TPCT’s

College of Engineering, Osmanabad

Laboratory Manual

Engineering Graphics

For

First Year Students

Manual Prepared by
B. G. Kadam

Author COE, Osmanabad

 TPCT’s
College of Engineering
Solapur Road, Osmanabad
Department of Electronics &Telecommunication
Vision of the Department:

To impart strong foundation in Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals, so that

students will be competent professionals to meet the global challenges

Mission of the Department:

To promote scientific & educational activities for facing problems of global

competition and prepare engineering students for successful carriers.
 College of Engineering

Technical Document

This technical document is a series of Laboratory manuals of Mechanical

Engineering Department and is a certified document of College of engineering,
Osmanabad. The care has been taken to make the document error-free. But still if
any error is found, kindly bring it to the notice of subject teacher and HOD.

Recommended by,

HOD

Approved by,

Principal
 FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for First year engineering
students for the subject of Engineering Graphics to understand and visualize the
basic concepts of drawing and presentation of various engineering component in
2D and 3D Views. This being a basic subject, it becomes very essential to have
vision, imagination and presentation skill.

This lab manual provides a platform to the students for understanding the basic
concepts of points, lines, and projections of plane, solid, orthographic and
isometric projections used in engineering graphics. This practical background will
help students able to develop vision, imagination, presentation skill required for
drawing.

H.O.D
Mechanical Dept
 LABORATORY MANUAL CONTENTS

This manual is intended for the First Year students of mechanical engineering
branches in the subject of Engineering Graphics. This manual typically contains
sheets related to projection of line, projection of plane, projection of solid,
section of solid, orthographic and isometric projections covering various aspects
related to the subject for enhanced understanding.

Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics
mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and
conceptual visualization of drawing aspects covered in the books.
SUBJECT INDEX:

1. Do’s & Don’ts in Laboratory.

2. Lab Exercises

3. Quiz

4. Conduction of viva voce examination

5. Evaluation & marking scheme

Dos and Don’ts in Laboratory :-

1. Do not handle any equipment before reading the instructions /Instruction

manuals.
2. Student must be in college uniform and necessarily carry their identity card.
3. Student should have a separate note book (40 pages) for practical.
4. Every experiment, reading, viva questions should be written in this note book.
After every experiment student should obtain signature of faculty with date.
5. Student should have mini drafter,pencil, eraser, scale, and calculator, sheets
along with pen and lab sketch book.
6. Student should re-write all experiment on a standard journal paper provided
by the college.
7. Student found absent for a lab will not be allowed to attend next practical
without the permission C. C. / H.O.D.
8. Maintain discipline in the lab.
9. Strictly observe the instructions given by the Teacher/ Lab Instructor.

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers:-

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done
during the next lab session.
2. Students should be instructed to switch on the power supply after getting the
checked by the lab assistant / teacher. After the experiment is over, the
students must hand over the model, equipments to the lab assistant/teacher.
3. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and
evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students.
2. Lab Exercises:

i. Sheet 1: To draw 4 problems Projections of Line

ii. Sheet 2: To draw 4 problems Projections of plane

iii. Sheet 3: To draw 4 problems Projections of solid

iv. Sheet 4: To draw 4 problems Section of slid

v. Sheet5: To draw 4 problems on Orthographic projections

vi. Sheet6: To draw 4 problems on Isometric projections

 Sheet No.1
Projections of lines

Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of line

Objective: To understand the Projection of line inclined to both the reference

plane

Apparatus:- sheet, mini drafter, drawing instruments

Theory:
1. Line AB is in 1st quadrant and its F.V. is 30O inclined to x-y line. Point A is 20
mm above H.P. and 10 mm in front of V.P. Distance between projector of A and
B is 60 mm. H.T. is 25 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of line AB and
locate the traces. Also find its true length and true inclination with H.P. and
V.P.
Solution: Refer fig. 1.

b b1 Locus of b

H.T.
Projector of B

a b2 
V.T.

h v
a b1

Ans :
T.L. = 92 mm
 = 22O
Locus of b
= 41O
b b2

Fig. 1

2. A line AB of 70 mm length has its end ‘A’, 15 mm from both H.P. and V.P. The
other end ‘B’ is 40 mm above H.P. and 60 mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the line and determine the inclination of the line with H.P. and
V.P. Also locate traces. Line is in first quadrant.
 Solution: Refer fig. 2.
b b1 Locus of b

H.T. a b2
V.T. a b

h v

b1 ab
a

Ans :
 = 21O
= 40O
Locus of b
b b2

Fig. 2

3. The line AB is in third quadrant. It is inclined at 30O to F.R.P. (i.e. V.P.). The end
A is in H.P. It has its F.V. length of 70 mm and T.V. length of 60 mm. The H.T. is
25 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections and find :
i) True length of the line;
ii) Inclination of line with H.P.;
iii) Locate V.T.
Solution: Refer fig. 3.
b b2 Locus of b
Projector of B2

V.T.

a b1
H.T.

v a h b 2
Projector of B1
Projector of B

Ans :
T.L. = 80.8 mm
 = 42O
Locus of b
b b1

Fig. 3
4. A line PQ, 80 mm long is inclined at 30O to H.P. Its one end P is in second
quadrant and 30 mm from both H.P. and V.P. The end Q lies in fourth quadrant.
The distance between the projector of point P and H.T. is 30 mm. Draw the
projections of the line PQ and find out its traces.

Solution: Refer fig. 4.

Projector of H.T.

p p q1

V.T.
p, p

v h
Locus of q q, q
H.T. q q1

Projector of Q

Fig. 4

Conclusion:

Different problems on projections of line have been studied

 Sheet No.2
Projections of Plane

Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of line

Objective: To understand the Projection of plane at different positions

Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments

Theory:
1. Draw the projections of a rhombus having diagonals 32 mm and 80 mm long,
the smaller diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the
other is inclined at 30O to H.P.
Solution: Refer fig. 1.
c c1

b,d d1 b1

a b,d c a
a1

c1
d d1

c a1 c1
a
T.S. R.S. R.S.
d1 b1
b b1

Diagonal BD || to H.P. &  to V.P. Fig. 1
Diagonal BD || to H.P. &  to V.P.
Diagonal AC || to H.P. Diagonal AC 30O  to H.P.
Plane || to H.P. Plane 30O  to H.P.
a1
Diagonal BD || to H.P. & || to V.P.
Diagonal AC 30O  to H.P.
Plane  to H.P. & V.P.

2. A regular pentagon ABCDE of side 40 mm has corner A in the H.P. and opposite
side CD parallel to both the H.P. and V.P. Draw its projections when plan of
sides AB and AE measures 35 mm each and the corner A is 50 mm in front of
V.P.
Solution: Refer fig. 2.
 c,d d1 c1

b,e e1 b1

=?
H.P. a b,e c,d a
x y
H.P. a1
d1 m1 c1
e e1

d d1 R.S.
e1 b1

a a1 a1
T.S. R.S. m1

c c1

b b1
Corner A in H.P., Corner A in H.P., Corner A in H.P.,
CD || to H.P.,  to V.P. CD || to H.P.,  to V.P. CD || to H.P., || to V.P.
Plane || to H.P. (on H.P.) Fig. 2
Plane  to H.P. Plane  to H.P. & V.P.

3. A rhombus ABCD has diagonals AC and BD 60 mm and 40 mm in length

respectively. The longer diagonal makes an angle of 30O with the V.P. The
smaller diagonal is inclined at 45O with the H.P. Draw the projections. Assume
that smaller diagonal is parallel to the V.P.
Solution : Refer fig. 3.
 d d1 a1
d1

a c a1 c1

b1
c1
b b1
V.P.
x y
H.P.

a1
a b,d c a

b1 d1
b,d

c c1
Smaller Diagonal BD || to V.P.,  to H.P. Smaller Diagonal BD || to V.P.,  to H.P. Smaller Diagonal BD || to V.P., 45O  to H.P.
Longer Diagonal AC || to V.P. Longer Diagonal AC 30O  to V.P. Longer Diagonal AC 30O  to V.P.
Plane || to V.P. Plane  to V.P. Plane  to H.P. and V.P.
Fig. 3

4. A regular hexagon ABCDEF of 40 mm side has its corner A in the H.P. The
diagonal AD is inclined at 40O with the H.P. and 30O with the V.P. Draw its
projections.
Solution : Refer fig. 4.
d d1

c,e c1
e1

b,f b1
a f1
b,f c,e
a 1

f1
f e f1 e1
a1
e1

a d a1 d1
b1 Locus of d
d1 d2

b c b1 c1 c1

a1-d2 = a-d

Fig. 4

Conclusion:

Different problems on projections of plane have been studied

 Sheet No.3
Projections of solid

Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of solid

Objective: To understand the Projection of solid at different positions

Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments

Theory:
1. A pentagonal prism is resting on a corner of its base on the H.P. with a longer
edge containing that corner inclined at 45O to the H.P. and the vertical plane
containing that edge and the axis inclined at 30O to the V.P. Draw its
projections. Base side = 40 mm; height = 65 mm.
Solution : Refer fig. 1.
Step (i) Step (ii) Step (iii)
2

a,b b 1 a 1

a,b c,e d o c,e 3B o1 e1

o c1

d a 1
d 1
Longer Edge

a,b b1
6
p
2 3 p1 e1
c,e c1
p
a,b c,e d d d1
e e1 e1 a1 e1

a
a1
p1 e1
p1 o1 a1
d d1
o Longer Edge d1 b1 d1
o1
b1 b1
b b1
c1 d1
c c1 c1
Draw T.V. 1 5
First 4
c1 Vertical plane containing
1
3A longer edge and axis
Since corner is on H.P., draw pentagon Fig. 1 Vertical plane containing longer edge and
on H.P. with a corner at right. Longer edge 45O  to H.P. axis is 30O  to V.P.
Axis  to H.P. Axis  to H.P. Axis is now  to H.P. and V.P.
2. A hexagonal pyramid has one of its base sides inclined at 45O to H.P. Draw its
projections when triangular face containing that side is parallel to V.P. and the
apex is near to H.P. Take side of base 30 mm and axis 70 mm.
Solution : Refer fig. 2.
1 3A
Draw F.V. f f1 f1
First e1
a e e1 a1
a 1
d1 p1
o o1
p1
d d1 b 1
b b1 c1

c c1
o 1

a,b c,f d,e d,e d1 e1

o o1

c,f c1 p1 f1
3B

a,b b1 a1

o 2
Axis  to V.P. & || to H.P. Axis  to V.P. & || to H.P.
Fig. 2 Axis  to H.P. & V.P.

3. A hexagonal pyramid, side of base 25 mm long and axis height 70 mm, has one
of its triangular faces perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to 45O to the V.P. The
side of base contained by this triangular face is parallel to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
Solution : Refer fig. 3.

o
o o1

a,b a1 b 1
c1
c,f f1 d1
a,b c,f d,e d,e e1

f f1
e1
f1 o1
a e a1
e1
o d1
o1
a1
b d b1 d1
c1
c c1 b1
Fig. 3
4. A pentagonal pyramid with side of the base 30 mm and axis 80 mm long, is
resting on one of the edges on H.P. which is 30O inclined to V.P., while the
triangular face containing that edge makes an angle of 45O with H.P. Draw
projections of the pyramid. (Assume apex of pyramid is towards the V.P.)

Solution : Refer fig. 4.

o
2

o o1

a 1
a
3B e1
b,e p b1
p 1
p
a b,e c,d c,d d 1 c1
o1

e e1
d
d1
a1
a o o1
p1
c1 d1
e1
Draw T.V. c c1
First p1
b b1
a1
b1
1
3A
Since one edge is on H.P., draw T.V. first. Fig. 4
(Pentagon with an edge  to x-y) Triangular face 45 O  to H.P. Edge on H.P. is 30 O  to V.P.
Axis  to H.P. Axis  to H.P. Axis is now  to H.P. & V.P.

Conclusion:

Different problems on projections of solid have been studied.

 Sheet No.4
Section of solid

Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of solid

Objective: To understand the section of solid at different positions

Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments

Theory:

1. A triangular pyramid, having base 40 mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on

the H.P. on one of its faces, with the axis parallel to the V.P. A section plane,
parallel to V.P. cuts the pyramid at a distance of 6 mm from the axis. Draw its
sectional front view and the top view.
Solution : Refer fig. 1.
o
Sectional F.V.

a
True Shape of
Section
2

p
p b c o
a b c 1 3

c c1

o p1 a1 o1
a H
11 21 31 T

b b1 T.V.

Fig. 1

2. A cone of diameter of base circle 60 mm and axis 80 mm long is resting on its

base in H.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45O
with H.P. so that the true shape of the section is an ellipse of maximum size.
Draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section.
Solution : Refer fig. 2.
 o

T
e
d Front View

c f
s
g

b
h
a p

V 1 2,8 3,7 4,6 5

7
8 h g 6

f n1
f1
g1 e1
m 1 a o e s n
5

d d1
h1
c
2 b 4 c1
3
True Shape
Sectional Top View (Ellipse of
a1
b1 Maximum Size)
m1

Fig. 2
3. A hexagonal prism has a rectangular face on the ground and the axis parallel to
V.P. It is cut by a vertical section plane, the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45O
with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from one of its ends. Draw its
sectional front view and the true shape of the section, side of base 25 mm long,
height 70 mm.
Solution : Refer fig. 3.
m 11 21
1
a,b c,f d,e
  71
Sectional F.V. 31 True Shape of
61
a,b 2 3 a,b Section
 
1 41
m c,f 4 c,f n 51 n1
7
d,e d,e y
a,b 1 c,f 7 d,e  6 5 
 f  H f1 f1
1 7 11 71
a e a1,e1 2 61 a1,e1
1

o
b1,d1 51 b1,d1
b d 31
c c1 41 c1
Top View T
 Fig. 3
4. A cone of base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, lies on H.P. with its axis
inclined at 45O to H.P. and parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P.
and V.P. passes through axis of the solid at 20 mm from the center of the base.
Draw three views of the solid including sectional side view.
Solution : Refer fig. 4.
x1

o o o
V

a a
b i i b
1
1 h
c h c
2,8
True Shape
3,7 7 3
Front View
d g d
g
e f  f e
1 2,8 3,7 4,6 5 5 5
T Sectional Side View

7 71 H
8 6 81 g1
h1
f1
i1
11 o1
1 o 5 a1 51
b1
e1
c1
2 4 21 d1

3 31 T Top View
y1

Fig. 4

Conclusion:

Different problems on section of solid have been studied.

 Sheet No.5
Orthographic projections

Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on orthographic projections

Objective: To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2

dimensional views

Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments

Theory:

1. Fig. 1(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw:

a) Front view from ‘X’;
b) Side view from left;
c) Top view.

X
Fig. 1(a)
Solution: Refer fig. 1(b)
 F.V.

L.H.S.V.

T.V.

Fig. 1(b)

2. Fig. 2(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw:

a) Front view from ‘X’;
b) Side view from right ;
c) Top view.

Fig. 2(a)

Solution: Refer fig. 2(b)

 R.H.S.V. F.V.

T.V.

Fig. 2(b)
3. Fig. 3(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw:
a) Sectional Front view from ‘X’ (Section AA)
b) Side view from left;
c) Top view.

Fig. 3(a)
Solution : Refer fig. 3(b)

Sectional F.V. L.H.S.V.

T.V.

Fig. 3(b)
4. Fig.4(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw:
a) Sectional Front view from ‘X’ (Section AA)
b) Side view from right;
c) Top view.

Fig. 4(a)
Solution: Refer fig. 4(b)

F.V. Sectional
L.H.S.V.

T.V.

Fig. 4(b)

Conclusion:

Different problems on orthographic projections have been studied.

 Sheet No.6
Isometric projections

Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on Isometric projections

Objective: To understand the conversion of 2 dimensional views into 3

dimensional views

Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments

Theory:

1. Fig. 1(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view.

Fig. 1(a)

Solution: Refer fig. 1(b)

F.V.
 Fig. 1
2. Fig. 2(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view.

Fig. 2(a)

Solution : Refer fig. 2(b)

O
F.V.

3. Fig. 3(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view.
 Fig. 3(a)

Solution: Refer fig. 3(b)

F.V.

Fig. 3(b)

4. Fig. 4(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view.

Fig. 4(a)
Solution: Refer fig. 4(b)

F.V.

Fig. 4 (b)

Conclusion:

Different problems on isometric projections have been studied.

Quiz on the subject:-

1. What is projection, projector and plane of projection?

2. Differentiate first angle and third angle projection methods.
3. Define point and line.
4. What are the types of lines?
5. Explain the term horizontal and vertical trace.
6. What is mean by trace of plane?
7. What are the different types of planes?
8. Explain method of determining a trace of plane with simple sketches.
9. What do you mean by auxiliary plane?
10.Define composite plane.
11.What are the different types of solid?
12.Differentiate between prism and pyramid.
13.What do you mean by slant edge?
14.What are the different types of section planes?
15.In what inclinations section lines are drawn.
16. do you mean by true shape of section.
17.What are the different methods of orthographic projection?
18.What is the position of Fv, Tv and Sv in first angle projection method.
19.Sectional orthographic projections mean what?
20.What are the different types of sections?
21.Define the terms isometric view and isometric projection.
22.What do you mean by 4 centre method?
23.How to differentiate in between isometric and orthographic projection.
24.Isometric scale is drawn at what angle.
25.What is mean by 2D drawing?
Conduction of Viva-Voce Examinations:

Teacher should conduct oral exams of the students with full preparation.
Normally, the objective questions with guess are to be avoided. To make it
meaningful, the questions should be such that depth of the students in the
subject is tested. Oral examinations are to be conducted in cordial environment
amongst the teachers taking the examination. Teachers taking such examinations
should not have ill thoughts about each other and courtesies should be offered to
each other in case of difference of opinion, which should be critically suppressed
in front of the students.

Evaluation and marking system:

Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is absolutely essential and in
the process impartial nature of the evaluator is required in the examination
system to become. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher to see that right
students who are really putting up lot of hard work with right kind of intelligence
are correctly awarded.
The marking patterns should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity
and teacher should see that students are faced with just circumstances.