Issues On Precast Modeling and Design

Issues on Precast Structural Modeling and Design
Seminar/Workshop on “Precast Concrete” Architectural Planning and Structural Design 19-21 March 2008
Issues on Precast Structural

Modeling and Design
March 20, 2008
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Special Issues Related to Real Problems
• Connections
• Casting problem
• Lifting problem
• Installation problem
• Construction stages
Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Component Design
• Perform component – detailed analysis and checks
during:
– Casting
– Lifting
– Stacking
– Transporting
– Final position (before living)
– Permanent load
• Design of all structural components:
– Code-based design checks
– Stress checks
– Crack width checks
– Both precast and non-precast, if any
Component Design
• Design of connections:
– Type and material considerations
– For safety
– For system integrity
– Constructability
– Long-term performance
– Cost
– Possible problems and solutions
• Connection types:
– Frame – slab (both precast)
– Frame (cast-in place) – slab (precast )
– Wall - wall (both precast)
– Wall - slab (both precast)
– Footing (cast-in place) – column (precast)

Component Design
• Design of foundation:
– From structural point of view
– From geotechnical point of view
– Foundation movement sensitivity analysis
• Special requirements:
– Fire safety
– Durability
– Resistance to chemical loads
Considerations on
Connections

Considerations
• Precast, prestressed concrete beam and slab

elements are usually most economical when they can
be designed and connected into a structure as
simple-span elements.
– Positive moment capacity is much easier and less expensive
to attain than negative moment capacity at supports.
– Connections which achieve continuity at the supports are
usually complex and costly.
– The restraint to volume changes that occurs in rigid
connections may cause serious cracking and unsatisfactory
performance.
Considerations
• In some structure, adequate shear walls interfere with

the function of the building, or are more expensive
than alternate solutions.
• The lateral stability of the structure depends on the
moment-resisting capacity of either the column
bases, a beam-column frame, or both.

Criteria for Connections
• Resistance
– Connections must resist the forces to which it will
be subjected during its lifetime
• Dead load
• Live load
• Wind
• Earthquake
• Soil or water pressure
• Volume changes caused by temperature change, creep
and shrinkage of concrete
• Resistance
– The connection resistance can be categorized by
types of force:
• Compression
• Tension
• Flexure
• Shear
• Torsion

• Ductility
– Ability to accommodate relatively large
deformations without failure.
– Usually measured by the amount of deformation
that occurs between first yield and ultimate failure.
– Usually associated with moment resistance.
Flexural tension is normally resisted by steel
components.
– First yield occurs in steel component, and final
failure may be from rupture of steel, crushing of
concrete or a failure of the connection of the steel
to the concrete.
• Volume Changes (Creep, Shrinkage &

Temperature Changes)
– Cause severe stresses on precast if the end
connections restrain movements.
– Either consider it in the design or usually better to
allow movements in the connection.
– For relatively long units i.e. bridge decks, volume
changes can be accommodated when the units are
connected to their supports at the top on both ends.
– For relatively short, unyielding top connection may
attract negative moments that are difficult to
accommodate

• Durability
– Usually exhibited by corrosion of exposed steel
elements or by cracking and spalling of concrete.
– Steel connection elements should be adequately
covered by concrete or should be painted.
• Fire Resistance
– If the slabs or tees rest on elastomeric pads of
bearings, protection of bearing pads against fire is not
generally needed because deterioration of bearing
pads or bearings will not cause collapse. After a fire,
bearing pads could be replaced.
– An exposed steel bracket supporting a beam may be
weakened enough by a fire to cause the beam to
collapse.
– Connections which require a fire resistance rating will
usually have exposed steel elements encased in
concrete.

Structure, Member, Element

• Structure can considered as an assemblage of
“Physical Components” called Members
– Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footings, etc.
• Physical Members can be modeled by using one
or more “Conceptual Components” called
Elements
– 1D elements, 2D element, 3D elements
– Frame element, plate element, shell element, solid
element, etc.
Finite Element Modeling

and Analysis

Design Spectrum
Equations,
Partial Full 3D, Nonlinear, Charts, Tables,
Differential Inelastic Dynamic FEA Rules, Limits
Equations
Rigorous
Rigorous Semi
Semi Rigorous
Rigorous Simplified
Simplified Specified
Specified
Analytical
Analytical Analytical
Analytical Numerical
Numerical Numerical
Numerical Procedures
Procedures
Closed Form with 2D/3D Linear Static

Approximations FEA/Matrix
The Need For Analysis

We need to determine the Response
of the Structure to Excitations
Analysis
so that:
We can ensure that the structure Design

can sustain the excitation with an And
acceptable level of response Performance

Analysis of Structures
∂σxx ∂σ yy ∂σzz
+ + + pvx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Real Structure is governed by “Partial
Differential Equations”
Equations” of various
pv order
Direct solution is only possible for:
• Simple geometry
• Simple Boundary
• Simple Loading.
Structural System – Analysis Model
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations Strains
Settlements Stress
Thermal Changes pv Stress Resultants
Structural
Model

The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:
It can only be “Load Tested” to determine
response
B - We can only analyze a “Model” of the
Structure
C - We therefore need tools to Model the
Structure and to Analyze the Model
Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool
• Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

– “A discretized solution to a
continuum problem using FEM”
• Finite Element Method (FEM)

– “A numerical procedure for solving
(partial) differential equations
associated with field problems,
with an accuracy acceptable to
engineers”

Continuum to Discrete Model
pv
3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

MODEL OF STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by partial (Governed by either (Governed by algebraic
differential equations) partial or total differential equations)
equations)
From Classical to FEM Solution

Classical Assumptions FEM
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

+ +
∂x ∂y ∂z vx
+ p =0
Stress-Strain Law
Kr = R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial
Equations”
Differential _ _ _
Equations” ∫σ t
ε dV = ∫ pvt udV + ∫ pst uds
v K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads

Simplified Structural System
Loads (F) Deformations (D)
Fv
D K
F
F=KD
The Analysis System

STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
pv
• Static • Elastic • Linear

• Dynamic • Inelastic • Nonlinear
Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!

The Finite Element Analysis Process

Engineer Evaluate Real Structure
Create Structural Model
Discretize Model in FE
Software Solve FE Model
Interpret FEA Results
Engineer Physical significance of Results
The Joint or Node

Basic Properties of Joints

• All elements are connected to the structure at the joints
• The structure is supported at the joints using Restraints
and/or Springs
• Rigid-body behavior and symmetry conditions can be
specified using Constraints that apply to the joints
• Concentrated loads may be applied at the joints
• Lumped masses and rotational inertia may be placed at
the joints
• Loads and masses applied to the elements are
transferred to the joints
• Joints are the primary locations in the structure at which
the displacements are known (the supports) or are to be
determined
Joint Local Coordinates

• By default, the joint local 1-2-3 coordinate system is
identical to the global X-Y-Z coordinate system
• It may be necessary to use different local coordinate
systems at some or all joints in the following cases:
– Skewed Restraints (supports) are present
– Constraints are used to impose rotational symmetry
– Constraints are used to impose symmetry about a plane that is
not parallel to a global coordinate plane
– The principal axes for the joint mass (translational or rotational)
are not aligned with the global axes
– Joint displacement and force output is desired in another
coordinate system

Joint Local Coordinates
Simple Spring Restraints

• Independent spring
stiffness in each DOF

Coupled Spring Restraints

• General Spring Connection
• Global and skewed springs
• Coupled 6x6 user-defined spring
stiffness option (for foundation
modeling)
Stiffness Matrix for Spring Element
where u1 ,u2 ,u3 ,r1 ,r2 and r3 are the joint

displacements and rotations, and the terms u1,
u1u2, u2, ... are the specified spring stiffness
coefficients.

Some Sample Finite Elements
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
One Dimensional Elements
L Member
Axis
Cross-
section
Plane

DOF for 1D Elements
Dy
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz
Rz Dz
Dz
Dx
Dx Dx
Dx
2D 2D
2D Beam
Beam 3D
3D Truss
Truss
2D Truss
Truss
Ry
Ry
Dy
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz
Rz
Dx
Dx Rz
Rz Rx Dz
Dz Dx Rx
Rx Dx Rx
Rz
Rz
2D
2D Frame
Frame 2D
2D Grid
Grid 3D
3D Frame
Frame
Nonlinear Link Element in SAP2000

Two Dimensional Elements
DOF for 2D Elements
Ry
Ry ??
Ry
Ry ??
Dy
Dy Dy
Dy
Dy
Dy
Rz
Rz Dz
Dz Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Rx
Dx Rz
Rz
Plate
Plate Shell
Shell
Membrane
Membrane

Membrane Element
General
• Total DOF per Node = 3 (or
2) R3
U2 U2
• Total Displacements per Node 3 Node 4
Node = 2 3
U1
2
U1
• Total Rotations per Node =
1 (or 0) 1
R3
• Membranes are modeled U2
R3
U2
for flat surfaces Node 1
U1
Node 2
U1
Application Membrane
• For Modeling surface
elements carrying
in-plane loads
Plate Element
General
• Total DOF per Node = 3
• Total Displacements
per Node = 1 U3
R2
U3
R2
• Total Rotations per Node 3 Node 4
R1 R1
Node = 2 3 2
• Plates are for flat 1
surfaces U3
R2
U3
R2
Node 1 Node 2
R1 R1
Application
• For Modeling surface Plate
elements carrying
out of plane loads

Shell Element
General
• Total DOF per Node = 6 (or
5) U3, R3 U3, R3
• Total Displacements per U2, R2 U2, R2
Node = 3 Node 3 Node 4

U1, R1
U1, R1
• Total Rotations per Node = 3 2
U3, R3
3 1
• Used for curved surfaces U2, R2 U2, R2

U3, R3
Node 1 Node 2
Application U1, R1 U1, R1
• For Modeling surface Shell

elements carrying general
loads
Shell Elements in SAP2000

Local Cords for Shell Element

• Each Shell element
has its own local
coordinate system
used to define
Material properties,
loads and output.
• The axes of this local
system are denoted
1, 2 and 3. The first
two axes lie in the
plane of the element
the third axis is
normal
Three Dimensional Elements

DOF for 3D Elements
Dy
Dy
Dz
Dz Dx
Dx
Solid/
Solid/ Brick
Brick
Brick Element in SAP2000

• 8-Node Brick
• Bricks can be
added by using
Text Generation
in V7. New
version 8 will
have graphical
interface for
Bricks

The NL Link
The Plastic Hinge

• Used as Spring, Link,
Panel zone or inside
Frame Elements
• Axial, flexural, shear and
torsional behavior
• Axial-load/ biaxial-
moment interaction
• Multilinear behavior
including softening
• Tabulated and Graphical
display of hinge status

Connecting Dissimilar Elements
Connecting Different Types of Elements

Truss Frame Membran Plate Shell Solid
e
Truss
OK OK Dz OK OK OK
Frame Rx, Ry,

Ry, Rx, Ry,
Ry, Rx ? Rx, Ry,
Ry,
OK Rx ?
Rz Rz,
Rz, Dz Dx,
Dx, Dy Rz
Membran
e OK OK OK Dx,
Dx, Dy OK OK
Plate
Rx, Rz OK Rx, Rz OK OK Rx, Rz
Shell Rx, Ry,

Ry, Rx, Ry,
Ry,
OK Dx,
Dx, Dz OK Rx, Rz
Rz Rz,
Rz, Dz
Solid
OK OK Dz Dx,
Dx, Dz OK OK
Orphan Degrees Of Freedom:

0 1 2 3 4

Connecting Dissimilar Elements

• When elements with different degree of freedom at
ends connect with each other, special measures
may need to be taken to provide proper
connectivity depending on Software Capability
Beams to Plates Beam to Brick Plates to Brick
Meshing Slabs and Walls
“Zipper”
“Zipper”
Some software
In general the mesh in the
automatically establishes
slab should match with mesh
connectivity by using
in the wall to establish
constraints or “Zipper”
connection
elements

Issues On Precast Modeling and Design

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Issues on Precast Structural Modeling and Design

Issues on Precast Structural

March 20, 2008

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Special Issues Related to Real Problems

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

• Precast, prestressed concrete beam and slab

• In some structure, adequate shear walls interfere with

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Criteria for Connections

Criteria for Connections

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Criteria for Connections

Criteria for Connections

• Volume Changes (Creep, Shrinkage &

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Criteria for Connections

Criteria for Connections

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Structure, Member, Element

Finite Element Modeling

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Closed Form with 2D/3D Linear Static

The Need For Analysis

We can ensure that the structure Design

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Structural System – Analysis Model

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

The Need for Modeling

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

• Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

• Finite Element Method (FEM)

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Continuum to Discrete Model

3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

From Classical to FEM Solution

∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Simplified Structural System

Loads (F) Deformations (D)

The Analysis System

• Static • Elastic • Linear

Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

The Finite Element Analysis Process

Create Structural Model

Software Solve FE Model

Interpret FEA Results

Engineer Physical significance of Results

The Joint or Node

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Basic Properties of Joints

Joint Local Coordinates

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Joint Local Coordinates

Simple Spring Restraints

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT

Coupled Spring Restraints

Stiffness Matrix for Spring Element

where u1 ,u2 ,u3 ,r1 ,r2 and r3 are the joint

Dr. Naveed Anwar, ACECOMS, AIT