 1,085

As = 3,743 mm2

π π
As = db2 N 3,743 = (20)2 N
4 4
N = 11.9 say 12 bars
Situation 25
Part 1:
Geometric centroid:
A1 = 300(25) = 75,000 mm2
x1 = 125 mm

A2 = 180(350) = 63, 000 mm2

x2 = 250 + 350/2
x2 = 425 mm

A = A1 + A2 = 138,000 mm2

Ax̅ = A1x1 + A2x2

75,000(125) + 63,000(425)
x̅ =
138,000

x̅ = 262 mm

Part 2: Plastic Centroid

The plastic centroid of a column cross
section is the point through which the resultant column load must pass to
produce uniform strain in failure. It represents he location of h resultant
force produced by the steel and concrete.

Cc1 = 0.85 f’c A1 Cc1 = 0.85(28)(75,000)

 xc1 = 125 mm Cc1 = 1785 kN

Cc2 = 0.85 f’c A2 Cc1 = 0.85(28)(63,000)

xc2 = 425 mm Cc1 = 1499.4 kN

π
Cs1 = As1 fy Cs1 = 6 x (20)2(414)
4
xcs1 = 125 mm Cs1 = 780.37 kN

π
Cs2 = As2 fy Cs1 = 4 x (28)2(414)
4
xcs1 = 516 mm Cs1 = 1019.69 kN
Resultant Force, C = Cc1 + Cc2 + Cs1 + Cs2
Resultant Force, C = 5084.46 kN

Location of C from x-axis:

Cx̅ = Cc1xc1 + Cc2xc2 + Cs1xcs1 + Cs2xcs2
1785(125) + 1499.4(425) + 780.37(125) + 1019.69(516)
x̅ =
5084.46

x̅ = 291.9 mm

Part 3:
The eccentricity of a column load is the
distance from the load to the plastic
centroid of the column

Mu = Pu x e

Mu = 3200 x 0.11
Mu = 352 kN∙m

Situation 26
bw = 450 mm fy = 415 MPa
h = 600 mm Allowable shear stress of concrete, Fvc = 0.816 MPa
f’c = 21 MPa

Reduction factor, Φ = 0.85

Effective depth, d = 600 – 40 – 12 – 0.5(25)
Effective depth, d = 535.5 mm

Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc = Fvc bw d

Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc = 0.816(450)(535.5)
Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc = 196.64 kN

Part 1:
Vs = 375 kN

Vn = Vc + V s Vn = 196.64 + 375
Vn = 571.64 kN

Vu = ΦVn Vu = 0.85(571.64)
Vu = 485.89 kN
Part 2:
s = 230 mm
π
Av = 3 x (12)2 = 339.29 mm2
4
A v fy d 339.29(415)(535.5)
Vs = Vs =
s 230
Vs = 327.83 kN
Vn = Vc + V s Vn = 196.64 + 327.83
Vn = 524.47 kN
 Vu = ΦVn Vu = 0.85(524.47)
Vu = 445.8 kN

Part 3:
Vu = 450 kN

Vu 450
Vs = – Vc Vs = – 196.64
Φ 0.85
Vs = 332.78 kN

A v fy d 339.29(415)(535.5)
s= s=
Vs 332.78
s = 226.6 mm

Requirements for Seismic Design:

Ach = (600 -2 x 40)(450 – 2 x 40) = 192,400 mm2

Ag = 600 x 450 = 270,000 mm2
π
Ash = 3 x (12)2 = 339.29 mm2
4
hc = 450 – 2(40) – 12 = 358 mm

shcf'c Ag s(358)(21) 270,000

Ash = 0.3 ( -1) 339.29 = 0.3 ( -1)
fyh Ach 415 192,400
s = 155 mm
sh f' s(358)(21)
Ash = 0.09 c c 339.29 = 0.09
fyh 415

s = 208 mm

Minimum requirement according to Section 5.21.4.4.2:

a) b/4 = 112.5 mm
b) 6(25) = 150 mm
350 - hx
c) 100 +
3
hx = ½(600 – 2 x 40) – ½(12) + ½(25) + ½(12)
hx = 272.5 mm
350 - hx
100 + = 126 mm
3
Therefore, use s = 112.5 mm
Situation 27

The compressive stress at the top and bottom of the beam due to P is given by
the formula:

Pe 6Pe e
fc = - ± 2 (+) for top fiber, (-) for bottom fiber
bh bh

Effective prestressing force, Pe = P – 15%P

Effecting prestressing force, Pe = 0.85(1500) = 1275 kN

Part 1:
When e = 0;
3
P 1275 x 10
fc = fc =
bh 300(600)
fc = -7.08 MPa

Part 2:
3 3
P 6Pe e 1275 x 10 6(1275 x 10 )(120)
fc top = - + 2 fc top = - + 2
bh bh 300(600) 300(600)
fc top = 1.417 MPa

3 3
P 6Pe e 1275 x 10 6(1275 x 10 )(120)
fc bot = - - 2 fc bot = - - 2
bh bh 300(600) 300(600)
fc bot = -15.583 MPa

Part 3:
Since the stress at the top is zero, P acts at h/3 from the bottom of the
beam, or e = h/2 – h/3 = h/6
e = 600/6
 e = 100 mm

Situation 28
Loads:
wd = pd x b = 2.5(2.5) = 6.25 kN/m
wl = pl x b = 6(2.25) = 15 kN/m
wb = 𝛾c A = 23.5 x (220,000/10002) = 5.17 kN/m
Total service load, w = wd + wl + wb = 26.42 kN/m

𝑤𝐿2 26.42(8)2
Moment at midspan, M = = = 211.36 kN-m
8 8

Stress due to initial presses:

e = y2 – y3 = 270 - 75 = 195 mm

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 2(750,000) (220,00 𝑥 195)(90)

ftop = - + ftop = - +
𝐴 𝐼 220,000 1890 𝑥 106
ftop = 7.11 MPa

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 2(750,000) (220,00 𝑥 195)(270)

fbot = - − fbot = - +
𝐴 𝐼 220,000 1890 𝑥 106
fbot = - 48.604 MPa → Part 1

Stress at midspan due to loads:

𝑀𝑐 211.36 𝑥 106 (90)
ftop = - ftop = -
𝐼 1890 𝑥 106
ftop = - 10.065 MPa

𝑀𝑐 211.36 𝑥 106 (270)

fbot = fbot =
𝐼 1890 𝑥 106
fbot = 30.194 MPa

Part 2: Stress at bottom, fibers due to service loads and prestress:

Note: There is a loss of prestress of 20% at service loads.

fbot = 30.194 – 48.609(1 – 0.20)

fbot = -8.689 MPa

Part 3: Additional service loads to “zero” the stress at the bottom at

midspan

The additional load must induce a stress of 8.689 MPa at the bottom
fibers.
 𝑀𝑎 𝑐 𝑀(270)
fbot = 8.689 =
𝐼 1890 𝑥 106
M = 60.822 kN-m
𝑤𝑎 𝐿2 𝑤𝑎 (8)2
M= 60.822 =
8 8
w = 7.603 kN/m

𝑤 7.603
pa = pa =
𝑏 2.5
pa = 3.04 kPa

Situation 29
Dead load, PD = 740 kN
Live load, PL = 460 kN

Factored load, PU = 1.4 PD + 1.7 PL = 1,818 kN

𝑃𝑢 1,818
Factored base pressure, qU = = = 315.625 kPa
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 2.4(2.4)

Effective depth, d = 450 - 90 = 360 mm

Parts 1 & 2: Factored shear on footing, Vu:

d = 0.36 m

Wide beam shear:

x = ½ (2.4 – 0.35) – d = 0.665 m

Vu = qu x Area Vu = 315.625 x (2.4)(0.665)

Vu = 503.74 kN → Part 1
 Punching shear:
x1 = 0.4 + d = 0.76 m
x2 = 0.35 + d = 0.71 m

Vu = qu x Area Vu = 315.625 x [2.42 – 0.76(0.71)]

Vu = 1647.7 kN → Part 2

Part 3:

x = ½ (2.4-0.35) = 1.025 m

Mu = qu x 2.4(x)(x/2)
Mu = 315.625 (2.4)(1.025)2/2
Mu = 397.924 kN-m

Mu = φ Ru b d2

397.924 𝑥 106
Ru =
0.90(2400)(360)2

Ru = 1.421 MPa

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑢 2𝑅
ρ= [1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓 ′]
𝑓𝑦 𝑐

0.85(20.7) 2(1.421)
ρ= [1 − √1 − 0.85(20.7)]
275
ρ = 0.0054 > (ρmin = 1.4/fy = 0.00509)

As = ρ b d As = 0.0054(2400)(360)
As = 4663 mm2

𝐴𝑠 4663
N= N= 𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (20)2
4
N= 14.8 sa 15 bars

Situation 30 Situation 31:

Answers: Answers:
Part 1: Static Part 1: Hooke’s Law
Part 2: Resultant Part 2: Poisson Ratio
Part 3: Kinetic Part 3: Young’s Modulus