Fundaciόn

Curso Internacional De
Hidrología Subterránea

Barcelona,
2009

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-1
MANAGED AQUIFER
RECHARGE

9831 S. 51st Street, Suite E-122

Phoenix, Arizona 85044
P: 480-517-9050 F: 480-517-9049
Website: www.hydrosystems-inc.com
 Introduction & Background

• MAR Principles
• Types/Techniques/Methodologies
• Applications/Uses
• Water Quality Aspects
 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)

Aquifer Replenishment Using Man-

made Structures

Abstraction Recharge / Storage Recovery

Well

Gallery Trench
Dry River
 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Artificial Groundwater Recharge:
“Augmenting the natural movement of surface water into
underground formations by some method of construction, by
spreading of water or by artificially changing natural
conditions”.*

* David Keith Todd (1959)

 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Historical Background
– Developed in arid/semi-arid regions, i.e. Mediterranean Sea
Region
– Roman Period
• Dams, aqueduct, galleries
– Arab/Moorish Period
• ‘Guadis’, galleries, wells
Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)

Roman Dam in Mérida Spain

Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)

The Alcazar of Mérida Well

 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Types/Techniques/Methodologies
•Direct Surface Recharge
•Direct Subsurface Recharge
•Combination Surface-Subsurface Recharge
 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Types/Techniques/Methodologies
•Direct Surface Recharge
– Spreading basins
– Stream-channel modification
 MAR:
Direct Surface Recharge

Spreading Basins, MBT Ranch

 MAR:
Direct Surface Recharge

Stream-channel Modification
 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Types/Techniques/Methodologies
•Direct Subsurface Recharge
– Wells: ASR, injection, & vadose zone wells
– Recharge pits & shafts
– Natural opening
 MAR:
Direct Subsurface Recharge Wells

Concrete
Concrete Slab
Slab Concrete
Concrete Slab
Slab

26"
26" 48"
48"
18"
18" PVC
PVC Casing
Casing
18"
18" Steel
Steel
Casing
Casing Perforated
Perforated Casing
Casing
180'
180' Gravel
Gravel Pack
Pack

Sand
Sand Pack
Pack
Perforated
Perforated
Casing
Casing 1000'
1000'

Conceptual Well Designs

 MAR:
Direct Subsurface Recharge

Abandoned Gravel Pit

Schematic Illustration of Pit Recharge

 MAR:
Direct Subsurface Recharge

Natural Opening in
Limestone Cavern
Surface Water Flow
 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Types/Techniques/Methodologies
•Combination Surface-Subsurface Recharge
– Basins with pits, shafts, wells
– Subsurface drainage
 MAR: Combination
Surface-Subsurface Recharge

Spreading Basins with Wells

 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Applications/Uses*
•Maintain or augment the natural groundwater as an economic
resource
•Coordinate operation of surface and groundwater reservoirs
•Combat adverse conditions such as progressive lowering of
groundwater levels, unfavorable salt balance and saline water
intrusion

* Modified from David Keith Todd (1959)

 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Applications/Uses*-Continued
•Provide subsurface storage for local or imported surface waters
•Dispose of runoff
•Reduce or stop significant land subsidence
•Conserve or extract energy in the form of hot and cold water

* Modified from David Keith Todd (1959)

 Managed Aquifer Recharge
(MAR)
Applications/Uses: Water Quality
•Groundwater Remediation, i.e. Plume management
•Improving Groundwater Quality, i.e. Saline aquifers
•Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT), i.e. Municipal wastewater
treatment
 HSI’s MAR Experience

• ASR: Water Campus/ Fountain Hills

• Water-Spreading/Basin Recharge: MBT Ranch
• Reclaimed Water Recharge: City of Phoenix /City of
Scottsdale
• Multiple Injection Facilities: Orange County Water
District (OCWD)
 ASR:
City of Scottsdale-Water Campus

Well 122
 ASR:
Fountain Hills Sanitary District
• Constructed in 2000
• Automated Downhole Flow
Valve
• Injection rate 400-600 gpm
• Microfiltered effluent

ASR 1
Water-Spreading/Basin Recharge:
MBT Ranch
• Constructed in 2003
• Phase 1: 160 Acres of basins
• Infiltrated rate of 0.3 Ft/day
• Untreated CAP
 Reclaimed Water Recharge:
City of Phoenix-Cave Creek
• Constructed in 2004
• Phase 1: 7 vadose zone
recharge wells
• Injection rate 200-300 gpm
• Treated effluent
 Reclaimed Water Recharge:
City of Scottsdale-Water Campus
• 28 High tech vadose zone recharge wells
• Injection rate 300-600 gpm
 Reclaimed Water Recharge:
City of Scottsdale-Water Campus

• Constructed in 1998
• RO effluent
 Multiple Injection Facilities:
Orange County Water District
(OCWD)

Geologic Cross-section
Multiple Injection Facilities:
OCWD

Four Injection Zones

Multiple Injection Facilities:
OCWD

Four Injection Zones

Multiple Injection Facilities:
OCWD

Three Injection Zones

Multiple Injection Facilities:
OCWD

Three Injection Zones

Multiple Injection Facilities:
OCWD

Two Injection Zones

Multiple Injection Facilities:
OCWD

Two Injection Zones

 HSI’s Other Relevant Experience

• USF & APP Permitting

• Modeling
• Groundwater Exploration & Development
• Recovery Wells
• Well Rehabilitation
• Use of Geophysics
• Groundwater Quality Assessments
 Permitting: Selected Projects
(30 USF Permits)
Arizona American: Global Water Company Pima County:
•DMB/Verrado •Pima Utilities
•Sun City West

•NAUSP

CAWCD:
•Agua Fria

• IWDS
• North Scottsdale ASR
Facility
•Chandler Regional Park • SRP/CAP Project
RF • Water Campus
•Intel Pilot Recharge • WestWorld RF
Project

• Kyrene Recharge
• Fountain Hills RF Vidler Water Company
USF Permitting Process

Pre-App.
Meeting

Application Submittal

100 days
s
ay
5d

≈295
19

Days
Permit
Decision
 Permitting: Selected Projects
(40 APP Permits)

•Chandler Regional Park •Mulberry

RF •North Regional WWTP
•Intel Pilot Recharge •South Well Field
Project
Pima County:
•Pima Utilities

• Fountain Hills RF

Global Water Company • SRP/CAP Project

• Water Campus
• WestWorld RF

•Arrowhead Ranch

•SPA-1
 APP Permitting Process
Pre-App. Application Hydrologic
Meeting Proposal Study

Application Submittal
30 days 30 days

s
0 day Completeness
Completeness 9
a ys Determination Determination
d
90 Technical
Review

45 d
da y
30

ays
Permit
221-284 Decision
266-329 Close of
30 d

Days da y
s Days Hearing
ysa

Record
60

30
day
s
a ys
d
7
30 days
75 da y
s

Application without Hearing Application with Hearing

 Modeling: Selected Projects
(Area and Basin Wide)
Agua Fria – Central Arizona Water Town of Payson – Hydrogeologic Summary
Conservation District Report

Fountain Hills Sanitary District – Red Gap Ranch LLC – Groundwater Flow
Fountain Hills Sub-basin Model

GDW, LLC & City of Scottsdale – North City of Tempe – Kyrene Groundwater
Scottsdale ASR Project Recharge Project

City of Mesa – Northwest Recharge Vanderbilt Farms – Harquahala Valley

Groundwater Exploration &
Development

Sandy Valley, Nevada - Vidler Water Company

Aquifer Testing Water Quality Survey

Recovery Wells

Municipal Wells Municipal Wells

Chemical Treatment Aqua Freed

Well Rehabilitation

Air Development Sample Collection

Borehole Geophysics Borehole Geophysics

Use of Geophysics

Surface Geophysics Surface Geophysics

TDS Contour Map Field Sampling
Groundwater Quality
Assessments

Chloride Map Groundwater Chemistry

Integration of MAR Into Water
Resources Management

• Water Quantity Management

• Water Quality Management

Water Quantity Management
Through MAR
• Store treated water for future uses
• Mound build up to change local groundwater
flow direction
Water Quanlity Management
Through MAR
• Blend waters in aquifer
• Block migration of poor water quality
 Summary

• HydroSystems, Inc. is the right choice for MAR

because of our superior:
– Knowledge/Expertise
– Regulatory Relationships
– Practical Applications
– Operation Experience
Facility Operations
(weeks to years)
The End
 Fundaciόn
Curso Internacional De
Hidrología Subterránea

Barcelona,
2009

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 Arizona
Estado Del Gran Cañon Del Colorado
The Grand Canyon State

Bienvenidos Amigos
Welcome
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Arizona

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Greetings from Arizona
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Grand Canyon

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Arizona

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Phoenix

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The Southwest Desert Region

‹ Arizona

‹ California

‹ New Mexico

‹ Nevada

‹ Utah

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 Nevada
Utah

California

Arizona
New Mexico

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Climate and Water Distribution
Climate - Semiarid
Surface Water – Seasonal and limited
‹ Winter: Pacific fronts – major
‹ Summer: Tropical fronts – minor
‹ El Niñ
Niño: Dry / La Niñ
Niño / wet
‹ Major drainages:
- Colorado River – Rocky Mountains
- Rio Grande – Rocky Mountains
- San Joaquin and San Fernando Rivers – Sierra Nevada

Groundwater – Uneven geographic distribution

‹ In low desert region: Alluvial
‹ In mountains and Colorado Plateau: Bedrock aquifers

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The Southwest Desert Region

Regional Historic Water Use

Late 1800s to mid 1900s Mid 1900s to Present
Development of Agriculture Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix,
Las Vegas, Albuquerque, Salt Lake
The Reclamation Act City, Tucson

Large Irrigation Projects Industry displaces agriculture as

(U.S.B.R.) revenue source

The Salt River Project Ag wells converted to potable wells

Intensive use of groundwater Industrial chemicals pollute

groundwater: VOCs, gasoline
Ag. chemicals pollute groundwater:
NO3, DBCP, EDB

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Late 1800s to Mid 1990s

Reclamation projects U.S. Bureau

of Reclamation

Large Irrigation Projects

(the Salt River Project)

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Roosevelt Dam

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Mid 1900s to Present

Development of megacities
rapid industrial and
urban growth

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The Southwest Desert Region

Groundwater Mining

Intense in the Agricultural Areas

Examples:
‹ Central Valley, Imperial Valley, CA
‹ Salt River Valley, Pinal County, AZ

Unregulated Abstraction

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The Southwest Desert Region

Groundwater Mining
Effects

‹ Aquifer depletion
- Increase in pumping lift
- Change of groundwater flow regime:
cones of depression closed basins

‹ Land subsidence
- Fissures
- Infrastructure collapse

‹ Groundwater quality deterioration

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The Southwest Desert Region

Applied Mitigation Practices

for Aquifer Restoration
‹ Conservation
‹ Importation
‹ Augmentation and recharge
‹ Purchase and retirement of groundwater rights
‹ Re-use
‹ In situ and wellhead treatment
‹ Regulatory enforcement
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The Southwest Desert Region

Water Conservation

‹ Public education campaigns

‹ Economic incentives

‹ Regulatory control

‹ Establishment of areas of
restricted groundwater use

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The Southwest Desert Region

The State of Arizona

Groundwater Code
The Groundwater Management Acct of 1980

‹ Establishes Active Management Areas (AMA)

‹ Guides and mandates progressive reduction

of groundwater use

‹ Promotes augmentation

‹ Encourages re-use
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The Southwest Desert Region

Water Importation
‹ Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah directly import
water from the Colorado River. Arizona, California
and Utah built large aqueducts

‹ Colorado River water is allocated to each state by

agreement. Regulated by the federal government:
The Law of the River

‹ Arizona vs. California: 1963 Supreme Court Decision

‹ In Arizona groundwater can not be exported from

one basin to another basin

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Colorado River Basins

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CAP Canal

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Central Arizona Canal

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The Southwest Desert Region

Water Importation to
Los Angeles

‹ The Los Angeles Aqueduct:

Owens Valley

‹ The Colorado River Aqueduct

‹ The California Aqueduct:

The State Water Project

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Some Projects in California
Oreg
on

Lake
Oroville

Sacramento
The Delta
San Francisco
Santa
Clara

Ne
Ca
Valley

va
Aq

l ifo

da
ue
Fresno

rni
du

a
Los Angeles

ct
Aqueduct
Kern
River

Bakersfield

Los Angeles Colorado River

Aqueduct
Los
Angeles

na
Basin

iz o
San Diego

Ar
M exico North

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The Southwest Desert Region

Purchase and Retirement of

Groundwater Rights

‹ More intensive use of groundwater is

for agriculture

‹ Buy and retire low producing agricultural

land (fallowing)

‹ Use in Central Valley, CA:

Kern Water Bank

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The Southwest Desert Region

Water Re-Use

‹ Municipal water reclamation

- For industrial use: Palo Verde G.S.
- For non-edible crop irrigation
- For groundwater recharge

‹ Strong water quality restrictions:

federal, state and local

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The Southwest Desert Region

Water Re-Use
Soil Aquifer Treatment

Recovery Reclaimed Recovery

Well Water Well

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The Southwest Desert Region

Water Re-Use
Indirect Re-Use

Reclamation Recharge
Plant Basins
Municipal Water Infiltration
Treatment and
Effluent I, II, III S.A.T.

Recovery Storage
and and
Disinfection Blending

Example: Orange County, CA

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Conjunctive Use in Arizona
The Water Campus Facility

Pre-treatment I Treatment Aeration Clarification

Irrigation
R.O.

Cl2 Filtration

Storage
Microfiltration

Vadose Zone Well

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The Southwest Desert Region

Augmentation and
Groundwater Recharge

Conjunctive Use

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Conjunctive Water Management
“Is the management of surface and groundwater
resources in a coordinated operation to the
end that the total yield of such a system over
several years exceeds the sum of the yield of the
separate components of the system that would
result from uncoordinated operations"
Yields:
SW operation =A
GW operation =B
CWM operation =Z

Z>A+B
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Conjunctive Use Management
Needed Concepts

‹ Artificial groundwater recharge

‹ Water reuse

‹ Land subsidence

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Conjunctive Use Management
Artificial Groundwater Recharge

Methods
‹ Direct surface
- Channel modification – T/L levees
- Basins – in-channel / off-channel
- Pits / trenches

‹ Direct subsurface
- Injection wells
- Vadose zone (dry)wells

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Conjunctive Use Management
Water Reuse

‹ Waste water treatment process

‹ Reclaimed water
- Quality
- Disposal
- Permissible uses
- Regulations

‹ Soil aquifer treatment

- Methodology
- Water recovery
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Conjunctive Water Management
Elements of Basin Management
Imported
Water Inflatable Dam
City
River System
(Natural + Wells
Incidental Injection
Recharge) Channel Recharge Wells
Wells
Basin
WRP Recharge

Aquifer System

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Basin Management

To maximize water yield

conjunctive water
management should be used

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 Basin Management
Integrated Water Management

Water Uses Water Sources

Potable Surface

Agricultural Industrial Ground Reclaimed

Measurements
Studies
Planning
Management
Infrastructure
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Conjunctive Water Management
Main Components

Recharge - Extraction - Recharge

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Conjunctive Water Management
Objectives
‹ Increase yield
‹ Increase the reliability of supply
‹ Improve the efficiency of a water system

Procedure
Divert and convey surplus surface water
when available for aquifer storage in
basins for later use when surface water
is scarce or not available
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Methods of Conjunctive Use
Two Major Types

‹ Alternative conjunctive use

‹ Comprehensive conjunctive use

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Alternative Conjunctive Use
In General

‹ Dry weather cycle

- Use of groundwater exceeds
use of surface water

‹ Wet weather cycle

- Use of surface water exceeds
use of groundwater

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Comprehensive
Conjunctive Use

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Comprehensive Conjunctive Use
System Components
‹ Surface storage – Dams/reservoirs
‹ Diversion elements
‹ Conveyance units
‹ Underground storage (recharge) facilities
‹ Abstraction (recovery units – wells
‹ Water treatment plants – W.T.P. and W.R.P.

Some components of the system may not

be needed in the system or may be added
later when the need arises example SRP
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Comprehensive Conjunctive Use

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Comprehensive Conjunctive Use

‹ Direct recharge
‹ In-lieu recharge

Aquifer Storage is Essential

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Comprehensive Conjunctive Use
Conjunctive Use Operations
Direct Recharge
Storage of water in an aquifer by means of surface
percolation or injection, commonly referred to as
ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE.

In-lieu Recharge
Is the operation consisting of delivering a volume
of surface water to a predominantly groundwater
user who then refrains from pumping that same
volume of water during an established period of time.
Also referred to as INDIRECT GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE. It is widely used in Arizona and California.

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Aerial View of Two Orange Country Water District Percolation Ponds
Ponds
known as the Warner Basin and the “Little”
Little” Warren Basin

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Comprehensive
Conjunctive Use
System

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 Basin Management

Types of Conjunctive
Use Projects
‹ Stream diversions
‹ Dam and reservoirs
‹ Aqueducts
‹ Total system (dams, reservoirs
and aqueducts)

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 Basin Management
Example of Dam and Reservoir
Vaquero Project
Vaquero (Twitchell) Dam Project in the Cuyama River
‹ In Santa Barbara County, California
‹ Completed in 1959 by the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation
‹ Water stored in the reservoir is released by gravity
for spreading in the Santa Maria River
‹ Up to 80,000 M3/day are recharged
‹ Sufficient to overcome the 17E6 M3/Y of the Santa
Maria Basin and stop seawater intrusion
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 Basin Management
Vaquero Project
‹ Reservoir capacity – 300E6 M3
Vaquero
Reservoir
‹ Uses – Conservation and
“Water S
pr
ea
flood control
di
Sa ng
nt
a
” ‹ Water is released into the
M
ar
ia Dam channel of the Santa Maria River
for infiltration
Ri
ve

Pacific
r

Ocean Santa Barbara

County

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 Basin Management
Example of Aqueduct
Central Avra Valley Recharge Project

‹ Tucson, Arizona

‹ Colorado River water conveyed by the

central Arizona Project Aqueduct

‹ Recharge capacity – 75E6 M3

‹ Stored water in the Avra Valley Aquifer

is recovered for potable supply for Tucson
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 Central Arizona Project
Features
‹ Imports Colorado River water to central
and southern Arizona
‹ Distributes Arizona’s Colorado River water
allocation
‹ A result of the Arizona vs. California law suit
‹ Operated and managed by a State Institution
the Central Arizona Water Conservation
District (CAWCD)
‹ Delivers water for irrigation and municipal use
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 Basin Management
Example of Total System
Santa Ana River Water System

‹ Located in Orange County, California

‹ Storm runoff, reclaimed water and

imported water is recharged by
channel modification spreading and
then recovered by wells in the same
sub-basin

‹ Recharge capacity – 250E6 M3/Y

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Comprehensive Conjunctive Use
Location of Selected Systems in the
Southwestern USA

‹ California
- San Francisco Bay area
- Los Angeles Basin
- The Central Valley (Kern County)

‹ Arizona
- Salt River Valley
- Lower Santa Cruz Valley

‹ Nevada
- Las Vegas Valley
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Conjunctive Water
Management in
California

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 Conjunctive Water
Management in California
Some Projects in California

‹ Santa Clara Valley

‹ Kern River Area

‹ Los Angeles Basin

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 Conjunctive Water Management

Some Projects in California Oreg

on

Lake
Oroville

Sacramento
The Delta
San Francisco
Santa
Clara

Ne
Ca
Valley

va
Aq

l ifo

da
ue
Fresno

rni
du

a
Los Angeles

ct
Aqueduct
Kern
River

Bakersfield

Los Angeles Colorado River

Aqueduct
Los
Angeles

na
Basin

iz o
San Diego

Ar
M exico North

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Conjunctive Water Management

Santa Clara Valley

California

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 Santa Clara Valley
‹ Location: South of San Francisco Bay
‹ Population: (+) 2,500,000
‹ Principal Activity: High tech. “The Silicon Valley”
‹ Area: 1,300 KM2
‹ Annual Mean Precipitation: 330 mm
‹ History of Land and Water Use: More than 90%
of supply was GW before 1950’s all agriculture
∆S > 75E6 M3/Y
GWL declined 70M
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 Santa Clara Valley
Basin Overdraft Occurred

‹ Land subsidence (> 5M @ San Jose)

‹ WQ deterioration from brines

‹ Seawater intrusion

‹ Increase in pumping costs

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 Santa Clara Valley
Components of the Conjunctive Use System
‹ Canals – 4 (range of flow: 1m3/S – 3.5 m3/S)
‹ Dams and reservoirs – 13
(range of capacity: 500,000 m3 – 110,000.000 m3)
‹ Groundwater recharge facilities – 20
(157 hectares of spreading basins)
‹ Pipelines – 29
‹ Pump station – 4
‹ Water treatment plants – 3
‹ Water reclamation plants - 3

3 surface water sources – Annual maximum capacity: 400 E6m3

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Water Conveyance, Treatment & Distribution System

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 Santa Clara Valley
Remediation - Mitigation of Overdraft
Method Used - Conjunctive Water Management
Measures Adopted -
‹ Imported water to the basin
‹ Artificial groundwater recharge was implemented
‹ A large pump tax was levied
‹ Seawater intrusion barrier was created

The imported water was purchased from the State Water

Project and the Central Valley Project for both direct
use and recharge
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 Santa Clara Valley
Results of Implementation of
Conjunctive Water Management

‹ Groundwater levels have stabilized

‹ Land subsidence has ceased

‹ Seawater intrusion has stopped

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Conjunctive Water Management

Kern River Area

Central Valley, California

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 Kern Valley Area
‹ Location: San Joaquin Valley
‹ Population: 600,000
‹ Principal Activity: Agriculture
‹ Area: 20,000 KM2
‹ Annual Mean Precipitation: 180 mm
‹ History of Land and Water Use: More than
95% of the area is agriculture
∆S > 620E6 M3/Y in 1950
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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Kern Valley Area
Basin Overdraft Occurred

‹ Land subsidence (3M)

‹ WQ deterioration

‹ 70M of decline

‹ Increase in pumping costs

1/15/2009 070110SS-
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 Kern Valley Area
Results of Implementation of
Conjunctive Water Management

‹ The overdraft has been reduced considerably

∆S of 620E6 M3/Y in 1950
∆S of 490E6 M3/Y in 1987
∆S of <50E6 M3/Y in 1999

1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Kern Water Bank
San Joaquin Valley
California
USA

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-141
 The Worlds Largest
Aquifer Storage Facility

La Planta de Recarga Más

Grande del Mundo

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 Geology
The most adequate setting for a
large underground storage project

‹ Large Kern River alluvial fan

‹ Formed by granitic, coarse clastic sediments
from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada
‹ Underlain by the Corcoran clay unit within
a trough
‹ the ideal “underground tank”
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Factors for the Success of the
Kern Water Bank
‹ Need of large volume of water for
regional agriculture
‹ Three large water sources
‹ Existing infrastructure:
Conveyance and extraction
‹ Excellent hydrogeologic conditions
for aquifer storage
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 Purpose
Securing a dependable water supply by
Water Banking

Finalidad
Asegurar el suministro de agua de manera
confiable usando la ‘Banco de Aguas’

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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Conjunctive Water Management

Los Angeles Basin

California

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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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 Los Angeles Basin
‹ Location: Southern California
‹ Population: 16,000,000
‹ Area: 1,200 KM2
‹ Annual Mean Precipitation: 380 mm
‹ History of Land and Water Use:
Before 1940: Agriculture/oil production/urban
up to this time groundwater was
the principal water source
After 1950: Accelerated urbanization
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 Los Angeles Basin
Basin Overdraft Occurred
‹ Up to the 1940’s ∆S >> 1.2E9 M3/Y
‹ Over pumping cause groundwater levels to
drop 30M below sea level
‹ Severe seawater intrusion in the coastal area
‹ Wells deepened/and/or abandoned
‹ Land subsidence occurred
‹ Elevated cost of pumping
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Process of Sea Water Intrusion
(Unconfined Aquifer)
Land Ocean
Well Well
(Contaminated
with sea water)

Original W.T.

S.L.
Depressed W.T.

ce Sea Water
rf a
te
te r face ic
I n
n
t a tic I am
S n
Dy

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Hydrogeology of Coastal Orange County, CA
Orange County, CA Well Well

Pacific Ocean
Aquitard

Talbert Aquifer
Salt Water

Aquitard
Aquitard

Aquitad
Aquifer
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 Los Angeles Basin
Remediation - Mitigation of Overdraft

Method Used - Conjunctive Water Management

Measures Adopted -
z Large volumes of imported water
z Artificial groundwater recharge implemented
z Pump tax levied
z An extensive seawater intrusion barrier created
z Water reuse - recharge and indirect use

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Los Angeles Basin
Imported Water

‹ Los Angeles Aqueduct -

From Owens Valley

‹ Colorado River Aqueduct -

Colorado River

‹ California Aqueduct -
State Water Project

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 Conjunctive Water Management

Some Projects in California Oreg

on

Lake
Oroville

Sacramento
The Delta
San Francisco
Santa
Clara

Ne
Ca
Valley

va
Aq

l ifo

da
ue
Fresno

rni
du

a
Los Angeles

ct
Aqueduct
Kern
River

Bakersfield

Los Angeles Colorado River

Aqueduct
Los
Angeles

na
Basin

iz o
San Diego

Ar
M exico North

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 Los Angeles Basin
Remediation - Mitigation of Overdraft
For Seawater Intrusion

The Central and West Basin Water

Replenishment District Created to
Manage the Coastal Plain
‹ Levied a pump tax
‹ Courts limit extraction to 360 E6 M3/Y
‹ Purchased imported water for recharge
‹ Constructed a seawater intrusion
hydraulic barrier
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Aerial View of Two Orange Country Water District Percolation Ponds
Ponds
known as the Warner Basin and the “Little”
Little” Warren Basin

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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Los Angeles Coastal Plain Basin

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 Conjunctive Use in Nevada
Las Vegas Valley
‹ Supplyfor the city of Las Vegas – Very rapid
population growth
‹ Two water sources
- Colorado River water
- Groundwater
‹ Colorado River water WTP on Lake Mead
- For direct use
- For groundwater recharge
‹ Water management entities
- Southern Nevada Water Authority
Las Vegas Valley Water District
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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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 Conjunctive Use in Nevada

‹ Use of ASR wells for recharge and recovery

of surface water stored in the aquifer

‹ Recharge is predominantly done in the

winter. Recovery in the summer

‹ Noconcerning impacts to the groundwater

quality

‹ The largest ASR well field in the USA

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Conjunctive Use in Nevada
City of Las Vegas

Distribution
Colorado River System
Surface ASR
WTP Storage Well
Pipeline Field
Lake Mead

Bedrock Alluvial Aquifer

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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Conjunctive Water
Management
in Arizona

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 Conjunctive Use in Arizona

‹ Tucson Metropolitan area: Lower Santa Cruz Valley

- Population: 1.5 million
- Annual precipitation: 180 – 210 mm/y

‹ Phoenix Metropolitan area: Salt River Valley

- Population: 3.9 million
- Annual precipitation: 150 – 200 mm/y

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Conjunctive Use in Arizona
Tucson
System Facilities for CAP Water
‹ CAP aqueduct

‹ 4 water-
water-spreading recharge facilities
‹ One large well recharge field

‹ Water treatment plant

System Facilities for Reclaimed Water

‹ 2 large water reclamation plants

‹ One large recharge (water – spreading) facility

‹ One managed river discharge

System for Groundwater

‹ Several well fields

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The Salt River
Valley
Arizona

1/15/2009 070110SS-
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 Salt River Valley
Water Resources Management System
Components

‹ SRP system

‹ CAP aqueduct

‹ Municipalities systems
- Wells
- Water treatment plants
- Water distribution network
- Water reclamation plants
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Central Arizona Canal

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The Salt River Project

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Conjunctive Water
Management
by SRP

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Irrigation

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 SRP
Water Resources Management System
Components
Surface Water

‹ Dams and reservoirs

‹ Water conveyance network: Canals and laterals
‹ Hydroelectric plants
‹ Measurement and monitoring network
‹ Operation and control stations
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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 SRP
Water Resources Management System
Dams and Reservoirs
‹ Verde River
- Horseshoe – 162E6 M3
- Bartlett – 220E6 M3

‹ Salt River
- Roosevelt – 3,082.5E6 M3
- Horse Mesa – 302E6 M3
- Mormon Flat – 71E6 M3
- Stewart Mountain – 86E6 M3
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 NEVADA
ARIZONA

River
Flagstaff
Salt and Verde
Watersheds
(13,000 Square Miles)

Ve
rd
e
Payson

R iv
Prescott

R iver

er
CALIFORNIA
Horse-

F ri a
shoe
Waddell Dam
Bartlett Roosevelt
do

Dam R
Dam Dam iv
lo ra

er
S al t

A gua
Co

Phoenix Horse Mesa Dam

Granite Mormon Flat Dam
Painted
Rock Dam R i ver Reef Dam Stewart Mtn. Dam

Gi la Coolidge
R iver Dam
Gi l a

Sa
Gila Bend

n
Sa
n ta
Yuma Cr
uz
NEW

Pe
dr
MEXICO

o
Tucson

MEXICO

R iver
Ri
ve

North
r

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Salt River Project Reservoir System
Horseshoe
Dam 2026.00' MSL
131,427 AF

Bartlett
Dam 1798.00' MSL
178,186 AF Roosevelt
Dam 2151.00' MSL
River

1,591,800 AF
36 MW

Stewart Mtn.
Dam 1529.00' MSL r
Verde

69,765 AF ive
13 MW R
Salt
Horse Mesa
Granite Reef Mormon Flat Dam 1914.00' MSL
245,138 AF
Dam 1660.50' MSL Dam 130 MW
57,852 AF North
59 MW
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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1/15/2009 070110SS-
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 Mormon Flat Dam

Stewart Dam

Roosevelt Dam

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-181
 SRP
Water Resources Management System
Water Conveyance

‹ Canal 210 KM

‹ Laterals 320 KM

‹ Total 530 KM

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Arizona Canal

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1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-184
 SRP
Water Resources Management System
Components

‹ Groundwater
- Wells – Production
- Wells – Recharge
- On site water treatment plants
- Water spreading recharge projects

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070110SS-185
 R1W R1E R2E R3E R4E R5E R6E
SRVW UA

BELL RD.

r
Rive
T3N

New
Ar
PEORIA iz
on
a NORTHERN AVE.
Granite
Grand Canal GLENDALE CAMELBACK
Reef
MOUNTAIN Ca
na Dam
l
R

T2N
VE

l
RI

SCOTTSDALE SALT RIVER na

IA

Ca
FR

th

Cross Cut
u
PAPAGO So

C an al
BUTTES
MC DOWELL RD.
UA

PHOENIX
AG

pe T1N
e m al
RIV E
R T an
TEMPE
SRVW UA

T C
SAL
GIL
A
MESA
BASELINE RD.
Western Canal

a l
Can
GILBERT

l
RI

a
VE

Ca n
R

SOUTH
115TH AVE.

MOUNTAIN T1S
PARK

PECOS RD.

SCALE IN MILE
19TH AVE.

CHANDLER

te d
0 1
North

GILBERT RD.
olida

POWER RD.
T2S
67TH AVE.

PRICE RD.
40TH ST.

SRP WELLS

Cons
EXISTING CANAL
HUNT HWY.

Salt River Project Water Users’ Area and Canal System

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-186
 SRP
Water Resources Management System
Groundwater
‹ Well
- 250 wells
- Mean depth – 370M
- Mean capacity – 180-200 L/S

‹ Recharge
- GRUSP 1235E6 M3 /Y
- NAUSRP 302E6 M3 /Y
- Wells 12E6 M3 /Y
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-187
 SRP
Water Resources Management System
Groundwater System

‹ Total pumping capacity – 1.0E9 M3/Y

‹ Total underground storage capacity –

260E6 M3/Y

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-188
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-190
Granite Reef Underground Project, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Aerial view of delivery and recharge components

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-191
Recharge System Operation

South BCW Headworks Basins

Canal

Aquifer
Storage

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-192
Water Resources Management
SRP Water Order

Reservoirs Salt/Verde Granite Reef

Rivers Diversion Dam

Groundwater
from Wells
Arizona/
Secondary Canal South Canal
(Direct use) (Long term or
seasonal
storage)

(Direct use) Recovery by GRUSP

Municipal Water municipal well
Treatment Plant or
or other USR
or SRP well
Irrigation facility
for City

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-193
 North
Recharge Basins

#4 #3 #2
#1

#6
#5

Salt River

R. W
. C.
l
ana

D.
C
City of uth

Ca
So
Mesa

na
l
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-194
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-195
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Groundwater Recharge
Facilities
Compatibility
(Chemical + Physical + Biological)

Gr
a te

ou
W

nd
ce

wa
ur
So

te
r
Stored Water

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-197
 SRP
Management
The surface and groundwater system are
fully integrated and operate as a single unit
by Conjunctive Water Management

Water Sources

‹ Salt and Verde Rivers Water

‹ Groundwater
‹ Central Arizona Project (CAP) Water
‹ Reclaimed Water (in the future)
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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GRUSP Source Water Blending
100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1/1/97 3/1/97 5/1/97 7/1/97 9/1/97 11/1/97 1/1/98 3/1/98 5/1/98 7/1/98 9/1/98 11/1/98

Verde in S. Salt in S. Cap in S.

1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Conjunctive Use in Arizona
NAUSP Facility

‹ Aquifer storage – Multi source

‹ For CAP, SRP and reclaimed water

‹ Capacity: 1,200 E6/y

‹ Interagency project

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-200
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-201
 Cavecreek

Carefree

Peoria
Scottsdale

Surprise
A
ri
El zo Fountain
Mirage na Hills
Youngtown Phoenix
Ca
n al Ari
Glendale Paradise zon
Valley a Canal
Litchfield Grand Ca
Park na n al
l Ca

X-Cut
h
ut
Buckeye Tolleson So
Mesa

al
Apache
Junction

Can
rn Canal Tempe
e ste

e
W

al
Tem
Guadalupe Gilbert

Can

al
Can
ted
Avondale
Chandler

i da

n
te r
sol
Eas
Con
Goodyear Queen
Creek

North

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-202
Alluvial Sediments Directly West of NAUSP

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-203
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-204
 112030’ 112025’ 112020’ 112015’

EXPLANATION
725 Water-Table Contour
Shows altitude of water table
1991. Interval 25 feet. Dashed
w here approximately located.
Hachures indicate areas of
closed contours T
84
4
33040’ Arrow Indicates Direc-
tion of Groundwater Flow
89 N
Altitude of Water Table,

Riveerr
Spring 1991
60

Riv
Glendale
eerr
Riivv
R

Sun
0 City

75
85
El

0
5 Mirage
82
0 T
80 3
N

72
33035’ 77 5

5
0
75

Fria
Fria

w
5

LUKE

Ne
72

AIR FORCE
BASE
T
2
75
0 N
33030’
5
77
0 Phoenix
80 82 5

85 0 875

10
A gua

85
Goodyear T
1
33025’ Buckeye Avondale N

r
R ive
Gi la 0 5 Mile
t
River Sa l 0 5 Kilometer

R2W R1W R1E 1/15/2009 070110SS-

070110SS-205
 112030’ 112025’ 112020’ 112015’

EXPLANATION 1 ,2
1,240
00
1,220
980 Water-Table Contour
Shows altitude of water table 1 ,18 0
1923. Interval 20 feet.

Arrow Indicates Direc-

1 ,16 0 T
tion of Groundwater Flow 84
4
N
33040’
Altitude of Water Table,
89
1,140
60

Spring 1923
Glendale
1 ,12 0 er
R iv

1 ,1 0 Sun
0 City
1, 0
80 El T
Mirage 3
N

R iver
33035’
LUKE 1,060
AIR FORCE
BASE

Fria
1,040

w
Ne
1,020

T
1,000 2
N
33030’
9 80
Phoenix
A gua

960
10
9 40
Goodyear

85
920
T
0
1
33 25’ Buckeye Avondale N
900
r
R ive
Gi la
la
0 5 Mile
t
River Sa l
0 5 Kilometer

R2W R1W R1E

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-206
 112030’ 112025’ 112020’ 112015’
-200

-250

-300
T
4
N
Altitude of Water Table,
84
33040’ -3
89 00
60 Glendale
er
Spring 1923-
1923-77
R iv

Sun
City

El T
Mirage 3
N

R iver
33035’

LUKE
AIR FORCE
BASE

w
Ne
T
2
N
33030’ ia
- 3 00
Fr

Phoenix
-250
-200
-150

10
- 100
Agua

Goodyear
Buckeye 85

T
0
-50 1
33 25’ N
EXPLANATION
50 Line of Equal Water-
Gila Avondale
Level Change, in Feet. r
River iv e
Spring 1923 to Spring 1977 tR
Interv al 50 feet Sa l 0 5 Mile

0 5 Kilometer

R2W R1W R1E 1/15/2009 070110SS-

070110SS-207
Altitude of Water Table, Spring of 1991
112030’ 112025’ 112020’ 112015’

EXPLANATION
725 Water-Table Contour
Shows altitude of water table
1991. Interval 25 feet. Dashed
where approximately located.
Hachures indicate areas of T
closed contours
4
33040’ Arrow Indicates Direc- 84 N

R iver
tion of Groundwater Flow
89 Glendale
60
er
R iv

Sun

0
City

75
85

0
5 El
82 Mirage T
00
8 3
N

72
33035’ 77 5

5
0
75

Fria
5
LUKE
LUKE
72
AIR
AIR FORCE
FORCE

w
BASE
BASE

Ne
T
Recharge 2
33030’ 75
0 N
5 Site
77
0 Phoenix
80 82 5

85 0 875

10

A gua

85
Goodyear T
33 25’
0 1
Buckeye Avondale N
North
r
R ive 0 5 Mile
Gi la
t 0 5 Kilometer
River Sa l
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-208
R2W R1W R1E
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-209
Well Recharge

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-210
 R1W R1E R2E R3E R4E R5E R6E
SRVW UA

BELL RD.

r
Rive
T3N

Ne w
Ar
PEORIA iz
on
a NORTHERN AVE.
Granite
Grand Canal GLENDALE Reef
Ca
na Dam
l
R

T2N
VE

l
RI

SCOTTSDALE SALT RIVER na

IA

Ca
FR

th

Cross Cut
u
So

C an al
MC DOWELL RD.

30.0E – 5.9N
UA

PHOENIX
AG

pe T1N
e m al
T RIV
ER T an
TEMPE
SRVW UA

SAL C
GIL
A
MESA
BASELINE RD.
Western Canal

al
Ca n
GILBERT

l
RI

a
VE

Ca n
R
115TH AVE.

T1S

PECOS RD.

SCALE IN MILE
19TH AVE.

CHANDLER

te d
0 1
North

GILBERT RD.
olida

POWER RD.
T2S
67TH AVE.

PRICE RD.
40TH ST.

SRP WELLS

Cons
EXISTING CANAL
HUNT HWY.

Salt River Project Wells

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-211
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-212
Phase III: Rotating + Cylindrical Filter

CYLINDRICAL CYLINDRICAL
FILTER FILTER
50 MICRONS 25 MICRONS

M2
M3

CYL. CYL.
FILTER FILTER
#1 #2

P3,4
PRESSURE
V2 TANK 3 TRANSDUCER
V3
FOR LEVEL
MEASUREMENT
LE
LE
TANKS 1
P7 TANKS 2 LE
P8

ROTATIONAL
FILTER P5,6
P1,2
P10 M1
FS
BACKWASH
V1

H2O2
P9

TO RECHARGE
WELL

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-213
 Conjunctive Use in Arizona
The Water Campus Facility

‹ Scottsdale, Arizona

‹ An AWWT plant: The most advanced technology

in North America: 80,000 m3/d

‹ A WTP for CAP water: 200,000 m3/d

‹ One step beyond water factory 21 (Orange County,

California)

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-214
Conjunctive Use in Arizona
The Water Campus Facility
Functions
‹ Treat CAP water to potable grade

‹ Treat municipal effluent to advanced II

‹ Treat advanced II to potable grade

‹ Aquifer storage by:

- Vadose zone wells – SAT
- Injection wells

1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Conjunctive Use in Arizona
The Water Campus Facility

Pre-treatment I Treatment Aeration Clarification

Irrigation
R.O.

Cl2 Filtration

Storage
Microfiltration

Vadose Zone Well

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-216
1/15/2009 070110SS-
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Presa Romana
Siglo I
Mérida, España

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-218
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-219
Acueducto de los
Milagros
Siglo I
Mérida, España

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-220
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-221
 Abastecimiento de
Agua Subterrtráneas
La Alcazaba
Siglo IX
Mérida, España

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-222
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-223
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-224
 Conclusions
The use of Conjunctive Water Management
will maximize the efficiency and cost-
effectiveness of a water system. This
water system could be for irrigation,
urban, industrial or multi-purpose.
The application of this water management
practice has been very successful in
the semiarid areas of the Southwestern
United States but is also applicable
in more humid regions
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-225
1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-226
The Salt River Project

1/15/2009 070110SS-
070110SS-227