I Sem - BA Malayalam Complementary Course - Kerala Padanam - Poorvakala Keralam PDF

School of Distance Education
tIc- f - ] - T \w
]qÀÆ- I me tIcfw
ska-ÌÀ þ 1
tImw¹n-saâdn tImgvkv-þ2
(CUCBCSS)
For
BA MALAYALAM
(2014 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
1005
tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 1
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
I Semester
Complementary course
tIc-f-]-T\w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw
X¿m- d m- ¡ n- b Xv
Znhy.- s I.
ae-bmf hn`mKw
ae-_mÀ {InkvXy³ tImtfPv
tImgn-t¡mSv
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved

DÅ-S¡w
samUyqÄ 1 : kwkv I m- c wþ Ncn- { Xwþ \nÀÆ- N - \ - § Äþ hnhn[

ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ
_Ôwþ tIcf Ncn{X \nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-bIamb
D]m-Zm-\-§Ä
samUyqÄ 2 : tIc-f-¯nsâ DXv]-¯nþ ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xn-lywþ `qan-

im-kv{Xwþ Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew þ inem-bp-Kwþ alm-
in-em-kw-kvIm-cwþ BZy-Ime hntZi _Ô-§Ä
samUyqÄ 3 : kwL-Im-ewþ kmln-Xywþ Bbvþ Ggn-a-sse, tNc-

cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ kwL-Ime kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xwþ XnW-
IÄþ _p²-ssP-\-a-X-§Ä
samUyqÄ 4 : Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPywþ atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, {][m\

cmPm-¡·- mÀþs]-cp-am-fnsâ aXw amäwþ sImÃ-hÀjw
þhn-hn[ ImgvN¸
- m-Sp-IÄ þ Bcym-[n-\n-thiwþ {]Xym-
Lm-X-§Äþ t£{X-tI-{µo-IrX kmaq-ly-hy-hØ
PmXn k{¼-Zmbw þ P·n k{¼-Zm-bwþ acp-a-¡-
¯mbw


samUyqÄ 1
kwkvImcw
kwkvImcw F¶ hm¡n\v ip²o-I-c-Ww, KpW-hn-ti-js¯ {]m]n-¡p¶

ØnXn, hnZym-`ymkw sImpw aäpw a\-Ên\pmIp¶ {]`mhw, ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯Â,
]qÀ¯n-bm-¡Â, AS¡w sN¿Â, hnip-²I - À½w F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ AÀ°-§f - mWv
i_vZX - n-bnÂ sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. "IÄ¨À' (Culture) F¶ Cw¥ojv ]Z-¯n\p
- m-cm-he
kam-\-am-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nÂ kwkvImcw F¶ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. sdbvav
hneywkv At±-l-¯nsâ ‘Key words’ F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ IÄ¨À F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ
DÛh Ncn{Xw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v. IÄ¯pd (Cultura) F¶ emän³ ]Z-¯nÂ \n¶p-
amWv IÄ¨À F¶ Cw¥ojv ]Z-¯nsâ \njv]-¯n. ‘Colere’ F¶ [mXp-hnÂ
\n¶mWv Cultura F¶ ]Zw cq]w sIm-Xv. Cultura F - ¶ - mÂ Cultivation (kw-kvI-
c-Ww) F¶ s]mXp-hmb AÀ°w {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. kaq-l¯ - nse AwK-§Ä F¶
\ne-bnÂ a\p-jy-cpsS FÃm-¯c - ¯- n-epÅ Nn´m-co-Xn-If - p-sSbpw {]hr-¯n-If - p-sSbpw
BsI-¯p-I-bmbn kwkvImcw amdp-¶p. at\m-l-c-tam, kwkvI-cn-¡-s¸-«-tXm, ck-I-
ctam Bb-Xn-s\-bmWv kwkvImcw F¶p ]d-bp-¶X - v. PohnX¯nsâ kÀÆ taJ-eI - -
sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ ]Z-am-Wn-Xv.
kwkvImcw F¶ ]Zw \½psS s]mXp-t_m-[-¯nÂ Ncn-{X-¯n-eqsS ]e
AÀ°-§fpw BÀÖn-s¨-Sp-¯n-«p-v. km[m-c-W-¡msc kw_n-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw \Ã
kz`m-hhpw s]cp-am-äh - p-amWv kwkvIm-cw. kwkvIm-ca - p-Åh - À, kwkvIm-ca
- n-Ãm-¯h - À
F¶ A[n-Im-c-t_m-[-ambn hyàn-X-e-¯nÂ AXv {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p-v. kwkvIm-c-
apÅ P\-X, kwkvIm-c-an-Ãm¯ P\X F¶v kaq-ls¯ ]änbpw ]d-bm-dp-v. tZi-
Ime ØnXn-IÄ¡v A\p-kc - W
- a- mbn kwkvIm-cs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ [mc-WI - Ä¡pw
hnizm-k-§Ä¡pw hyXym-k-ap-m-hpw. kaq-l-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p {]hÀ¯-\-\n-cX - -
\mbn Ign-bp¶ a\p-jy³ Adn-hv, A\p-`-h-§Ä, ]c-kv]c k¼À¡w F¶n-h-bn-
eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ ]cn-]-Iz-amb PohnX t_m[-sa¶v kmam-\y-ambn kwkvIm-c-
s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bmw. a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯n\v {]tXy-I-am-bn-«pÅ s]cp-amä coXn-sbbpw
AXnsâ `mK-am-bp-]t- bm-Kn-¡p¶ ùXnI hkvXp-¡s - fbpw kwkvImcw F¶pw hnfn-
¡mw. Pohn-X-co-Xn, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\§Ä, `mj, `£-Ww, sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-§Ä,
Bib hn\n-atbm]m[n-IÄ, Ie, kmlnXyw XpS§n FÃm-¯-c-¯n-ep-apÅ LS-I-
§-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶X - mWv kwkvIm-cw.
Hä-bvs¡m-cmÄ¡v kwkvIm-cs¯ Bhnjv¡-cn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. hyàn kwkvIm-
c-§Ä ka-\z-bn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ X\-Xmb kwkvImcw krjvSn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶Xv. kmaqly _Ô-§-fmWv kwkvIm-cs¯ ]p\-cpÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp

hyàn¡v P·\m e`n-¡p-¶-XÃ kwkvIm-cw. Ah-\-hsâ Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn \nc-

ćw {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶X - n-eqsS BÀÖn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ t_m[-amWv kwkvIm-cw. ]T-
\hpw kaq-l-t¯m-SpÅ CW-§n-t¨-c-ep-amWv a\p-jys\ kwkvIm-c-ap-Å-h-\m-Im³
klm-bn-¡p-¶X - v. Hcp Xe-ap-db
- nÂ \n¶pw hcpw Xe-ap-dI
- f
- n-te¡v ssIam-dm³ km[n-
¡p¶ ss]Xr-I-t_m[w IqSn-bmWv kwkvIm-cw. C¯-c-¯nÂ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ
hn\nabw km[y-am-Ip-t¼m-gmWv kmaq-ln-Ih - n-Imkw Dd-¸m-hp-¶X- v. kwkvIm-c¯
- nsâ
`mK-am-bmWv Hmtcm kaq-lhpw s]cp-am-td BZÀim-[n-jvTn-X-amb \nb-am-h-en-IÄ
cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-¶Xpw kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-hmb Bh-iy-§sf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
Xnepw kwkvImcw `mK-`m-¡m-hp-¶p-v.
\nÀÆ-N-\-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw
1. kwkvIm-c-sa-¶Xv ]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS a\p-jy-\nÀ½n-X-amb `mK-am-Wvþ
slÀkvtImhnävkv
2. ka-{K-Po-hn-X-ssi-en-bmWv kwkvIm-cw þ sdbvav hneywkv
3. PohnX ]qÀW-X-bpsS BsI LS-\-bmWv kwkvImcwþ aen-t\mhvkvIn
4. kaq-l¯ - nse Hcw-Ks - a¶ \ne-bnÂ a\p-jy³ t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ Ign-hp-Ifpw kz`m-
h-§fpw IqSmsX Adnhv hnizmkw, Ie, kZm-Nm-cw, \nb-aw, BNm-cw, F¶n-
h-bp-sSbpw k¦oÀW-amb BsI¯pI-bm-Wv kwkvIm-cwþ C.-_n. sSbveÀ
5. a\p- j y- h w- i - ¯ nsâ ss]Xr- I - ¯ n- e qsS \ne- \ nÂ¡p¶ Ie- b psSbpw
Iem-\nÀ½nXn-bp-sSbpw bmYm-Øn-XnI [mc-WI - f
- p-sSbpw {Iao-Ic
- n¨ cq]-amWv
kwkm-Icwþtdm-_À«v sdUvôÀUv
6. kwkvImcsa¶mÂ {]Xo-Im-ßI - -Xbpw XpSÀ¨-bp-ÅXpw Iq«-amb ]ptcm-KXn-
bp-Å-Xp-amb Hcp {]hÀ¯-\-amWv þF³.-F. sshäv.
Hcp Iem-Im-c³ kz´w Im³hm-kn-epw, Ihn ssS¸v ssdä-dnepw

{i²n¡p¶-Xp-t]m-se-bpw, ]uc-tk-h-I³ Abm-fpsS ap¶nse {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-
¡p-¶Xp t]mse-bpw, Hmtcm kml-N-cy-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨pw HcmÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xp
t]msebpw GI-tZiw kam-\-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ê-amWv kwkvImcw F¶
ImgvN¸mSmWv Sn.-F-kv. Fen-b«v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. a\p-jy-\nÀ½n-Xn-I-fpsS k©-
b-amb kwkvIm-cs¯ a\p-jy³ Ahsâ e£yw t\Sp-¶-Xn\v cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶
krjvSyp³ap-Ja
- mb am[y-aa
- m-bmWv aen-t\mhvkvIn ImWp-¶X - v. Eidos F-¶pw Ethos
F¶pw kwkvIm-c-¯n\v cv cv hi-§-fp-s-¶mWv \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Ú-\mb
Imtcm-_À A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Hu]-Nm-cnI cq]-am-Wv Eidos.
kwkvIm-c¯
- nsâ KpW-§s - fbpw XmÂ]-cy-§s- fbpw \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ LS-I§ - f- psS

kwln-X-bmWv Ethos. kwkvImcLS-I-§sf kv]jvS-sa-¶pw, A´Àeo-\-sa¶pw

¢t¡m¬ F¶ kmaqly imkv{X-Im-c-\pw, cmbn hn`-Pn-¡p-¶p-v. kwkvIm-c-
¯nsâ Hcp `mKw asäm-¶nÂ \n¶pw thÀs]-Sp-¶X - n-s\-bmWv kmwkvIm-cnI amµyw
F¶p ]d-bp-¶X - v. ‘Social Change’F¶ IrXnbnÂ U»yq. F^v HmKvt_¬ BWv
kwkvIm-cnI amµyw (Cultural lag) F¶ km¦-ev]nI kn²m´w BZy-am-b-h-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶X - v. kwkvImcw kw_-Ôn¨ amÀIvknsâ ImgvN¸ - mSv ASn-¯d- , taÂ¸pc F¶o
Bi-b§ - f - n-eq-sS-bm-Wt- ±lw Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v. a\p-jy³ hyàn F¶ \ne-bnepw
kmaq-ly-Pohn F¶ \ne-bnepw D]-Po-h-\-¯n-\mbn GÀs¸-Sp¶ DXv]m-Z\ {]hr-
¯n-I-fpsS LS-\-bmWv ASn-¯-d. AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v \nb-aw, aXw, BNm-cw, aqey-
t_m[w apX-em-bh DÄs¡m-Åp¶ taÂ¸pc AXm-bXv kwkvImcw cq]w sImÅp-
¶p. ASn-¯d kpØn-c-am-hp-t¼mÄ am{Xta taÂ¸p-c-bnÂ AXnsâ hnImkw
ImWm³ km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq. a\pjy kaq-l-¯nÂ am{Xw \S-¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cnI
hn\n-a-b-§Ä kml-N-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-
b-am-Ip-¶h - b- p-am-Wv.
F{_lmw amkvtem Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ hierarchy of needs (B-h-iy-§-fpsS
t{iWo-Ic - W- w) kwkvIm-c¯ - nsâ a\ximkv{X-]c - a- mb A]-{K-Y\w IqSn-bm-Wv. imco-
cn-Im-h-iy-§Ä, kpc-£n-X-Xzw, kvt\lhpw _Ô-§-fpw,-]-cn-K-W-\bpw kwXr-]vXn-
bpw, Bß-km-£m-XvImcw F¶n-§s\ Xmsg \n¶pw apI-fn-te-¡p-h-cp¶ ]nc-an-
UÂ LS-\-bn-em-Wv At±lw kwkvIm-cs¯ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. Xntbm-tUmÀ
AtUmÀtWm, amIvkv tlmIvlo-aÀ F¶n-h-cm-Wvkw-kvIm-c-hy-h-kmbw F¶ ]Zw
BZy-am-b-h-Xn-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. _lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-¯I I¼-\n-IÄ¡p thn kwkvIm-
cs¯ ]W-bs - ¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]{In-bb - mWv kwkvImc hyh-kmbw kwkvIm-cnI NnÓ-
§-fmbn IW-¡m-¡p¶ `mj, thjw, BNm-cw, hnizm-kw, DÕ-hm-tLm-j-§Ä,
`£Ww XpS-§n-bh - -sbÃmw hmWn-Py-hÂ¡-c-W¯ - n\p hnt[-ba - m-hp¶ {]{In-bb- m-
Wn¶v ImWm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xv. {]mtZ-in-Ihpw, hwio-b-hp-amb kwkvIm-c-§f - psS
KpWmw-i-¯nÂ \n¶p cq]-s¸-Sp¶ P\-Iob kwkvIm-chpw, kaq-l-¯nse P\-
§Äs¡-Ãm-hÀ¡pw Hcp-t]mse {]nb-¦-c-am-hp¶ P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-hpw, D¨-kw-
kvIm-ch - pw, \oN-kw-kvIm-chp htcWy kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cnI kwkvIm-chpw sXmgn-
emfn hÀ¤ kwkvIm-c-hp-saÃmw kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ hnhn[ apJ-§sf Bhn-jvI-cn-
¡p-¶h - b- m-Wv.

Ncn{Xw
Ncn{Xw F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w At\z-jWw, Kth-j-Ww, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww,
hnÚm\w Fs¶-Ãm-amWv Ub-Wo-jykv F¶ {Ko¡v ]Þn-X-\mWv DZm-l-c-W-§-
fn-eqsS ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ XXz-im-kv{X-amWv Ncn{Xw F¶ Bibw Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¨X
- v. lnÌdn
F¶ ]Zw {Ko¡v `mj-bnÂ \n¶pw DÛ-hn-¨X - m-Wv. At\z-jWw F¶m-Wn-Xn-\À°w.
am\-h-cm-in-bpsS Pohn-X-¯nse {it²-b-amb kw`-h-§-fpsS BsI-¯p-I-bmWv
Ncn-{Xw. ""Hcn-¡epw amdm¯ `qX-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ {]kvXm-h -amWv Ncn-{Xw''
F¶v Acn-tÌm-«nÂ \nÀÆ-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ncn-{X-¯nsâ {]mam-Wn-I-Xsb AwKo-I-
cn-¨-XpsImp Xs¶-bm-h-Ww. Cu temtImÛht¯mfw ]g¡w Ncn-{X-¯n\pw
Ah-Im-i-s¸-Smw. ImcWw Cu \nanjw Ignª Imcyw ASp¯ \nan-j-¯nÂ Ncn-
{X-¯nsâ `mK-ambn amdn-¡-gn-ªp.
Cu `qan-bnÂ A\p-\n-anjw \S¶p sImn-cn-¡p¶ GsXmc\p`hw Ncn-{X-
¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv. F¶mÂ Ch-sbÃmw Xs¶ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ AS-bm-f-s¸-S-W-sa-¶n-
Ã. Fs´-¦nepw khn-tijXI-fpÅ hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv ]e-t¸mgpw Ncn-{X-t{i-Wn-bnÂ
ap³]-ń-bnÂ \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.
C§s\ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ hfsc Ipd¨p am{X-amWv hni-I-e\w
sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. C§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ \½Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Ncn-{X-¯n\v Hcp
]mSv ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-Å-Xmbn ImWmw. Øe-Im-e-§-fpsS A]m-c-X-bpw, Ahsb a\-
Ên-em-¡m-\pÅ a\pjy_p²n-bpsS ]cn-an-Xnbpw Ncn-{Xs¯ thdn-«X - m-¡p-¶p.Ncn{Xw
F{X ]cn-an-Xhpw A]qÀ®-hp-am-sW-¦nepw Ign-ªp-t]mb Ime-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-
cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Awi-§Ä Gdnbpw Ipdªpw Ah-bnÂ
Is-¯m³ km[n-¡p-sa-¶X - nÂ kwi-ba- n-Ã.
\nÀÆ-N-\-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw
1. a\p-jys\ hnth-In-bm-¡p¶ hnÚm-\-im-J-bm-Wv.
Ncn{Xw :þ kÀ : {^m³knkv t_¡³
2. Imcy-Im-c-W-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ {Iao-I-cn-¡-s¸« kw`-h-§-fpsS kam-
lm-c-amWv Ncn{Xw þ s{]m^. ^n³te
3. Ncn{Xw hnI-kn¨p sImn-cn-¡p¶ a\pjy alm-\m-S-I-am-Wvþ s\lvdp
4. a\p-jy-Nn-´-bpsS {]mNo-\-X-a-amb cq]amWv Ncn-{Xw, þtXm-akv ImÀsse³
5. Fs¶-¦nepw Fhn-sS-sb-¦nepw kw`-hn-¨-sXÃmw Ncn-{X-am-Wvþ
slân tPm¬k¬
6. a\p-jy-kzm-X-{ý-¯nsâ A\m-h-c-W-amWv Ncn-{Xwþ temUv Bä³
7. bpK- ] - c - ¼ - c - I - f n- e qsS a\p- j y- \ mÀÖn¨ kwkv I m- c - ¯ nsâ IY- b mWv
Ncn-{Xwþ hnÂ Uyqdâ v.
8. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-ehpw `qX-Im-ehpw X½n-epÅ \nc-´-c-amb kw`m-j-W-amWv
Ncn-{Xwþ C.-F-¨v.-ImÀ

"tkmZm-l-c-W-apÅ XXz-Nn-´m-]-T\w' F¶-Xn-eqsS ]qÀÆ-Ime kw`-h-§sf

DZm-l-cn¨v KpW-]mTw \ÂIp¶ tkmt±iy ]²-Xn-bm-bn-«mWv - Ub-Wo-jykv Ncn-
{Xs¯ I-Xv. Ncn{Xw IgnªXnte¡pw hcm-\n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡p-apÅ ]cy-th-
j-W-am-sW-¶pw, alm-ßm-¡f - p-sS-Po-hN - c- n{XamWv Ncn-{X-cN
- \- b
- v¡m-[m-cs- a-¶p-amWv
tXmakv ImÀsse³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶X - v. hnth-I¯ - nsâ KXn-thKw ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ BNm-
cy-\mWv Ncn-{X-sa¶p IqSn ImÀsse³ Icp-Xp¶p. e¡n F¶ Ncn-{X-Im-csâ A`n-
{]m-b-¯nÂ [mÀ½n-Ih - n-¹h
- -§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Ah-bpsS Imcy-Im-cW - §- -sf-¡p-dn¨pw
DÅ tcJ-bmWv Ncn-{Xw. hn¹-h¯ - nsâ BZÀim-ßI - X
- b
- v¡pw [mÀ½nI aqey-§Ä¡p-
amWv ChnsS Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶-Xv. Imew amdp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Ncn{X kXy-§-tfm-
SpÅ at\m-`m-h-¯nepw amäw hcp-sa-¶pw Ah ]p\Àhn-i-Ie - -\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-tb-
¡m-sa¶pw A§s\ BXy-ń-I-amb Ncn{X kXyw F¶-sXm-¶n-Ãm-Xm-hp-sa¶pw
A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-ap-v. Ncn{X tcJ-IÄ F{X-am{Xw hf-s¨m-Sn-¡-ep-IÄ¡pw,
AXn-itbm-àn-IÄ¡pw hI \ÂIp-¶X - m-sW-¦nepw Ahbv¡v P\-Xb - psS a\-Ênsâ
DÅ-d-Isf DWÀ¯m-\pÅ tijn-bpv F¶-Xm-Wn-Xn-sâ {]k-àn.
Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-Ia - mbn hÀ¯n-¡p¶ LS-I§ - f - m-Wv.
kwkvImcw Ncn-{X-]c - a
- mb Hcp {]{Inb IqSn-bm-Wv. AXnsâ ]T\w hyàn-If - psSbpw
kw`-h§ - f
- p-sSbpw ]T-\a - m¡n Npcp-¡m³ k[n-¡p-¶X - Ã - . D]-Po-h\ - ¯- n-sâbpw AXn-
Po-h\- ¯- n-sâbpw X{´-ambn kmwkvIm-cnI \nÀ½n-Xn-IÄ amdp-t¼mÄ Ah Ncn-{X-hp-
ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶p. Hmtcm Ime-L«- ¯ - n-ep-apÅ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X¯ - nsâ {]Xn-
^-e\- h- pw, AXXv Imes¯ cmjv{Sob ]cn-tXm-hØ - I - f - pw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\p-§-
fpw, PohnX coXn-If - pw, km¼-¯nI ØnXn KXn-If - p-saÃmw kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-
¯nsâ `mK-am-hp-¶p. \½psS {]i-kX v c
- mb Ncn{X ]Þn-X· - m-cnÂ ]ecpw kmaqly
imkv{X-ÚÀ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tPm¬ anÂ«¬, tXmakv tlm_vkv, ^ÀKq-k¬,
BUw-kvan¯v XpS-§nb alm-·m-scÃmw CXn-\p-Zm-lc - W - a - m-Wv. kÀZmÀ sI.-Fw. ]Wn-
¡À, sI.-hn. IrjvW¿ - À, Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ, G. {io[-ct- a-t\m³ , tUm. Fw.-Pn.-
F-kv. \mcm-b-W³, tUm. Fw.-BÀ. cmLhhmcyÀ XpS-§n-b-h-scms¡ \½psS
kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v KWy-amb kw`m-h\ - I - f - À¸n-¨h - c- m-Wv.
A[n-\n-th-i-^-e-ambn tIc-f-¯nsâ kIe aÞ-e-§-fnepw amäw Zriy-am-
bn-cp-¶p. Ch-sbÃmw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ `mK-ambn amdn-bt- Xm-sSm¸w Xs¶ tIc-f¯ - nsâ
kmwkvIm-cnI aÞ-e¯ - nÂ AXn-tâ-Xmb kzm[o\w {]I-Sa - m-¡pI IqSn sNbvXp.
aXw, cmjv{So-bw, k¼-Zvhy-hØ, `mj, Ie, kmlnXyw CXymZn hnj-b§ - -fn-seÃmw
C¯-c-samcp kmwkvImcnI ]cn-Wmaw Zriy-am-Wv. ]e-t¸mgpw \½psS kmln-Xy-
kr-jvSn-IÄ an¡Xpw AXXv Ime-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-

b-hp-amb am\-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶h - b

- m-bn-cn-¡pw. \ne-hnse Ncn-{Xs¯ ]p\À\nÀ½n-
¡m-\pÅ kmwkvIm-cnI \nÀ½n-Xn-IÄ IqSn-bm-bh amdn-tb-¡mw. kwkvIm-cw F¶
k¦-ev]-¯n\p h¶ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb amäw kmaq-ly-kwLmS\-¯nÂ hyàn-IÄ¡p-
h¶ ]¦p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. X\n¡v kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob LS-\-bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-
bnÂ ]¦p-Å-Xmbn ]gb kaq-l-¯nse hyàn-IÄ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ C¶v
X\n¡pw IqSn ]¦m-fn-¯a
- p-ÅX
- m-Wv kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob LS\ F¶ Xncn-¨d- nhv Hmtcm
hyàn-¡p-ap-v.
tIcf Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-b-I-amb D]m-Zm\

kma-{Kn-IÄ
tIc-f-¯nsâ {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-X-s¸« B[n-Im-cnI {]am-W-
§-sfm¶pw Xs¶ Ip-In-«n-bn-«n-Ã. enJnX Ncn-{X-§-fpsS A`m-h-¯nÂ BZy-Ime
Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn-¡mbn sFXn-ly-§s - f-bpw-sI-«p-IY
- I
- s
- f-bp-sam-s¡-bmWv \mw B[m-
c-am-¡m-dv. tIc-tfm-Â]-¯n-bpsS hnhn[ amXr-I-Ifpw kwkvIr-X-{K-Ù-amb tIcf
amlmßyhpsa-Ãm-amWv BZy-Ime tIcf Ncn{X ]p\À\nÀ½n-Xn¡v B{i-bn-¡m-dv.
]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-ntem AXn-\p-ti-jtam Fgp-Xs¸« Cu {KÙ-§sf B[m-c-am-
¡n-bpÅ {]mNo-\-Im-e-N-cn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS {]mamWyw Xs¶ tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-t«-
¡mw. tIcfNcn-{X-c-N-\bv¡v B[m-c-amb hkvXp-X-Isf s]mXpsh cmbn Xcw
Xncn-¡m-dp-v. (1) enJn-X-§Ä (2) kvamc-I-§Ä F¶n-h-bm-W-h.
kmlnXyIrXn-IÄ, {KÙ-h-cn-IÄ, k©m-c-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ, imk-\-§Ä XpS-
§n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ enJnX cq]-§Ä.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ
Fgp-X-s¸« Ncn-{X-§-fn-te¡v shfn¨w hoip-¶-hb - mWv Xan-gnepw kwkvIr-X-
¯nepw enJnX cq]-¯nÂ Is-Sp-¡s - ¸« IrXn-IÄ. ]Xn-s\m¶mw \qäm-n\p tijw
am{Xta ae-bmf `mj-bn-se-gp-X-s¸« IrXn-IÄ Ip In«n-bn-«p-Åq. tIc-fs¯ ]cm-
aÀin-¡p¶ Gähpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kwkvIrX IrXn "sFX-tcb Bc-Wy-I-'amWv
AXnÂ ImWp¶ tNc-i_vZw tIc-fs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶mWv hymJym-\w. cmam-
bW alm-`m-c-Xm-Zn-I-fnepw tIc-f-]-cm-aÀiw ImWmw. "alm-`m-jy'-sa-gp-Xnb ]X-RvP-
en-bpw, "hmÀ¯n-I'-sa-gp-Xnb ImÀXym-b\ - \pw tIc-fs¯ Ipdn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v.
_n.-kn. \memw iX-I-¯nÂ cNn-¨-sX¶p Icp-Xp¶ IuUn-eysâ AÀ°imkv{X'-
¯nÂ tIc-f¯ - nse s]cn-bm-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. Imfn-Zm-k-Im-hy-amb "cLp-
hw-i'- ¯nepw tIc-f-]-cm-aÀiw ImWmw.

Ipe-ti-Jc - I
- h
- n-bpsS "X]-Xo-kw-hc- W- w', "hnÑn-¶m-`n-tjIw' F¶o kwkvIrX
\mS-I§ - f - mWv tIcf Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-apÅ {]_-eI - r-Xn-IÄ. i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS "inhm-
\-µe- l
- c- n-'bnepw i¦-c\ - m-cm-bW
- sâ "i¦-c\- m-cm-bW- o-b'- ¯nepw Ipe-ti-Jc - ·
- msc Ipdn-
¨pÅ kqN-\b - p-v. Ipe-ti-Jck-Zk - y-\m-bn-cp¶ hmkp-tZh`«-Xn-cn-bpsSbaI Imhy-
amb "bp[n-jvTn-c-hn-Pbw' tIcf ]cm-aÀi-aS- -§nb asämcp {KÙ-am-Wv. ]Xn-s\m¶mw
\qäm-nÂ cNn-¡-s¸-«-sX¶p Icp-Xp¶ AXp-esâ "aqjI hwi'hpw Ncn{X {]m[m-
\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. ]Xn-\memw \qäm-nÂ kap-{Z-_-Ô³ Ae-¦m-c-kÀÆ-kz-¯n-s\-gp-
Xnb hymJym\w, e£van-Zm-ksâ ipI-kt- µ-iw, D±-Þsâ tImIn-ek - t- µ-iw, hmkp-
tZ-hsâ {à-c-kt- µcw F¶n-h-bnÂ tIc-f-¯nse Nne \K-c§ - -fpsS hnh-c-§Ä AS-
§n-bn-«p-v. aWn {]hmf e£-W-{K-Ù-amb "eoem-Xn-e-I'-¯nÂ thWmSp `cn-¨n-
cp¶ DZ-ba - mÀ¯m-Þh - À½-sb-¡p-dn¨pw ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. cma-]m-Wn-hm-Zsâ "koXm-cm-
Lhw' \mS-I¯ - nÂ amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Xr¸-Sn-Zm-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-
aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. [À½-cm-Pm-hnsâ "_me-cm-a-`-cXw' F¶ \mSy-im-kv{X-{K-Ù-¯nÂ
Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯nsâ at\m-l-c-amb hÀW-\-bp-v.
]gb Xangv IrXn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw {]mNo\ tIc-fs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ [mcmfw
kqN-\-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶p-v. _n.-kn. \mew \qäm-nÂ Fgp-X-s¸-«-sX¶p Icp-Xp¶
Xangv hymI-cW {KÙ-amb "sXmev¡m-¸n-b'-¯nÂ tIcf ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. {InkvXp-
hÀjw BZy iX-I-§-fnÂ Xan-g-I¯v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ k¼¶ kmlnXy hn`m-K-amb
kwL-Ime kmlnXyw tIcf Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v hne-s¸« hkvXp-XX - I- f- mWv {]Zm\w
sN¿p-¶-Xv. AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\q-dv, Nne-¸-Xn-Im-cw, ]Xn-äp-]¯v XpS-§nb IrXn-I-
fnseÃmw tIc-fob ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ ASn-th-cp-IÄ \ap¡v ZÀin-¡m-\m-hpw. tNc-cm-
Pm-¡-·m-cmb ]¯p {]ap-Jsc Hmtcm ]m«n-embn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ]Xn-äp-]¯v
CXnÂ khn-tij {i²-bÀln-¡p-¶p. tIc-fo-b-\mb Cf-t¦m-hS- n-I-fpsS Nne-¸-Xn-Im-
c-¯nse h©n-Im-Þ¯ - nÂ IY \S-¡p-¶Xv tIc-f¯ - n-emWv. Ipdpw-sXmssI \änssW
F¶o kwL-Ime t{]a-I-hnXm kam-lm-c-§-fnepw ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcf P\-X-bpsS
Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. cmw tNc-km-{amPy Øm]-I-\mb
Ipe-tiJc BgvhmcpsS s]cp-amÄ Xncp-sam-gnbpw tIc-fs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ Nne
Ncn-{X-hk - vXp-X-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.
{]mNo\ ae-bmf IrXn-I-fnepw ]qÀÆ-Im-e-tI-cf Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Awi-§Ä
ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. G.-Un. ]Xn-aq¶mw \qämnsâ a²y-t¯m-Sp-IqSn cq]w sIm
D®n-bö Ncn-X¯ - nepw D®n-¨n-cp-tXhn Ncn-X¯ - nepw, D®n-bm-Sn-Nc - n-X¯- nepw, tIcf
Ncn-{X-¯nse aqey-NypXn _m[n¨ tZh-Zmkn k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ Nn{X-hpw, ]¶n-bqÀ-þ-
tNm-Inc {Kma-XÀ¡-hpw, Xncp-s\-Ãn, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ XpS-§nb \K-c-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
hnh-c-§fpw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. {]mà\ tIc-f-¯nsâ hy-àa - mb Nn{Xw \ÂIp¶

IrXn-bmWv D®p-\oen ktµiw Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw apXÂ ISp-¯p-cp¯n hsc-bpÅ
{]tZ-i-§-fpsS `qan-imkv{X]c-amb hnh-cWw CuIr-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw e`n-¡p-¶p-v.
Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw \K-c-¯nsâ hni-Z-Nn{Xw \ÂIp¶ IrXn-bmWv ]Xn-\memw \qäm-
nsâ a²y-¯nÂ cq]-s¸« A\-´-]p-c-hÀ®\w H¶mw tNc-km-{am-Py-amb h©n-
apXq-cn-s\-Ip-dn-¨pÅ ]cm-aÀi aS-§nb ktµi Imhy-am-Wv tImI-kt- µiw. XriqÀPn-
Ã-bnse Nnän-e-¸-Ånsb B[m-c-am¡n IYm-cwKw \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p¶ IrXn-bmWv
Nt{µm-Õhw. A]-Nbw kw`-hn¨p sImn-cn-¡p¶ tIc-fob Pohn-X-¯nsâ Nn{Xw
\ap¡o aWn-{]-hmf IrXn-bnÂ ZÀin-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-nÂ cNn-¡-
s¸« cmP cXv\m-h-enbw N¼phpw {][m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ Hcp tcJ-bm-Wv. In-bqÀa-
äw ]S-¸m-«v, aWn-{Km-aw, Hm-W¯-Ãv, Nnd-hm-kz-cq]w F¶n-hbv¡p ]pdsa thWmSv
cmPm-hn-s\bpw Cu IrXn-bnÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. ImSt©cn \¼q-Xncn cNn¨ amam¦w
Infn-¸m«v tImgn-t¡m-Snsâ Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\ys¯ AS-bm-fs
- ¸-Sp-¯p¶ IrXn-bm-Wv. ]¿-
¶qÀ ]m«v, IÀta-t\m³]m«v, cma-¨-¸-Wn-¡À¸m«v XpS-§n-b-hbpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-
¡p-¶p. 16-þmw \qäm-nÂ ssk\p-±o³ Ad_n `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb "Xplv^¯ - pÂ apPm-
ln-±o³' A¶s¯ Imes¯ apÉnw kap-Zmb Ncn-{X-t¯m-sSm¸w tIcf Ncn-{X-{]m-
[m\yw IqSn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ IrXn-bm-Wv.
{KÙ-h-cn-IÄ
]gb Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§-fnepw cmP-sIm-«m-c-§-fnse {KÙ-¸p-c-I-fnepw kq£n-
¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hme-¡-c-W-§-fmWv {KÙ-h-cn-IÄ. cmP-`-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Imcy-
§fpw AXXp cmP-hwi§fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« cmjv{So-bk - w-`h
- §
- f
- p-sa-Ãm-amWv C¯cw
{KÙ-hc - n-If
- nse {]ta-bw. Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- p-cs¯ aXn-eIw {KÙ-hc - nbpw tImgn-t¡ms«
kmaq-Xn-cn-t¡m-hn-e-Is¯ {KÙ-h-cnbpw Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\amb Ht«sd hkvXp-X-IÄ
{]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p-v.
hntZi k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

hntZi kwkvIm-c§ - Ä¡v ]SÀ¶p ]´-en-¡m³ hf-¡q-sdm-cp-¡nb a®mWv
tIc-f¯ - n-tâ-Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ AXn {]mNo-\I - mew apXÂ¡p Xs¶ hntZ-in-IÄ
tIc-f¯- n-te¡p h¶-Xmbn sXfn-hp-v. F¶mÂ {InkvXp-hÀjm-cw-`t- ¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
Ah-cpsS k©m-c¡ - p-dn-¸p-IÄ Ip-In-«p-¶X- v. {Ko¡p-Im-cmb ¹n\n-bp-sSbpw tSmf-an-bp-
sSbpw saK-kvX\ - o-kn-sâ-bp-saÃmw `qan-im-k{v X-hn-hc - W
- §
- f
- nÂ tIcfs¯¡p-dn¨v ]cm-
aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. F.-Un. H¶mw \qäm-nÂ tIc-fX - o-c¯p h¶ ¹n\n apkn-cnkv, _td¡
F¶o Xpd-ap-J§ - s - f-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. cmw \qäm-nÂ tIcfw kµÀin¨
tSmf-an-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-{K-Ù¯ - nÂ tNc-XeØm\w Icuc(I-cqÀ) BsW¶p ]d-
bp-¶p-.v apkn-cnkv, sIm«n-bd- , sIma-dn-b, Xnn-k,v amâ-tKmd F¶o Xpd-apJ§sfbpw
At±lw ]cn-Nb - s
- ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v. AÚmX IÀ¯m-hn-\mÂ cNn-¡s - ¸« s]cn-¹kv
Hm^v Zn Fcn-{Xn-b³ ko F¶ {KÙ-¯nepw tIcf ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. tSmf-an-¡p-tijw
{]mam-Wn-Ia - mb hkvXp-XI - f- S- §- p¶ {KÙw ss_kmân-b³ ]ptcm-ln-X\ - mb tImkvakv
C³Unt¡m {]okvXp-knsâ `mc-Xob {InkvXp-aX hnh-cW - § - f- m-Wv. sImÃw \K-cs- ¯-
¡p-dn¨v Gähpw {]mNo-\a - mb hkvXpX CXnÂ ImWmw.
G.-U n. Ggmw \qäm-tm-Sp-IqSn `mcXw kµÀin¨ ssN\okv k©mcn
lyq³kmMv tIc-f-¯nepw h¶n-cp-¶-Xmbn NneÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. 13-þmw \qäm-
nÂ tIcfw kµÀin¨ sNu PpIzm F¶ k©m-cnbpw, At±-ls - ¯ XpSÀ¶p h¶
hmMv Xmbvhm\p-saÃmw X§-fpsS k©mc Ncn-{X-¯nÂ tIc-f-s¯bpw AS-bm-f-s¸-
Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. No\-¡¨ - h
- S- ¡- m-c\ - mb hmMvXm-bp-hmsâ Xmthmþ Cþ-Nneo F¶ {KÙ-
¯nÂ tImgn-t¡m-Sv, Ggn-a-e, Imbw-Ipfw F¶o Øe-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§-fp-
v. 15-þmw iX-I-¯nÂ sIm¨n-sbbpw tImgn-t¡m-Sn-s\bpw Xsâ Ipdn-¸p-I-fnÂ tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯nb No\-¡m-c-\mb apÉnw k©m-cn-bmWv amlzm³.
tIcfw kµÀin¨ Ad_n k©m-cn-I-fnÂ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶Xv H³]Xmw
\qäm-n-en-hn-sS-sb-¯nb kpsse-am³ F¶ I¨-hS- ¡ - m-c\ - m-Wv. sImÃw Xpd-ap-J¯- nsâ
{]m[m\yw At±lw Xsâ Ipdn-¸p-I-fnÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-«p-v. ]¯mw \qäm-nse
k©m-cn-bmb akq-Zn, AÂ_-dqWn XpS-§n-b-hcpw tIcf Ncn-{Xs¯ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-
¯n-b-h-cm-Wv. ]Xn-\memw \qäm-nÂ tIcf kµÀi\w \S-¯nb C_v\p _¯q¯
Bdp XhW tImgn-t¡mSv kµÀin-¨X - mbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. tIc-f¯ - nsâ hmWn-
Py-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯bpw At±lw hni-Z-ambn Ipdn-¸nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. sh\o-kp-
Im-c-\mb amÀt¡m-t]m-f-bpsS k©m-c-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fnepw tIc-f-¯nse kap-{Z-Xo-c-\-K-
c-§Ä ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.
t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS bm{Xm-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ kpe-`-am-Wv. eptUm-hn-t¡mUn
hÀt¯-ab - p-sSbpw UzmÀt¯ _Àt_m-kb - psS hnh-cW - § - Ä¡v IqSp-Xev B[n-Im-cn-
I-X-bp-v. 1502 apXÂ 1508 hsc tIc-f-¯n-ep-S-\ofw k©-cn¨v hnh-c-§Ä tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯nb Cäm-en-b³ teJ-I-\mWv hÀt¯-a. 1500 apXÂ 1516 hsc ae-_mdnÂ t]mÀ¨p-
Kokv DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶ _Àt_m-k-bpsS teJ-\§Ä A¡m-es¯ tIc-fob
P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ t\ÀNn-{X-§-fm-Wv. tKm¬ kmÂhkv F¶ t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Im-c³
ae-_m-dnsâ Hcp kw£n-]vXN - c- n{Xw Xs¶ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. AÂ_p-¡À¡nsâ
Ipdn-¸p-I-fnepw tIc-f-Po-hnXw Zriy-am-Wv.
U¨v Ime-L«- ¯ - nÂ tIc-f¯ - nÂ DtZymKw `cn-¨n-cp¶ ]e-cp-sSbpw Ipdn-¸p-IÄ
tIcf Ncn{X ]p\À\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-bI - a- m-Wv. _mÂUyq-Uv, aq¬kv, en³tjm-«³,
\yqtlm-^v, hmâo-Uv, ImâÀhn-j³ F¶n-hÀ {][m-\n-If - m-Wv. U¨p KhÀW-dm-bn-cp¶
hmâo-Unsâ XmÂ]-cymÀ°-amWv "tlmÀ¯qkv ae-_m-dn-¡kv' F¶ Huj[ kky

hnh-cW {KÙw hncNn-Xa - m-bX

- v. sIm¨n-bnse U¨p ]ptcm-lnX\mbn-cp¶ ImâÀ hnj-
dpsS Ub-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-Ifpw klm-bI - c
- a
- m-hp¶ sXfn-hp-If - m-Wv. 18þmw \qäm-nÂ U¨v
Iam³UÀ Bbn-cp¶ aq¬knsâ Ubdn¡pdn-¸p-If - nepw tIcf Ncn{Xw ZÀin-¡mw.
{_n«ojv km{amPyw tIc-f¯ - nsâ A[n-Im-ct- a-Je - I- Ä I¿-S¡ - n-bt- Xm-Sp-IqSn Ncn-
{X-tc-JI- Ä AÂ¸w IqSn IrXy-Xb - p-Åh - b
- m-bn. 1725 apXÂ 1751 hsc {_n«o-jp-Imcpw
kmaq-Xncn cmPmhpw X½nÂ \S¶ {Ib-hn-{I-b§ - f- psS tcJ-bmWv Xe-tÈcn IqSn-bm-tem-
N-\I- Ä 1793 se "tPmbnâ v I½o-jW - Àam-cpsS dnt¸mÀ«pw' {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. 1800
\pw 1801 \pw CS-bnÂ ae-_mÀ ]cy-S\w \S-¯nb {^m³knkv _p¡m-\³ ae-_m-dnsâ
\ne-hnse cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI hyh-ØnXn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv .A-db - v¡Â _ohn-
bpsS AXn-Yn-bmbn Xma-kn¨ _p¡m-\³ ASn-a¡ - ¨- h - S- s- ¯bpw PmXn-k{- ¼-Zm-bs - ¯-
bpw, ssakqÀ B{I-aW - s¯¸än-bp-sÃmw hnh-c§ - Ä \ÂIp-¶p-.v {^m³knkv tUbpsS
"s]cp-am-¡· - m-cpsS cmPyhpw', kmap-hÂ saän-bd- psS "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Xt±-iP - o-hn-X-
hp'-saÃmw khn-tij {i²-bm-IÀjn-¡p-¶p. ae-_m-dnsâ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw
kmaq-ln-Ih - p-amb Pohn-X¯- nsâ hyà-amb Nn{Xw \ap¡v e`n-¡p¶Xv ae-_mÀ If-ISv -
dm-bn-cp¶ hneyw temKsâ ae-_mÀ am\z-enÂ \n¶p-amWv {_n«ojv enJn-X§ - f - nÂ Gähpw
{][m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶Xpw CXp-Xs - ¶-bm-Wv.
im-k-\-§Ä
tIcf Ncn-{X-]p-\À\nÀ½n-Xn¡v hnizm-k-tbmKyamb sXfn-hp-IÄ {]Zm\w

sN¿p¶ enJnX cq]-§f - psS BZy-am-Xr-II- -fmWv imk-\-§Ä. cmPm-¡-·mcpw \mSp-
hm-gn-Ifpw `cW kw_-Ô-ambpw t£{Xkz¯p-¡Ä, Irjn F¶nh kw_-Ôn¨pw
P\-§Ä Adn-ªn-cn-t¡-Xpw ]men-t¡Xpamb Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw \nb-am-h-
en-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw FgpXn sh¨-h-bmWv inem-im-\-§fpw sNt¸Sp-Ipfpw. t£{X `c-
W-¯n\p sNb-Xn-cp¶ GÀ¸m-Sp-IÄ \nIpXn k{¼-Zm-bw, P·n,Ip-Sn-bm³ _Ôw XpS-
§n-b-h-sbÃmw CXnÂ \n¶pw shfn-hm-Ip-¶p. F.Un 8þmw \qäm-p-hsc \qän Adp-
]-tXmfw inem-im-k-\-§Ä Ip In«n-bn-«p-v. Ch-bnse `mj Xan-gpw, en]n hs«-gp-
¯p-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- bv¡v klm-bI
- a- m-hp-¶t- Xm-sSm¸w Xs¶ ae-bmf `mjm hnImkw
IqSn \ap-¡n-h-bnÂ \n¶pw hyà-am-hpw.
Ien hÀjw, sImÃ-hÀjw, ]pXp-shbv]p hÀjw F¶o {]mtZ-inI Ime-K-W-
\m-co-Xn-bmWv imk-\-§-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. cmP-ti-JchÀ½-bpsS (F.-Un. 820-
þ844) "hmg-¸Ån imk-\-'amWv tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-tS-Xmbn tIc-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw In«n-
bn-«pÅ BZy-im-k\w ØmWpchn -Xsâ A©mw `c-W-hÀj-amb F.-Un. 849 Â
sImÃ¯v ]Ån ]Wn-bp-hm³ acp-hm³ k]oÀ Cutim-hn\v A\p-hmZw \ÂIp¶

"Xcn-km-¸Ån imk\w' tIcf `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ aX kln-jvWp-
X-bn-te¡v shfn¨w hoip¶hbm-Wv. tKmZ-ch
- n-hÀ½-bpsS "tNm¡qÀ imk-\'- ¯n-emWv
tIc-f-¯nse tZh-Zm-kn-Isf BZy-ambn ]cm-aÀin-¨p ImWp-¶-Xv. tPmk^v dºm-
s\¶ PqX-{]-am-Wn¡v A©p-h® Øm\hpw aäpw A\p-h-Zn¨p sImSp-¡p¶ {]mam-
Wn-Ia - mb tcJ-bmWv `mkvIc chn hÀ½ H¶m-a³ Bbn-cm-am-nÂ atlm-Zb ]pc¯v
sh¨v PqX-·mÀ¡v \ÂInb sNt¸Sv hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-h-c-Kp-Wsâ "]menbw imk-\'hpw
{i²mÀl-am-Wv. thWmSv {io hÃ-`-³ tImX-bpsS "am¼Ån imk-\-' am-Wv sImÃ-
hÀjw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb BZy-im-k\w ss{IkvXh apÉow tZhm-e-b-§-fnÂ \n¶pw
Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yapÅ \nc-h[n imk-\-§Ä Ip In«n-bn-«p-v.
kvamc-I-§Ä {][m-\-ambpw sIm«m-c-§Ä, tIm«-IÄ, t£{X-§Ä, \mW-b-

§Ä F¶n-h-bm-Wv.
sIm«m-c-§Ä
sIm«m-c§- f- nÂ hf-sc-b[- nIw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶Xv I\ym-Ip-amcn PnÃ-bnse
]ß-\m-`-]pcw sIm«m-c-amWv. tIc-fo-b-amb hmkvXphnZym-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ sImv
Aew IrX-amWv Cu sIm«m-cw. tIc-fob coXn-bn-epÅ NpaÀ Nn{X-§fpw ChnsS
ImWm-hp-¶X - m-Wv. G.-Un. 1555 Â t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ ]Wn-Ig- n-¸n¨v A¶s¯ sIm¨n-
cm-Pm-hmb hoc tIcf hÀ½bv¡v k½m-\n-¨-Xm-Wv a«m-t©-cn-bnse U¨p-sIm-«m-cw.
tIc-fob inev] amXr-I-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ Cu sIm«m-c-¯nÂ cmam-b-W-IY Bte-J\w
sNbvX 45 NpaÀ Nn{X-§-fp-v. tIc-fob hmkvXp inev] amXr-I-bnÂ amÀ¯m-Þ-
hÀ½( 1729-þ56) ]Wn-I-gn-¸n¨ sIm«m-c-amWv Imbw-Ip-f-¯n-\-Sp-¯pÅ IrjvW-]pcw
sIm«mcw KtP-{µ-tam£w IYsb ASnØm-\-am¡n \nÀ½n¨ 154 NXp-c-{i-b-Sn-bpÅ
Gähpw henb NpaÀ Nn{Xw Cu sIm«m-c-¯nsâ A]qÀÆ-X-bm-Wv.
tIm«-I Ä
tIcf Ncn{X cN-\bv¡v klm-b-I-am-Ip¶ hkv-Xp-X-IÄ {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶-h-
bmWv tIm«-IÄ. A©p-sX-§v, ]Ån-¸pdw, tIm«-¸p-dw, ]me-¡m-Sv, Xe-tÈcn, I®qÀ,
t_¡Â, IÂ\m-Sv, tlmkvZpÀ¤, Ip¼f F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-em-bmWv Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-
apÅ tIm«-IÄ ØnXn sN¿p-´v. 1695 Â Cw¥o-jp-Im-cmWv NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ
A©p-sX-§p-tIm« Øm]n-¨-Xv. 1503 Â t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ \nÀ½n-¨-XmWv Bb-t¡m-
«-sb¶p IqSn t]cpÅ ]Ån-¸pdw tIm«. tIm«-¸pdw tIm«bpw t]mÀ«p-Kokv \nÀ½n-
Xn-bm-Wv. 1766 Â sslZ-cmen \nÀ½n-¨-Xm-Wv NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ ]me-¡m«p tIm«.

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ \nÀ½n¨ Xe-tÈcn tIm«-bpw, t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ \nÀ½n¨ I®q-cnse

skâ vB©tem tIm«bpw Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. tIc-f¯ - nse Gähpw henb
tIm«sb¶hIm-is - ¸-Sm-hp-¶X
- v 17-þmw \qäm-nÂ s_Zvt\mdnse inh-¸\ - m-bv¡À \nÀ½n-
¨-sX¶p hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ t_¡Â tIm«-bm-Wv. tlmkvZpÀK-bn-sebpw Ip¼-f-bn-
sebpw IÂ\m-«n-sebpw tIm«-IÄ s_Zvt\mÀ \mbn-¡-·mÀ \nÀ½n-¨-h-bm-Wv.
{]mNo\ Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v ]e-X-c-¯nÂ klm-b-I-amb Cu tIm«-I-fnÂ
]eXpw C¶v \mtim-·p-J-ambns¡mn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nse tIc-f-
¯nse cmjv{Sohpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih - p-amb PohnX tcJ-If
- psS sXfn-hp-IÄ IqSn-bmWv
C¶v £bn¨p sImn-cn-¡p¶ Cu A]qÀÆ kvamc-I-§Ä.
tZhm-e-b-§Ä
sslµh ss{IkvXh - þ apÉnw tZhm-eb- §
- fpw tIcf Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-
b-Ia- mb sXfn-hp-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p-v. ]gb tIc-fobhmkvXphnZymsshZ-Kv[y-¯n-te¡v
shfn¨w hoip-¶ Xc-¯nemWv Ch-bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn. Nne {KÙ-Im-c-·mÀ BZy-Ime
t£{X-§sf _p²-ssP\ aX-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-ap-v. ssP\-þ-_p²
t£{X-§Ä lnµp-t£-{X-§-fmbn amdn-b-t¸mÄ Ahn-Sps¯ aqÀ¯n-IÄ lnµp-tZho
tZh-·m-cm-b-Xm-hmw. Nne inev]-§f - nÂ ]Ãh hmkvXp ssien ImWmw. Xr¡m-¡p-Sn-
bnse PSm-[m-cn-bmb Ejn-bpsS inev]w ]Ãh ssien-¡p-Zm-lc - W- a
- m-Wv. Xr¡m-¡p-
Sn-t£-{X-¯nse Cu inem-in-ev]-§Ä AXn-{]m-No\ tNc inev]-§-fm-bmWv ]cn-K-
Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. G.-Un. H³]Xmw iX-I-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv IÃpw achpw sImpÅ
t£{X-§-fpsS \nÀ½mWw tIc-f-¯n-em-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. Ah-bpsS inev]-ssien tIc-
f-¯nse Ie-I-fp-sSbpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw {]Xn-am-in-ev]-¯n-sâbpw ]cn-Wm-
as¯ ¡pdn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Xr¡m-¡-c, Ccn-§m-e-¡p-S IqSÂam-
Wn-Iy-t£{Xw, XriqÀ hS¡pw \mY-t£-{Xw, Xncp-h-©n-¡p-fw, Xr{]-bmÀ, Xr¸q-Wn-
¯d apX-em-b-h-bmWv tIc-fob ssien-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« {][m\ t£{X-§Ä.
]me-bqÀ, ]Ån-¸p-dw, tIm«-¡m-hv XpS-§nb H¼Xp ]gb {InkvXy³ ]Ån-
IÄ tXmakv ]pWym-f³ Øm]n-¨h - b- m-sW-¶mWv hnizm-kw. G.-Un. 1225 Â \nÀ½n¨
apf-´p-cp¯n HmÀ¯-tUmIvkv kndn-b³ ]Ån-bnÂ ss__nÄ cwK-§Ä Bte-
J\w sNbvX NphÀ Nn{X-§Ä ImWmw. ià³ X¼p-cmsâ N-cn-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-
s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ]Ån-bmWv ImªqÀ kndn-b³ It¯m-en-¡¸ - Å
- n. t^mÀ«vsIm-¨n-bnse
skâ v {^m³knkv ]Å-bn-emWv hmkvtIm-U-Km-asb kwkvI-cn-¨-Xv. sImSp-§-ÃqÀ,
amSm-bn, {ioI-WvT]- p-cw, ImkÀtImUv, XpS-§n-bn-S§- f- nse apÉnw ]Ån-Ifpw Ncn{X
{]m[m-\y-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw \K-c-¯nse ]mf-bw, tIm«bw PnÃ-bnse
Xmg-¯-§mSn, N§-\m-tÈ-cn, ]d-hqÀ F¶o Øe-§-fnseÃmw lnµpþapÉnw þ{In-
kvXy³ tZhm-e-b§ - Ä H¶p tNÀ¶p \ne-\n-¶n-cpXmbn ImWmw. tIc-fobÀ¡nS-bnÂ
\ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ aX kln-jvWp-X-bpsS _m¡n ]{X-§-fm-Wnh.

\mW- b - § Ä
Ncn{X ]p\À\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-b-I-am-hp¶ B[n-Im-cnI sXfn-hp-I-fmWv
\mW-b-§Ä. AXnse Xn¿-Xn-Ifpw NnÓ-§-fpw, kqN-\-I-fp-saÃmw Ncn-{X-Im-cs\
kw_-Ôn¨v hne-s¸« tcJ-I-fmWv. ]c-ip-cm-a-kr-jvSn-bmb cmin BWv Gähpw
]gb \mW-b-sa-¶mWv hnizm-kw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Gähpw ]gb \mWbw Ien-
bp-K-cm-b-³ ]Ww BsW¶v i¦p-®n-ta-t\m³ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v. ]n¶oSv h¶-h-
bmWv A\-ć - m-b³ ]W-hpw, A\-´h - cm-l\ - pw. N{Iw, hc-ml³, Ac-hc - m-l³, Imiv
F¶n-hbpw Xncp-hnXmw Iqdnse \mW-b§ - f- m-bn-cp-¶p. sIm¨nbnep-m-bn-cp¶ \mW-
b-§-fmWv Ien-b-ta\n ]p¯\pw, Cc-«-¸p-¯\pw. ]Whpw, hoc-cm-b³ ]W-hp-amWv
kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hnsâ Ime-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶-h. sN¼nÂ XoÀ¯ B\-b-¨v, Xp«v XpS-
§nb \mW-b-§Ä tNc-Im-e-¯p-Xs¶ {]N-cn¨ncp-¶-h-bm-Wv.
tIc-f-¯nÂ\n¶pw Is-Sp-¯n-«pÅ Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶ hntZ-i-\m-W-b-
§Ä tdma³ \mW-b§ - f
- m-Wv. XriqÀ PnÃ-bnse F¿mÂ {]tZ-is¯ DZvJ\ - \
- ¯
- nÂ
_n.-kn. 123þ\pw G.-Un. 117þ\pw CS-bv¡pÅ tdma³ \mW-b-§Ä In«n-bn-«p-v. 8,9
\qäm-p-If - nÂ Atd-_y-bnÂ `cWw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ Jeo-â - m-cpsS \mW-b§- Ä tImX-
aw-K-e¯p \n¶pw Ip-In-«n-bn-«p-v. ]gb Ime¯v tIc-f-¯nÂ {]N-cn-¨ncp¶
kntem¬ \mWb-am-Wv Cug-¡miv. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsSbpw U¨p-Im-cp-sSbpw
Ime¯v skIzn³ F¶ sh\o- j yÂ \mW- b hpw ChnsS {]N- c n- ¸ n- ¡ p- ¶ p.
"Nm¶mÀImiv' F¶m-WnX-d n-b -s¸-Sp-¶ -Xv. sslZcnhmcl³,kpÂ¯mÂ]Ww,
kpÂ¯m³Imiv F¶nh Sn¸p {]N-cn¨ \mW-b-§-fm-Wv. C¯cw hntZ-i-\m-W-b-
§Äs¡Ãmw tIc-f-hp-ambn BZy-Imew apXte \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ hmWn-Py-_-Ô-
¯sâbpw A[n-\n-th-i¯ - nsâbpsams¡ IY-If - mWv ssIam-dm-\p-m-hpI.
alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-§fpw Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v B{i-bn-¡m-hp-¶-hbmWv. ih-
kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p cq]w sIm kvamc-I-§-fnÂ ]e-Xn\pw AXXv
Ime¯nsâ Nn{Xw \evIm³ km[n-¡p-¶p-v. IpS-¡-Ãp-IÄ, \Sp-¡-Ãp-IÄ, sXm¸n-
IÃpIÄ, tai-¡-Ãp-IÄ, IÂhr-¯-§Ä, \¶-§m-Sn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m-\-
s¸« alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-§-Ä. (C-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä ASp¯ A[ym-
b-¯nÂ \ÂIn-bn-«p-v).

samUyqÄ 2
tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯nþ ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xnlyw
alm-hn-jW v p-hnsâ Ah-Xm-ca - mb ]c-ip-cm-a³ Pa-ZK - \
v n-al
- Àjn-bp-sSbpw tcWp-
I-bp-sSbpw ]p{X-\m-bm-Wv `qan-bnÂ P·-sa-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. ImÀ¯-ho-cymÀÖp-\s\ t]mse-
bpÅ ZpjvSc - m-Pm-¡·- m-cpsS B{I-aW- §- Ä - kln-¡m-\m-hm¯ kml-Nc - y-¯n-se-¯n-
b-t¸mÄ `qao-tZhn alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ Iv k¦Sw t_m[n-¸n¨-Xnsâ ê-am-bmWv
]c-ip-cm-ah- X
- mcw cq]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. Hcn-¡Â ImÀ¯-ho-cymÀÖp-\³ Xsâ cmPy-¯pÅ
h\-§Ä Aán-tZ-h\v Blm-c-am-bn-s¡m-Sp¯ Iq«-¯nÂ B]-h³ F¶ ap\n-bpsS
B{i-ahpw I¯n-sbcnªp, AXn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v Ip]n-X-\mb ap\n ImÀ¯-ho-
cymÀÖp\sâ Bbncw ssIIfpw ]c-ip-cm-a-\mÂ tOZn-¡-s¸Ss« F¶p i]n-¡p-
Ibpw Xp-SÀ¶v ImÀ¯-ho-cymÀÖp-\\pw In¦-c· - mcpw ]c-ipcm-at- \mSv \nc-ćw B{I-
a-W§- Ä¡v apXn-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. `b-¦c - -amb bp²-¯nÂ ImÀ¯-ho-cymÀÖp-\\pw
ssk\yhpw sIme-s¸-Sp-Ibpw, AXnsâ {]Xn-Im-c-ambn ]c-ip-cm-asâ Akm-¶n-[y-
¯nÂ ImÀ¯-ho-cysâ ]p{X-·mÀ Pa-Zán alÀjn-bpsS Xe sh«n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw,
XpSÀ¶v At±-l-¯nsâ NnX-bnÂ `mcy-bmb tcWpI NmSn acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A¶p- ap-XÂ {]Xn-Im-cmÀ°w ]c-ip-cm-a³ £{Xnbh[-¯n-\mbn temIw Npän \S-
¡p-Ibpw, Ccp-]¯nH¶v {]mhiyw £{Xn-b-cpsS càw Nnń-b-Xnsâ {]mb-Ýn-¯-
ambn ]c-ip-cm-a³ Xsâ k¼m-Zy-saÃmw {_mÒ-WÀ¡v Zm\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Zm\w sNbvX `qan-bnÂ \n¶v ]c-ip-cm-a³ Hgnªp t]mI-W-sa¶ Iiy-]sâ Bh-
iy-{]-Imcw `qan-hn-«p-t]mb ]c-ip-cm-a³ X\n¡v X]-Ê-\p-jvTn-¡m\mbn kap-{Zt¯mSv
AÂ¸w Øew bmNn-s¨¶pw hcp-Wsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw ]c-ip-cm-a³ Xsâ Bbp-[-
amb ]cip timImÀ®¯p \n¶pw I\ym-Ip-amcnbnte¡v Fdn-ªp-sh¶pw ]cip (a-
gp) sN¶p hoW `mKw hsc-bpÅ ISÂ ]n³hm-§n-sb¶pw B `qhn-`m-K-amWv tIc-
f-sa¶pamWv sFXn-lyw. AXp sImp-Xs - ¶-bmWv tIc-fs¯ "`mÀ¤-ht- £{X-sa¶pw
"]c-ip-cmat£{X-'sa¶psaÃmw hnfn-¡p-¶Xpw
kap-{Z-t¯mSv Øew bmNn-¨ ] - c- i
- p-cm-at- \mSv hcp-W³ Hcp iqÀ¸w (ap-dw) IS-
en-\p-aosX Fdn-bm³ \nÀ±-in-¨p-sh¶pw, ]c-ip-cm-a³ A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xnsâ ê-
ambn apd-sa-dnª `mK-t¯mfw Ic sXfn-ªpImWs¸-«p-sh¶pw, A§-s\-bp-mb
`q{]tZ-ia - mWv "iqÀ¸mcIw' AYhm tIcfw F¶ a«nÂ Hcp ]mT-t`-Zhpw Cu sFXn-
ly-¯n-s\m¸w \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. F´pXs¶-bm-bm-epw alm-hn-jvWp-hnsâ Ah-
Xm-c-ambv ]c-ip-cm-a³ Ad-_n-¡-SÂ \ÂInb ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-amWv tIcfw F¶
hnizmkw Ct¸mgpw {]_-e-amWv.
]c-ip-\m-a-emWv tIcfw krjvSn-¡s - ¸-«-sX¶ sFXn-ly-¯n³ Ncn-{X-]-ca - mb
ASn-Øm-\-§-sfm¶pw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-\n-sÃ¦nepw Imfn-Zm-ksâ "cLp-hwi' alm-
Im-hy-¯nepw cmtP-{µ-tNm-fsâ "Xncp-hm-e-§mSv' imk-¯n-ep-saÃmw Cu sFXn-ly-
s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v.

hkvXp-Xm]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`m-h-¯n-epw tIc-f-¯nsâ Cu DÂ`-h-

IY Xe-ap-dI
- f
- nÂ \n¶p Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te¡v hmsam-gn-bmbn ]IÀ¶p \ÂIp-Ibpw HSp-
hnÂ KpÀ«nsâ "tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯n-'bnÂ Ønc-Øm\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tIc-f-¯nsâ `qan-imkv{Xw
"\m\mXz-¯nÂ GI-Xz'-sa¶ `mc-Xo-b-ZÀi-\w AXnsâ Gähpw IqSn-b-A-f-
hnÂ \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n-¡p-¶Xv \½psS kwØm-\-amb tIc-f-¯n-em-Wv "ssZh-
¯nsâ kz´w \mSv' F¶ JymXn Ic-Øa - m-¡nb tIcfw AXnsâ hyXy-kvXX - bmÀ¶
kwkvIm-c¯ - mepw `qan-im-kv{X-]-ca - mb khn-ti-jX - I - f
- mepw cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-
I-hpamb ]cn-XØn-Xn-I-fmepw Cý-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
Ing¡v ]Ýn-a-L-«-§Ä¡pw ]Sn-ªmdv Ad-_n-¡-S-en-\pw CS-bn-em-bn, Cý-bpsS
sXs¡-A-ä¯v sX¡p-hS- ¡v \of-¯nÂIn-S-¡p¶ `q{]-tZ-i-amWv tIcfw. 38855 NXp-
c{i Intem-ao-äÀ BWn-Xnsâ BsI hnkvXoÀ®w
sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ tIc-f¯ - nsâ `q{]-Ir-Xnsb s]mXpsh ae-\mSv, CS-\mS,v ka-
Xew (Xo-c-tZiw) F¶n-§s\ aq¶mbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Ýn-a-L-«-a-e-\n-c-I-tfmSv
tNÀ¶p-\nÂ¡p¶ {]tZ-i-amWv ae-\m-Sv. Ingt¡ AXnÀ¯n-bnÂ ØnXn- sN-¿p¶
Cu {]tZiw kar-²-amb ]¨-¸n-\mÂ A\p-{K-lo-X-am-Wv. ]Sn-ªm-dp-`m-K-¯mbn
ISÂXo-c-t¯mSp tNÀ¶p InS-¡p¶ {]tZ-i-amWv ka-Xew. aWÂ \nd-ª a®v
ImW-s¸-Sp¶ Cu {]tZiw sX§p-I-fmÂ kar-²-amWv. ae-\m-Sn\pw ka-X-e-¯n\pw
CSbv¡p ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ {]tZ-i-amWv CS-\m-Sv. a®nÂ sN¦-Ãnsâ IeÀ¸pÅ Cu
`q`mKw s\Ãv, ac-ö\n, kpK-Ô{- Z-hy-§Ä, Iip-hn XpS-§n-bh hnf-IÄ¡v tbmPn¨
CS-am-Wv.
Z£ntW-ý-bnÂ kly-]ÀÆ-X-¯n\pw Ad-_n-¡-S-en-\p-an-S-bnÂ InS-¡p¶
tIc-f-¯nsâ `qan-imkv{X]c-amb AhØ AXnsâ Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bnÂ Imcy-amb
kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-«p-v. D¯-tc-ý-bnepm-bn-«pÅ cmjv{Sob{]t£m`-§-fnÂ
\n¶v kpc-£n-X-ambn amdn \nÂ¡m\pw, hS-t¡-ý-bn-ep-mb hntZ-io-bm-{I-a-W§ - -
fnÂ \n¶v Hcp ]cn-Xn- hsc c£ t\Sm\pw tIc-f-¯n³ km[n¨Xv AXnsâ `qan
imkv { X]- c - a mb {]tXy- I - X - s Im- p- I q- S n- b m- W v . kwkv I m- c - § - f psS ]c- k v ] c
k¼À¡hpw AbÂ\m-Sp-If - nÂ \n¶pÅ B{I-aW - § - fpw ]qÀ®-ambpw Hgn-hm-¡m³
Ign-ªn-Ã-sb-¦nepw Ah-bp-sS-sbÃmw Xo{hX Ipd-bv¡m³ km[n-¨n-«p-v.
tIc-f-¯nsâ X\Xv kwkvIm-cs¯ \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ sshhn-[y-]qÀ®-
ambn `q{]-IrXn {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-«p-v. hnhn-[-§-fmb ]ÀÆ-X-§-fpw, ae-Ifpw
ae-¼m- X
- Ifpw kap-{Zhpw,\-Zn-Ifpw, Imb-ep-Ifpw, hyXy-Øa - mb Imem-hØ - b
- p-saÃmw
tNÀ¶v tIc-fs¯ aäv kwØm-\§
- -fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw hyXy-kvXX BÀPn-¡m³ klm-
bn-¡p-¶p.
]ÀÆ-X-\n-c-I fpw, ae-Ifpw

tIc-f¯
- nsâ Ing¡p-`m-K¯p ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ kly-]ÀÆXw Hcp ImhÂt¡m«
t]mse \½sf kwc-£n¨p sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. i{Xp-¡-fpsS B{I-a-W-§-fnÂ A\-
[n-Ir-X-amb ssItb-ä-§-fnÂ \n¶p-saÃmw amdn kpc-£-sbm-cp-¡m³ kly-]ÀÆXw
\s½ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. kap{Z\nc-¸nÂ \n¶v 3000 ASn-ap-XÂ 8000 ASn-bn-e-[nIw
DbÀ¶p InS-¡p-¶-XmWv kly-]ÀÆX\nc.
CSp¡n PnÃ-bnse B\-ap-Sn¡pw tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-¼c - y-¯nÂ
{]tXyI CS-ap-v.-k-ly-]ÀÆ-X-\n-c-bpsS sXt¡ Aä¯v ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ AK-kvXy-
Iq-Shpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ sImSp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv. CXp IqSmsX cmjv{Sobhpw kmwkvIm-
cn-I-hp-amb {]m[m\yw ]peÀ¯p¶ ae-I-fp-ap-v. hSt¡ ae-_m-dnÂ I®q-cnÂen-
\n¶pw hS-¡p-amdnØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Ggn-ae Bbvcm-Pm-¡· - m-cpsS XØm-\a
- m-bn-cp-¶p.
]g-Èn-hn-¹-h-¯nÂ \nÀ®m-b-I-amb Øm\-a-e-¦-cn-¨-Xm-Wv Xe-tÈ-cn-bnse ]pc-fn-ae.
C¯-c¯ - nÂ cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cn-I ]mc-¼c - y-ap-Åh
- b
- m-bn-cp-¶p A¶s¯ Imes¯
ae-Ifpw,]ÀÆ-X-§-fp-sa-Ãmw tIc-f-¯nse {][m-\XoÀ°m-S-\-tI-{µ-§fpw ae-apI-fn-
tem, Xmgvhc-I-fn-tem ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶h- b
- mWv. hb-\m-«nÂ {_Ò-Kncn sImSp-ap-Sn-bpsS
Xmgvhcbnse Xncp-s\-Ãn-t£-{Xw, ]ocp-ta-Sp-Xm-eq-¡nse i_-cn-a-e, Bep-h-bnse ae-
bm-äqÀ]Ån XpS-§nb XoÀ°m-S\ tI{µ-§Ä {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-h-bmWv.
ae-¼m-X-Ifpw Npc-§fpw
tIc-f-¯n³ sXm«-Sp-¯pÅ kwØm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ôw-]p-eÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ
klm-b-I-am-bXv ae-¼m-X-Ifpw Npc-§-fp-am-Wv. kly-]ÀÆ-X-\n-c¡¸pdwhpw Çp-d-
hp-apÅ P\kwkvIm-cs¯ Iq«n-bn-W¡ - p-¶X- nÂ Ch \nÀWm-bI ]¦p-hl - n-¨n-«p-v.
]me-¡m-«p-Np-chpw tIc-fs¯ IpS-Ip-ambn Iq«n-bn-W¡
- p¶ t]c-¼mSn Npchpw ssakq-
cp-ambn tIc-fs¯ _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ Xma-c-tÈ-cn-Np-chpw a[p-cm-Pn-Ã-bp-ambn CSp-¡n-Pn-
Ã-bnse ]ÀÆX \nc-Isf tNÀ¯p-\nÀ¯p¶ t_mUn-\m-bv¡-¶qÀ ]mXbpw, I¼w
]mXbpw Bcy-¦m-hp-]m-X-bp-saÃmw Hcp Ime¯v tIc-f-¯n\v AbÂ kwkvYm\
k¼À¡-¯n-\mbn hgn-Xp-d-¶-h-bm-Wv.
kap{Zw
tIc-f-¯nsâ Ncn{X-K-Xnsb Xs¶ \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv kap-{Z-Xo-c-§Ä.
A\y \mSp-I-fnse hym]m-cn-Isf tIc-f-¯n-te-¡m-IÀjn-¡m\pw, AXp-hgn hn]p-e-
amb hmWnPymSn¯d ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯m\pw \½psS kwØm-\¯ - n\p Ign-ªp. kap{Z
Xoc-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v cq]-s¸« Xpd-ap-J-§Ä hmWn-Py-h-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw kwkvIm-
c-k-¦-e-\-¯n-tâbpw Xpd¶ thZn-bmbn amdn. apkn-cn-Êv, Xnn-kv, _dms¡,
s\Â¡n XpS-§nb Xpd-ap-J§ - Ä hntZ-in-IÄ¡v kpK-aa- mb hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶t- Xm-
sSm¸w {InkvXp-aXw, CÉmw-aXw, blq-Z-aXw XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v hf¡q-dpÅ \ne-sam-
cp-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
Pe-k-¼¯v
Pe-k-ar-²n-bpsS Imcy-¯nÂ HcpIme¯v k¼-¶-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-fw. 44 \Zn-
I-fmÂ k¼p-jvSa
- mb tIc-f-¯nÂ \Zo-Xo-c§
- -fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v [mcmfw kmwkvIm-
cnI kwK-a-§fpw \S-¡m-dpv .`m-c-X-¸p-g, s]cn-bmÀ, ]¼m-\Zn XpS-§n-bh tIc-f-
¯nsâ ]mc-¼-cyhpw ss]Xr-Ihpw hnfn-t¨m-Xp-¶-h-bm-Wv. Xncp-\m-hm-b-bnse amam-
¦-\m-fp-I-fnÂ `mc-X-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc-§Ä hopw Nmth-dpI-fpsS hocyw ]pÂIm-dp-
v. i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS P· Øehpw {]apJ kmwkvIm-cnI tI{µhp-amb ImeSn s]cn-
bm-dnsâ Xoc-¯m-Wv. inh-cm{Xn atlm-Õhw sImm-Sp¶ Bep-hm-aW
- ¸
- pdhpw s]cn-
bm-dnsâ Xocw Xs¶.-tI-c-f-¯nsâ Iem-]m-c-¼cyw s\t©-änb tIcf Iem-a-WvU-
ehpw `mc-X-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc¯p Xs¶.
tIc-f-¯nsâ Z£n-tWm-¯c `mK-§Ä¡n-S-bn-epÅ KXm-K-X-¯n³ kuI-cy-
sam-cp-¡p¶ Imb-ep-Ifpw tXmSp-Ifpw `q{]Ir-Xnsb anI-¨X
- m-¡p-¶p. Ip¼f, IÂ\mSv,
t_¡Â, IÆmbn XpS-§n-b-h-bm-Wv D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nse Imb-ep-IÄ, th¼-\m-«p-Im-
bÂ, Imbw-IpfwIm-bÂ, AjvSapSn¡mbÂ F¶n-hb
- mWv Z£n-Wt- I-cf
- ¯
- nse {][m\
Imb-ep-IÄ. tIc-f-¯nse Htc-sbmcp ip²-P-e-X-Sm-I-amb imkvXmwtIm« ImbÂ
ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶Xv sImÃw PnÃ-bn-em-Wv. Ago-¡Â, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ, tIm¨n, \o-Ic
apX-em-b Agn-ap-J§-Ä hgn Imb-ep-IÄ Nne-bn-S-§-fnÂ kap-{Z-hp-ambn kwK-an-¡p-
¶p.
tIc-f-¯nse Pe-k-ar-²n-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-
\n-eb
- §
- f
- pw,-Pe
- t- k-N\
- ]
- ²
- X
- nIfpw ssIc-fn-bpsS hnI-k\
- ¯
- n\v apXÂ¡q-«m-Wv. Hcp
Ime¯v kar-²n-bpsS \nd-hnÂ Ign-ªn-cp¶ \½psS Pe-k-¼¯v C¶v a\p-jy-
cpsS Zpjv{]-hÀ¯n-IÄ aqew hcÄ¨bnte¡v \o§p¶ Imgv¨b
- m-Wv. ImWm³ km[n-
¡p-¶X
- v.
Imem- h Ø
Hcp \mSnsâ cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-Isf \nÀ®-bn-
¡p-¶X
- nÂ Imem-h-Øbv¡pw KWy-amb ]¦v hln-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. ImÀjnI k¼-
Zvhy-h-Ø-bnepÅ tIc-f-s¯-t¸m-semcp \m«nÂ Chn-Sps¯ Ime-hÀj-hpw, Xpem-
hÀjhpw Hcp A\p-{Klw Xs¶-bmWv. tImc-f-¯nse ssk\n-I\
- o-¡§
- fpw Imem-h-
Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶mWv Ncn{Xw km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xv. ag-¡m-e¯v
ssk\nI \o¡-§Ä \nÀ¯n-sh-b¡
v p-Ibpw cmPmhv {]Pm-t£-a{- ]-hÀ¯-\§Ä¡mbn
am{Xw kabw Is-¯p-Ib
- p-am-bn-cp¶p sNbvXb
- v.

Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm\w kky-Pm-e-§-sfbpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-

\n-¡p-¶p. \½psS kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§-fmb Ge-hpw, Ipcp-ap-f-Ipw, Idp-h-¸-«-bp-saÃmw
hntZ-in-Isf BIÀjn-¡p-Ibpw ChnsS B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡m³ Ahsc t{]cn-¸n-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw kky-Pm-e§- f
- p-apÅ \½psS
ImSp-If
- nÂ\n¶pw, B\, abnÂ, Ipc§v XpS-§n-bh - sb A\y-cmPy-§f - n-te¡v Ibän
Ab-¨n-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. [mXp \nt£-]-¯nepw k¼-¶-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-fw. C¯-
c-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ X\Xp kwkvIr-Xn-bpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ
`q{]-IrXn \nkvXpe-amb ]¦phln¨n-«p-s¶v kwi-bteiat\y ]dbmw.
tIc-fw, ae-_mÀ F¶o- t]-cp-I-fpsS DÂ]¯n

Z£n-tW-ý-bnÂ kly-]ÀÆ-X-¯n\pw Ad-_n-¡-S-en-\p-an-S-bnÂ InS-¡p¶
{]tZiw tIcfw F¶ t]cn-emWv kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ ]t Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv. tIc-fs- ¯-¡p-dn¨p kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ ]WvUn-X· - m-scÃmw tIcfw, tNcw F¶o t]cp-
IÄ an¡-hmdpw ]cymb ]Z-§-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p. ]g-án-gnbnÂ tIc-f-¯n\v
tNcw F¶ t]cmWv ImWp-¶Xv. tIc-f-cm-Pm-hn\v tNc³ F¶pw ]d-ªn-cp-¶p. tNÀ
(sN-fn), Afw (Ø-ew) F¶ cp i_vZ-§Ä tNÀ¶v "tNcfw' F¶ ]Zw Dm-
sb¶pw AXn-\À°w NXp-¸p-Øew F¶m-sW-¶p-samcp hmZ-apv "tNÀ' AYhm
"tNÀ´' F¶ ]Z-¯n\v IqSn-t¨À¶Xv F¶À°w IÂ¸n-¡mw. At¸mÄ tNcf ]Z-
¯n³ IqSn-s¨À¶ `q`mKw F¶À°w ]d-bmw. "tNcfw' F¶ ]Zw Ime-{I-taW
kwkvIr-X¯ - nsâ t{]c-Wb - mÂ "tIcfw' F¶p amdn-bX - m-hmw. ISÂ amdn Ic-tbmSp
tNÀ¶ Øew F¶ AÀ°-¯n-epÅ Cu \njv]m-Z\w ]c-ip-cm-a-I-Y-bpsS `qan-im-
kv{X-]-c-amb hymJym-\s¯ ]n´m-§p-¶papv.
ae-bmfw, ae-\m-Sv, ae-_mÀ Fs¶ms¡ tIc-f-tZ-i-¯n\v t]cp-m-bn-cp-¶p.
Cu tZis¯ ae-_mÀ F¶p hnfn¨ BZys¯ teJ-I³ AÂ_-dq\n (G.-Un.
973þ1048)Bbn-cn-¡mw. Cu aq¶p t]cp-Ifpw tIc-f-¯n³ [mcm-f-apÅ ae-I-fp-ambn
_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. ae-bp-sS -\m-SmWv ae-\mSv F¶p hyàw. "ae-_mÀ' Hcp ]t£ "ae-
hmcw' F¶-Xnsâ hntZ-io-b D-¨m-c-W-hp-am-Imw. ae-_mÀ, a\n-_mÀ, amen-_mÀ, ap\n-
_mÀ Fs¶ms¡ Ad_n Fgp-¯p-ImÀ- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. "_mÀ' F¶ i_vZ-¯n\v
t]Àjy³ `m-j-bnÂ cm-Py-sa-¶pw, Ad-_n-`m-j-bnÂ `qJ-WvU-sa¶pw AÀ°-ap-Å-
Xn-\mÂ CXnsâ DÂ¸¯n hntZ-io-b-am-Im\pw km[y-X-bp-v.
ae-bmfw F¶ t]cn-t¸mÄ `mj-bpsS t]cm-bn-«mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶s - X-¦nepw
]v CXpw tZi-\m-a-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ]Z-¯nsâ DÂ¸¯n XÀ¡-hn-j-b-am-Wv. "\mSv'
F¶À°-apÅ "Afw' F¶ hm¡v "ae' F¶-Xn-t\mSv tNÀ¶mWv "ae-bmfw' F¶
tZi-\maw cq]-s¸-«-sX¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶h - c
- p-v. aebw (k-ly-]ÀÆ-X-¯nsâ sX¡p-
`m-Kw) F¶ hm¡v Afw (Xm-gv¶ {]tZiw) F¶ ]Z-hp-ambn tNÀ¯pw ae-bmfw
F¶ hm¡v \njv]m-Zn-¡mw. aesb Bfp-¶h - sâ (`-cn-¡p-I) \mSv F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ
ae-bmfw cq]w sIm-Xm-hm\pw km[y-X-bp-v.-ae F¶ ]Zw Bgw (B-gn-þ-ka - p-{Zw)
F¶ ]Z-hp-ambn tNÀ¶-Xm-Im\pw aXn. C§s\ cq]-s¸« ae-gmbw F¶ ]Z-¯nse
"g'Imcw "f' Imcamb-Xm-hmw.

Ncn-{ Xm-Xo-X- Imew
a\p-jy³ Ønc-hm-k-an-ÃmsX \mbm-Snbpw th«-bm-Snbpw \S¶ inem-bp-K-§-
fpsS Ime-amWv Ncn-{Xm-Xo-XI
- m-ew.tIc-f¯
- nsâ Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \ap¡v
enJn-X-tc-J-I-sfm¶pw Xs¶-bn-Ã.-N-cn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-e¯v tIc-f-¯nÂ a\p-jy-hm-k-ap-
m-bn-cp¶p F¶v sXfn-bn-¡p¶ ]pcm-X\ - m-hi- n-jvS§- s- fm¶pw \ap¡nXp-hsc Ip-
In-«n-bn-«p-an-Ã. AXn-]p-cm-X\
- I
- m-e¯v sImSpw-h\
- a- m-bn-cp¶ tIc-f¯
- nÂ ]cp-¡³ inem-
bp-[§
- -fp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡mw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ B Ime-
b-f-hnÂ ]pcm-X\ - -in-em-bpK a\p-jyÀ ChnsS hkn-¨n-cn-¡m³ km[y-Xb - n-Ã. {]mNo\
inem-bp-Ka
- \
- p-jy³ D]-Ic - W
- §
- Ä Dm-¡m-\p-]t- bm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ kv^Sn-Iine-IÄ tIc-
f-¯nÂ \n¶p Ip-In-«n-bn-«p-an-Ã.
{]mIvN-cn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-§Ä
tIc-f-¯nse {]mIvNcn-{X-L-«-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnh-c-§Ä hfsc Ipd-hm-
Wv. ASn-Øm\ {]am-W-ambn kzoI-cn-¡m-hp-¶h intem-]-I-c-W-§fpw {]mIv Ncn-{X-
§-fp-am-Wv. intem-]I
- c
- -W-§-fpsS D]-tbm--K{- ]-Za
- mb hnh-c-§Ä In«m-\n-Ã. {]mIvN-cn-
{X-Im-e-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v B{i-bn-¡m-hp¶ sXfn-hp-IÄ a\p-jysâ ssIs¸-cp-amäw
]Xnª ]mds¸m¯p-If - m-Wv. hb-\m-«nse FS-¡Â, sXmhcn F¶n-hn-S§
- f
- nepw aq¶m-
dnÂ ad-bq-cn-\-Sp¯v IqS-¡mSv h\-¯n-epw, sX·-e-bnse sN´-cp-Wn-bnepw C¯cw
]md-s¸m-¯p-IÄ Is-¯n-bn-«p-v.
alm-in-em-kw-kvImcw
acn-¨p-t]mb Imc-Wh
- ³am-cp-sStbm Ipe-¯e
- h
- ³amcp-sStbm ùXn-Im-hi
- n-jvS-
§Ä AS¡w sNbvX ih-Ip-So-c-§sf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. alm-in-e-mkw-
kvIm-cw.-AX
- p-sImp Xs¶ Cu kwkvIm-cs¯ "ivaim-\-inem kwkvIm-c'-sa¶pw
]d-ªp-h-cp-¶p. a\p-jy³ ac-W-a-S-ªmepw Ahsâ Bßmhv imiz-X-am-bn-cn¡pw
F¶ hn izmk-¯nÂ \n¶p-amhmw C¯cw BNm-c-§-fp-Û-hn-¨Xv. Cu ih-Ip-So-c-
§-fnÂ AØn-I-fpw Ccp-¼p-sIm-pÅ D]-I-c-W-§fpw a¬]m-{XmhinjvS-§-fpw,
[m\y-§-fpw, ]tc-Xsâ CjvS hkv{X-§-fp-saÃmw ImWmw.
Xe-tbmSpw \o AØn-Ifpw k©-bnNv kwkvI-cn-¡p¶ "`mKnI ih-kw-
kvImcw' F¶ t]cn-emWv ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jI - ³amÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv.
CXn-\p-]p-dsa apgp-h³ ico-ctam AØn-Iq-Stam AtX-]Sn hmk-Ø-e¯v hoSnsâ
Xd-bnÂ Bg-an-Ãm¯ Ipgn-bn-tem, Ad-I-fntem AS¡w sN¿p¶ k¼qÀ® ih-kw-
kvIm-chpw \ne-hn-en-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nÂ ImWp¶ alm-i-em-h-in-jvS-§Ä ]e- `m-
K¯pw ]e- t]-cp-I-fn-emWv Adn-b-s¸-S-p¶Xv. IÃ-d-IÄ, ap\n-b-d-IÄ, sImSpw-I-Ã-d-
IÄ, ]gp-X-d-IÄ, inem-\nÀ½nX Kpl-IÄ, ]S-¡-Ãv, \Sp-¡Ãv, IpS-¡-Ãv, ]mp-Ipgn,

]pXp-a-¡-¯mgn, tai-¡-Ãp-IÄ, sXm¸n-¡-Ãq-IÄ, \¶-§m-Sn-IÄ F¶n-§s\ ]e-
Xcw coXn-IÄ \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p.
IÃ-d-IÄ (Dolmenoid cists.)
arX-i-co-c§
- Ä AS¡w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-]t- bm-Kn-¡p-¶h
- b
- mWv IÃ-d-IÄ. Ch
Hcp aqSp-IÃp sImv aqSp-Ibpw, aqSnbv¡v Hcp Zzmc-ap-m-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
tai-¡-Ãp-IÄ (Capstone flush)
Hcp henb a¬`-c-Wn-bnÂ arXm-h-in-jvS-S-§Ä AS¡w sNbvXv \ne¯p
Ipgn¨nSp-Ibpw AXn\p aosX Hcp ]c¶ IÃv Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmÂ tai-¡-
Ãm-bn. tai-¡-Ãnsâ a[y-`m-K¯v Hcp Zzmc-hp-ap-m-hpw.
IÂhr-¯-§Ä (Stone circle)
IÂhr-¯§
- f
- nÂ AS¡w sN¿p¶ arXm-hi
- n-jvS§
- Ä s]s«¶v Afn-bp-Ibpw
]£n-ar-Km-Zn-IÄ¡pw aäpw `£-Wa
- m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw.
IpS-¡-Ãp-IÄ (Umberlla Stone)
arX-i-cocw AS¡w sNbvX-Xn\p apI-fnÂ IÃpsImpÅ Imep-IÄ \m«n
Ahbv¡v aosX hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bpÅ Iq¼m-c-¡Ãv {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶X
- n-s\-bmWv IpS-¡-
Ãp-I-sf¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
sXm¸n-¡-Ãp-IÄ (Hood Stones)
hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Iq¼m-c¡
- Ãv a®nÂ ]Xn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶X
- n-s\-bmWv sXm¸n-
¡-sÃ¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
\Sp-¡-Ãp-IÄ (Menhirs)
]tcXsâ icocw Ipgn-¨n-«X
- n-\p-tijw AXn-\p-ap-If
- nÂ henb Hä-¡Ã
- p-\m-«p-¶X
- n-
s\-bmWv \Sp-¡Ã
- p-IÄ F¶v ]d-bp-¶X
- .v ]pe-¨n-¡Ã
- p-IÄ F¶pw Chsb ]d-bm-dp-.v
\¶-§m-Sn-IÄ (Urnburials)
ac-Ws
- ¸« BfpsS ùXn-Im-hi
- n-jSv §
- Ä Hcp henb a¬`-cW
- n-bnÂ AS¡w
sN¿p-¶X
- n-s\-bm-Wv \¶§mSn-IÄ F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv. Xmgn-Is
- f¶pw Ch Adn-bs- ¸-Sp-¶p.
tIc-f¯
- nÂ I®qÀ apXÂ Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- pcw hsc FÃm PnÃ-I-fnepw alm-in-
em-kvam-c-I-§Ä Is-¯n-bn-«p-v. CSp-¡n-bnse ssltd©p-I-fnÂ Ch [mcmfw
ImWmw. XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bnse an¡ Øe-§-fnepw Kpcp-hm-bq-cn-¶-Sps¯ Acn-b-¶q-
cnepw IpS-¡-Ãp-I-fpw sXm¸n-¡-Ãp-Ifpw ImWmw. Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-emWv \¶-§m-Sn-
IÄ IqSp-X-embn Ip-h-cp-¶-Xv.

BZy-Ime hntZ-i-_-Ô-§Ä
BZy-Im-e-hn-tZ-i-_-Ô-§Ä tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hp-
amb PohnX coXnsb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w hmWn-Py-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amsbmcp
km¼-¯n-Im- Sn-¯d sI«n-s¸m-¡m³ klm-bn-¨p. Ad-_n-IÄ, AÊo-dn-b¡ - mÀ, _m_n-
tem-Wn-b-¡mÀ, ^n\o-jy-·mÀ, C{km-tb-ep-ImÀ, {Ko¡p-ImÀ, tdma-¡mÀ, No\-¡mÀ
XpS§n A\-h[n hntZ-i-cm-Py-§-fp-ambn tIcfw _Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. {][m-\-
ambpw hmWn-Pym-Sn-¯d Hcp-¡p-¶X - n-emWv. sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w {]I-Sa - m-bs - X-¦nepw
hyXy-kvXa - X
- h
- n-`m-K§
- Ä¡v h¶p tNcm-\pÅ hgn IqSn-bmbn BZy-Im-eh - n-tZi _Ô-
§Ä amdn.
_n.-kn. aqhm-bn-cm-amp apXÂ¡p Xs¶ sshtZ-inI kwkvIm-c¯ - nsâ hfÀ¨
tIc-f-¯nÂ Zriy-am-Wv. AÊo-dn-b-¡mcpw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-¡mcpw BZy-Im-e-§-
fnÂ Xs¶ tIc-f-hp-ambn kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-hym-]m-c§ - -fn-teÀs¸-«n-cp-¶p. {]mNo\ CuPn-
]vXp-Im-scbpw tIc-f¯ - n-te-¡m-IÀjn-¨Xv Chn-Sps¯ Gehpw Idp-hm-]«bpsams¡
Xs¶-bm-Wv. Ad-_n-Ifpw ^n\o-jy-·mcpw {][m-\-ambpw kpK-Ô-{ZhyhmWnPyw
e£yw sh¨p-sIm-p-X-s¶-bm-Wv tIcf Xoc-s¯-¯n-bX - v. Ce-hÀ§hpw, Im«p-sIm-
¶-bp-saÃmw Hcp ]t£ Ch-cm-bn-cn¡mw ]m-Ým-XyÀ¡v ]cn-Nb - s
- ¸-Sp-¯n-bX - v. kpKÔ
{Zhy-§Ä¡p ]pdsa B\-I-sfbpw Ipc-§p-I-sfbpw abn-ep-I-sfbpw hmWn-Pym-Sn-
Øm-\-¯nÂ Ib-än-s¡mp-t]m-b-Xmbpw Ncn{Xw km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
{Ko¡p-Imcpw tdma-¡mcpw C©n, aªÄ, Icp-ap-fIv XpS-§n-bh - b - psS hn]p-e-
amb tiJcw ChnsS \n¶pw Ib-äp-a-Xn sNbvXn-«p-v. Ic-h-gnbpw ISÂh-gnbpambn
[mcmfw hmWnPy _Ô-§Ä A¡m-e¯v tIc-f¯ - n-ep-m-bn-«p-v. `mjm-im-kv{X-]-
c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ _À®À {Kokp-am-bpÅ hmWn-Py-
_-Ôs¯ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v. "C©n' F¶ hm¡nÂ \n¶pw "kn©n-s_À'
(C-©n) F¶ {Ko¡v ]Zw \njv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v At±lw Ah-Imis¸Sp-¶p. "Hdn-
kn'(-A-cn) F¶ {Ko¡v ]Z-¯nsâ DÛhw Xangv ]Z-amb "Acn-in-bnÂ' \n¶m-hm-
sa¶pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw IsSp-¯n-«pÅ tdma³
\mW-b-§fpw aäpw Hcp Ime¯v AhÀ¡v tIc-f-hp-am-bp-m-bn-cp¶ ià-amb
_Ôs¯ Ipdn-¡p¶ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
{InkvXp-hÀjm-cw-`-¯nÂ tIc-f-hp-abn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯nb hntZ-io-
bÀ ssN\-¡m-cm-Wv. tIc-f¯ - nÂ \n¶pw Ip-In-«n-bn-«p-Å No\-\m-Wb - § - fpw No\-
]m-{X-§-fp-saÃmw Cu _Ô-¯ns\ km£o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Xn-aq¶mw iX-I-¯nÂ
tIc-f-¯n-se-¯nb hntZi k©m-cn-bmb amÀt¡m-t¸mtfm ssN\ tIc-f-hp-ambn
\S-¯nb kpK-Ô{- Z-hy-§f - p-sSbpw Ipcp-ap-fI
- n-sâbpw hmWn-Py-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-
¡p-¶p-v. IqSmsX tIc-fo-bÀ hmWn-Pym-hi - y-¯n\pw aäp-ambn hntZ-ic - m-Py-§f- n-
te¡v ISÂamÀ¤w bm{X sNbvXn-cp-¶p. ià-amb \mhn-I-]m-c-¼cyhpw CXn-\-hsc
]n´p-W¨p.
{InkvXp hÀjw 9þmw iX-I-¯n\pw 13-þmw iX-I-¯n-\p-an-Sbv¡v A©p-h®w,
aWn-{Kmaw F¶o tIc-fob hmWnPy kwL-§Ä hntZi hym]m-c-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«n-
cp-¶p. ankncnkv, _td¡, Xnnkv, s\ÂIn XpS-§nb ]g-b- Ime XpdapJ-§Ä
hmWnPy]chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb BZm\{]Zm-\-§Ä¡v ià-amb ASn-¯d
Hcp-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.

samUyqÄ 3
kwL- Imew
kwL-Im-es
- ¯-¡p-dn¨v GIm-`n-{]mbw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw {InkvXp-hÀjw
H¶p-ap-XÂ A©p-h-sc-bpÅ \qämp-IÄ¡n-S-bn-emImw kwL-Imew F¶mWp
s]mXpsh ]Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-bw.
{InkvXp-hÀjw BZy Zi-I§ - f

- nÂ Xan-gI
- ¯
- nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp¶ tIc-fw thWm-
Sv, Ip«-\m-Sv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\mSv, IÀ¡m-\mSv F¶n-§s\ A©p \mSp-I-fm-bmWv hn`-
Pn-¡s - ¸-«n-cp-¶X
- v. {][m-\a - mbpw aq¶v cmjv{Sob iàn-If - mWv kwL-Im-em-cw-`¯ - nÂ
tIcfw `cn-¨n-cp-¶X - v. sX¡³ {]tZ-i-§Ä Bbv cmPm-¡· - m-cpw, hS¡v Ggn-ae cm-Pm-
¡-·mcpw Ch-bv¡n-S-bv¡pÅ tZiw tNc-cm-Pm-¡· - m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p `cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
Bbv cmP-hwiw
sX¡³ tIc-f-¯nse Gähpw ]gb cmP-hw-i-amb Bbv cmP-hiw G.-Un.
BZy iX-I§ - f- nÂ sX¡v \mKÀtIm-hnÂ sXm«v hS¡v Xncp-hÃ - m-hs- c-bp-Å Z£n-W-
tI-cf- -¯nsâ Iptd `mK-§Ä `cn-¨n-cp-¶h - c- m-Wv. ChÀ "Bbv thfp-IÄ' F¶pw Adn-
b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. s]mXn-bnÂ ae-bnse Bbn-Ip-«n-bm-bn-cp¶p BØm-\w F¶pw hniz-
kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. _mcokv (]-¼) apXÂ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc Bbv cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS `c-
W-¯n-en-cp¶ `qhn-`m-Ks¯ "Atbm-bn'- F¶mWv tSmf-an (2þmw iX-Iw) hnfn-¡p-¶-
Xv. kwL-Ime IrXn-bmb sXmev¡m-¸n-b-¯nsâ hymJym-\-¯nÂ Bbv hwi-s¯-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ kqN-\-I-f-S-§n-bn-«p-v. ]pd-\m-\q-dnse ]e ]m«p-I-fnepw I]n-eÀ F¶-
Ihn "]mcn' Fs¶mcp Bbvthfns\ hmgv¯p-¶p-ap-v.
kwL-Im-eI - r-Xn-If
- nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡s - ¸-Sp¶ {]ap-Jc- mb aq¶v Bbv cmPm-¡-
·mÀ An-c³, AXn-b³, XnXn-b³ F¶o aq¶v t]cm-Wv. ]pd-\m-\q-dnÂ Bbv An-
c-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]Xn-\mep]m«p-If - pv .Xn-Xn-b³ F¶ cmPm-hns\ s]mXn-bnÂ sNÂh³
F¶ t]cnÂ AI-\m-\q-dnÂ hmgv¯p-¶p-v. kwL-Ih - n-bmb ]c-WÀ Xsâ IrXn-bnÂ
AXn-bs\ {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-v. NS-b³, Icp-\´ - ³, Icp-\´- S- ¡ - ³ XpS-§nb Bbv
cmPm-¡· - m-sc-¡p-dn¨pw Ncn-{X-tc-JI- f - p-v. XpSÀ¶v ]cm-aÀin-¡s - ¸-Sp¶ {]i-kvX\ - mb
Bbv hwi cmPmhv hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-hc - K
- p-W\ - m-Wv. lPqÀ imk-\¯ - nÂ hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-hc - -
Kp-Wsâ `c-Wk - q-N\ - b
- p-v. At±-l¯ - nsâ "]men-bw-im-k\w' {]kn-²a - m-Wv.

Ggn-ae cmP-hwiw
hS-Ic - bv¡pw awK-em-]p-c¯- n\pw CS-bv¡pÅ Xoc-tZ-ihpw AXn\p Ing-¡pÅ
ae-{¼-tZ-i§ - fpw AS¡n hmW- cm-Ph - w-ia- mWvGgn-ae cmP-hw-iw. Ch-cpsS Xe-Øm\w
Ggn-ae- b- m-bn-cp-¶p. "DbÀ¶ ae' F¶À°-apÅ "GgnÂasse' F¶ t]cn-emWv Ggn-
ae kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-If - nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡s- ¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Ggn-a-ec
- m-Pm-¡·
- mam-cnÂ Gähpw
{]ap-J³ \¶³ F¶-bm-fm-W.v \¶sâ `c-WI - m-e¯- mWv Ggn-ae AXnsâ kphÀW
Ime-L-«-¯n-eqsS IS¶p t]mIp-¶-Xv. kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fmb AI-\m-\q-dnepw ]pd-
\m-\q-dn-ep-sa-Ãmwþ \¶sâ `c-W-]-cm-{I-a-§-Ä {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. ]mgn-bp-²-
¯nÂ \¶³ ssIh-cn¨ hnP-bs¯ ]c-WÀ ]mSn-¸p-I-gv¯p-¶p-v.
\¶sâ `c-W-Ime¯p Xs¶-bmWv tNc-ssk\yw Ggn-a-esb e£y-am¡n
bp²-¯nÂ apt¶dp¶-Xv. \mÀap-Sn-t¨-c-ensâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ tNc-·mÀ \¶s\ ]cm-
P-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw \¶sâ km{amPyw X§-fpsS ImÂ¡o-gn-em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tNc-cm-P-hwiw
{InkvXp-hÀjw BZn-i-X-I-§-fnÂ Xs¶ tIcfw `cn-¨n-cp¶ {]_-e-i-àn-
bm-bn-cp¶p tNc·mÀ. cmP-Ip-Spw-_¯- nse Gähpw aq¯-bmÄ cmPyw `cn-¡p¶ Iqäp-
hm-gvNb- m-bn-cp¶p tNc-hwiw ]n´p-SÀ¶n-cp-¶Xv kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-bmb "]Xn-äp-]¯- n'-
emWv ]¯p tNccm-Pm-¡· - msc ]cm-aÀin-¡¶- X
- v. ]¯p-Ih
- n-IÄ ]¯p-]m-«p-IÄ hoXw
FgpXn kam-l-cn-¨-Xm-Wn-Xv. CXnsâ BZy-s¯bpw Aý-¯n-sebpw ]m«p-I-Ä
\jvS-s¸-«n-«p-v. Cu {KÙs¯ B[m-c-am-¡n-bm-Wv tNc-cmP Ncn{Xw ]p\À\nÀ½n-
¡p-¶X - v.
1. DZn-b³ tNc-em-X³
]Xn-äp-]¯
- nse \jvSs - ¸-«p-t]mb BZy-]¯ - nse \mb-I³ Ct±-la - m-bn-cp-¶n-cn-
¡-Ww. t]cpw tNmäp-Xn-b³ tNc-em-X³ F¶p IqSn Ct±lw Adn-bs - ¸-Sp-¶p. A¶-
Zm\w \S-¯p-¶X - nÂ Xev]c - \
- mbncp¶Xp sImmhmw C§-s\-sbmcp hnti-jW - ¯ - n-
\n-t±lw AÀl-\m-bXv hm\-hc - ¼
- ³ F¶ asämcp hnti-jWw IqSn DZn-b³ tNc-em-X-
\p-v. hm\w cmPy-¯nsâ hc¼v (A-XnÀ¯n) B¡n-bh - ³ F¶pw hm\-hÀ¡v ({]-P-
IÄ¡v) A³]pÅh³ ({]n-bs - ¸-«h - ³) F¶pw CXns\ hymJym-\n¡mw. alm-`m-cX - b- p-
²-¯nÂ ]mÞ-hÀ¡pw Iuc-h· - mÀ¡pw `£Ww \ÂIn-bXv DZn-b³ tNc-em-X\ - m-
sW¶ hnizm-kh - p-ap-v. sh¶n-bnÂ bp²¯nÂ ka-Im-en-I\ - mb Icn-Im-et- Nmfsâ
B
- b - p[w apXp-InÂ apdn-thÂ¸n-¨X - p-sImv A]-am\w kln-¡m-\m-hmsX hS-¡n-cn-
¡Â NS-§n-eqsS DZn-b³ tNc-em-X³ acWw hcn-¡p-Ib - m-Wv sNbvXX- v.

2. s\Spw tNc-em-X³
]Xn-äp-]¯
- nse cmw ]¯nÂ I®-\mÀ Ihn hÀ®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ tNcm-
[n-]-\mWv "Ca-b-h-c-¼³' F¶ _ncp-Z-t¯mSv IqSnb s\Spw-tN-c-em-X³. lnam-ebw
cmPym-XnÀ¯n-bm-bn-«p-Åh
- s
- \¶pw tZh-·mÀ¡v {]nb-s¸-«h
- s
- \¶pw Cu hm¡n-\À°w
IÂ¸n-¡mw. DZn-b³ tNc-em-Xsâ aI-\mb Ct±lw ]mcn, Hmcn, \¶³, Imcn, FÆn,
Bhn, Bbv F¶o cmPm-¡-·msc tXmÂ¸n-¡p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Inco-S-§Ä ame-bm-
¡n-amdn-e-Wnªv "Ggp-ap-Sn-amÀÆ³' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zm\-io-e-¯nepw
t]cp-tI« hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p Ct±-lw. 58 hÀjw \op-\nÂ¡p¶ `c-W-ambncp¶p
Ct±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. tNmf-cm-Pm-hp-am-bpÅ Gäp-ap-«-enÂ cp-t]cpw acWaS-bp-I-bm-
Wp-m-b-Xv.
3. ]mÂbmss\ sNÂsI-g p-Ip-« p-h³
DXn-b³ tNc-em-Xsâ aI\pw s\SpwtNc-em-Xsâ A\n-b\
- p-amb ]mÂbmss\
sNÂsI-gp-Ip-«p-hm-\mWv ]Xn-äp-]-¯nse aq¶mw ]m«nÂ Ihn ]msse KuXa\m-cmÂ
{]IoÀ¯n-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶X
- v.Ccp-]¯©v hÀjw bph-cm-Pm-hmbn hmW Ct±lw "]qgn-bÀ
tIm³' F¶ _ncpZw kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. ]qgn-\m-Snsâ Nne `mK-§Ä Ch-cpsS A[o-\-
X-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xv CXnÂ \n¶p hyà-am-Ipw. Ihn-IÄ¡pw ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡p-
saÃmw hne-s¸« k½m-\-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ sNÂsIgp-Ip-«p-h³ Ah-km-\-Im-e¯v
bp²-§-fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw amdn hncà Pohn-X-amWv \bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
4. \mÀap-Sn-t¨-cÂ
\memw ]¯nÂ Im¸n-bm-äp-¡m-¸n-b-\mÀ hmgv¯p¶ bph-cm-Pm-hmWv s\Spw
tNc-em-Xsâ aI-\mb \mÀap-Sn-t¨-cÂ. "Ifw Imbv¡®n \mÀap-Sn-t¨-cÂ' F¶pw
Ct±lw hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. A`n-tjI ka-b¯v ]\\mcp sImp-m-¡nb
Inco-S-hpw, cXv\-§Ä¡p ]Icw Ifw ImbvIfpw AWn-ªXp sImmWv C¯-c-
samcp hnti-jWw e`n-¨-Xv. hmssIs¸cpw Xpd-bnÂ sh¨p \S¶ bp²-¯nÂ Ggn-a-
e-cm-Pm-hmb \¶s\ h[n-¨Xv \mÀap-Sn-t¨-c-em-Wv. bph-cm-Pm-hmbn 25 hÀjw `cWw
\S-¯n-bX
- n-\p-tijw AÑ-\mb s\Spw tNc-em-X³ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ \mÀap-
Sn-t¨-cÂ ac-W-a-Sª
- p.
5. thÂ sIgp-Ip-«p-h³
]Xn-äp-]-¯nse A©mw ]¯nÂ ]c-WÀ {]IoÀ¯n-¡p¶ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
Wv. s\Spw-tN-ce- m-Xsâ asämcp aI-\pw, \mÀap-Sn-t¨-ce
- nsâ ktlm-Zc
- \
- p-amb thÂsI-
gp-Iq-«p-h³. "ISÂ ]nd-tIm-«nb sN¦p-«ph³' F¶v ]c-WÀ Ct±-ls¯ hmgv¯p-¶p-
v. kap-{Z-bp-²-¯nÂ thÂsIgpIp-«p-h³ t\Snb hnP-b-§-fmhmw CXn\p Imc-Ww.
Nne-¸XnImc-¯nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶ tNc³ sN¦p-«p-h³ thÂI-gp-Ip«p-hm-\m-
sW¶p hniz-kn-¡p-¶h
- -cp-ap-v.
6. BSp-tImSp ]m«p-tN-c-em-X³
]Xn-ä p-]- ¯nse BdmwJÞ-¯nÂ Imss¡¸mSn-\n-b mÀ \s¨-Å-b mÀ
{]IoÀ¯n¨p ]mSp-¶Xv s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xsâ asämcp aI-\mb BSp-tIm-Sp-]m«p tNc-
em-X-s\-bm-Wv. bp²-hn-P-b-§-fnÂ \r¯-hpw, ]m«pw, sIm«p-saÃmw Ac-t§-dp-¶-Xp-
sImtm FXn-cm-fn-IÄ X«n-s¡mp-t]mb Hcp ]äw BSp-Isf hos-Sp-¯Xp
sImtm Bhmw C¯-cs
- amcp t]cp-m-bX
- v. Ip«-\m-«nse Hcp {Kmaw apgp-h³ Ct±lw
{_mÒ-WÀ¡v \ÂIn-b-Xmbpw ]m«nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. Ct±lw 38 hÀj-¡mew
bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-¶p.
7. sNÂh-¡ SpwtImhm-g n-b m-X Â

]Xn-äp-]-¯nse Ggmw JÞ-¯nÂ I]n-eÀ hÀ®n-¡p¶ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
Wn-t±lw. A´p-h³ tNc-ensâ aI\pw s\Spw tNc-em-Xsâ `mcym ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS
`À¯m-hp-amb sNÂh-¡Spw tIm hmgn-bm-X³ 25 hÀjw cmPyw `cn-¨p. sXmn-bm-bn-
cp¶p BØm-\w. tNmf-]mÞy ssk\y-§sf Ct±lw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xmbpw
]cm-aÀi-ap-v. sXm«p ap³]pÅ cmPm-hmb BSp-tIm-Sp-]m«p tNcem-X\v B¬Ip-«n-
I-fn-Ãm-¯X
- n-\mÂ tNc-hw-i¯
- nsâ asämcp imJ-bmb Ccp-s¼m-ssd-am-hn-te¡v A[n-
Imcw ssIamdn F¶ \ymbs¯ ]n´p-W-bv¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. " Ac-\m-«mÀasse' imk-\-
¯nÂ BX³ tNc³ Ccp-s¼mssd sNÂ-h-¡-SpwtIm hmgn-bm-X³ Bbn-cn¡mw
F¶ ]cm-aÀiw.
8. s]cpw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd

]Xn-äp-]-¯nse F«mw ]¯nÂ Acn-NnÂ IngmÀ F¶ Ihn ]mSn-bn-cn-¡p-
¶Xv s]cpw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼m-ssdsb Ipdn-¨m-Wv. sNÂh-¡Spw tImhgn-bm-Xsâ ]p{X-
\mb Ct±lw AXn-I-am³ cmPm-hmb Ggn-\n-bpsS XI-SqÀ \Kcw \in-¸n-¨-Xn-\mÂ
"XI-SqÀ Fdnª Ccp-s¼mssd' F¶p hnti-j-W-ap-v. H«-\-h[n bmK-§Ä \S-
¯nb Ct±lw Zm\-io-e\pw HuZmcy-a-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
9. Cfw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd

]Xn-äp-]¯
- nse H³]Xmw ]¯nÂ s]cpw-IpâqÀ IngmÀ hÀ®n-¡p¶ Ct±lw
s]cpw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd-bpsS aI-\m-Wv. -sIm-§³ tImssh, ]pgn-bÀtImssh
F¶n-§s\ _ncp-Z§
- Ä kzoI-cn-¨-Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. tNmf-tcbpw ]mÞy-
tcbpw ]cm-Pb
- s
- ¸-Sp¯n ssI¡-em-¡nb k¼¯v Xe-Øm-\a
- mb h©n-bnÂ sImp-
h¶v ]mWÀ¡pw aäpw Zm\w sNbvX-Xmbpw hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

10. bmss\-I-SvtNbv amćw tNcÂ

]Xn-äp-]-¯nse \jvS-s¸« ]¯m-as¯ ]m«nÂ {]IoÀ¯n-¡s - ¸-Sp¶ cmPmhv
Ct±-l-am-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. aZ-bm-\-bpsS ssØcyhpw t\m«hpsaÃmw
tNÀ¶m-bn-cn¡mw "bmss\-ImSv tNb' F¶ hnti-jWw amćw tNc-en\v e`n-¨n-«p-
m-hp-I. sXmn BØm-\-am¡n `cn¨ Ct±-l-¯nsâ Ime-t¯m-Sp-IqSn tNc-km-
{amPyw £tbm-·p-J-am-hp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.
GI-tZiw 200 hÀj-t¯mfw ]Xn-äp-]-¯nse tNc-]c - -¼c `cn-¨-Xmbn ImWmw
Ch-cnÂ Xs¶ DXn-b³ tNc³, s\Spw tNc³, thÂ sIgp-Ip«p-h³ F¶n-h-cmWv
ZoÀL-Imew cmPyw `cn-¨-Xv. Nne kwLw IrXn-I-fnÂ A{]-i-kvX-cmb cmPm-¡-·m-
scbpw ]cm-aÀin¨p ImWp-¶p-s-¦nepw tNc-cm-Ph- w-im-he
- n-bpsS {]_-eN - c
- n{Xw ]Xn-
äp-]-¯n-eqsS Xs¶-bmWv shfn-hm-Ip-¶-Xv.
kwL-Ime kmlnXyw
kwLw F¶ kwkvIrX i_vZ¯ -- n\v Iq«p-Iq-SÂ F¶m-WÀ°w C¯-c¯ - nÂ
]Þn-X· - m-cpsS Iq«p-Iq-SÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. "Xangv kwLw' hnZzm-·m-cp-sStbm ]Þn-
X-·m-cp-sStbm Hcp kmlnXy kan-Xn-bmbn-cp-¶p. Cu kmlnXy Iq«m-bvab - n-se AwK-
§Ä cNn-¨tXm Ah-cpsS AwKo-Imcw e`n-¨tXm Bb IrXn-I-fmWv kwLw IrXn-
IÄ .F.-Un. H³]Xmw \qäm-nÂ "Cssd-b-\mÀ AI-s¸m-cpÄ' F¶ kmln-Xy {KÙ-
¯n\v \¡o-c³ Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-¯nÂ \n¶m-Wv kwL-s¯-¸än IqSpXÂ hnh-
c-§Ä e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. apXÂ kwLw, CssS kwLw, IssS kwLw F¶p aq¶v kwL-
§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. kwL-Ime `cW kwhn-[m-\-s¯-¡p-
dn¨pw A¶s¯ kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw hnh-cw e`n-¡p-¶Xv kwLw
IrXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A¶s¯ ¡me¯v Ihn-IÄ P\-§-fpsS kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-
¯nÂ AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ]¦mWp hln-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
C¶p kwL-km-lnXyw F¶-dn-bs - ¸-Sp¶ ap¸-¯n-bm-dp-Ir-Xn-IÄ IssS kwL-
Im-e¯v cNn-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. ap¸-¯n-bmdp IrXn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn aq¶p hn`m-K-
¯nÂs¸Sp-¯p-¶p. F«p-s¯m-ssI, ]¯p-¸m-«v, ]Xn-s\¬ Iogv IW¡v F¶n-h-bm-
W-h. Ch-tbm-sSm¸w sXmÂ¡m-¸nbw F¶ hymI-cW {KÙhpw Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw
aWn-ta-Je F¶o Imhy-§fpw IqSn-t¨-cp-t¼mÄ kwL-km-lnXyw GXmv ]qÀW-
am-Ipw. ]pd-\m-\q-dv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]Xn-äp-]¯ - v, Ipdp-s´m-ssI, Ien-s¯m-ssI, sF¦p-
dp-\q-dv \än-ssW, ]cn-]m-SÂ XpS§n F«p-IhnXm kam-lm-c-§Ä tNÀ¶-Xm-Wv F«p-
s¯m-ssI. (sXm-ssIþ kam-lm-cw) ]¯pIhnXm-k-amlmc-§-f-S-§n-b-XmWv ]¯p-
¸m-«v. Xncp-¡p-dÂ, \me-Sn-bmÀ, If-hgn \mÂ¸Xv apX-emb Imhy-§f - mWv ]Xn-s\¬Iogv
IW-¡n-epÄs¸-Sp-¶X
- v.

AIw Ihn-X-Ifpw ]pdw Ihn-X-Ifpw
hnjb kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v kwL-km-lnXy¯n\v AIw Ihn-X-sb¶pw ]pdw
Ihn-X-sb¶pw cp-hn-`m-K-ap-v. t{]a-kw-_-Ô-amb CXn-hr-¯-apÅ Ihn-X-I-fm-Wv
AIw Ihn-X-IÄ. F«p-s¯m-ssI-bn-epÄs¸« AI-\m-\q-dv, sF¦p-\p-\q-dv, \än-ssW,
Ipdp-s´m-ssI, Ien-s¯mssI F¶n-h-sbÃmw AI-hn-`m-K¯ - n-epÄs¸-Sp¶ Ihn-XI - -
fm-Wv. `q{]-Ir-Xn-b p-ambn _Ô-s¸«p cNn-¡-s¸« A©v AIw Ihn-X-I-fmWv
"sFńssW'. Hmtcm {]tZ-i¯papÅ Imap-I-cpsS A\p-cm-K-IY - -bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-
¯nbpÅ ]m«p-I-fm-Wnh. Ipdn-ªn¸m-«v, ]msse-¸m-«v, apssÃ-¸m-«v, acp-Xw-]m-«v,
s\bvXÂ]m«v F¶n-h-bm-W-h. Cu A©p{]tZ-i-§-sfbpw AhnsS cq]w sIm
t{]a Imhy-§sf-bp-amWv sFńssW F¶p hyh-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Xan-gI - s¯ {]mNo\ P\-Xb - psS {]W-bk - ¦ - Â¸-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]e IuXp-
I-¡m-gN v I- fpw AIw Ihn-XI - f - nÂ {]Xn-ê - n-¡p-¶p-.v AXn-sem-¶mWp "Ifhpw IÀ¸pw'
bph-Xo-bp-hm-¡Ä - ]c-kv]c - m-\p-cm-K¯
- n-em-bmÂ _Ôp-an-{Xm-Zn-If - psS k½-Xt- ¯m-Sp-
IqSn \S-¡p¶ hnhm-la - mWv IÀ¸v. k½-Xt- ¯m-Sp-Iq-SnbÃmsX A\p-cm-Kn-IÄ Hfn-t¨mSn
hnhm-ln-Xc - m-Ip¶ k{¼-Zm-ba - mWv Ifhv. t{]a ss\cmiyw h¶ \mb-I³ ]\-aS- Â
sImv \nÀ½n¨ s]mbv¡mÂ IpXn-cb - psS ]pd-t¯dn Fcn-¡n³ ]qame-bW - nªv \mbn-
Im-`h
- \ - ¯- n\p ap³]nÂ aªpw agbpw hI shbv¡msX acWw hsc \ncm-lmca\p-
jvTn-¡p¶ NS-§mWv "aS-tedÂ'. cmPy-X{- ´w, bp²w, ssk\yw, hmWn-Pyw, Zm\w XpS-
§n-bh - b- mWv ]pdw Ihn-Xbv¡v hnj-ba - m-Ip-¶h - . cmPm-¡m-·m-cpsS ka-cN - c
- n-X§- Ä,
hocm-]Z- m-\§ - Ä XpS-§n-bh - bpw CXnÂ {]IoÀ¯n-¡s¸-Sp-¶X - v. ]pdw hn`m-K¯ - nÂ
Gähpw {][m-\s - ¸« cN-\I- Ä F«p-s¯m-ssI-bnÂ DÄs¸« ]pd-\m-\q-dpw, ]Xn-äp-]¯ - p-
am-W.v kwL-km-ln-Xy-¯n-te-ähpw ]g-¡a - p-Ås - X¶p Icp-Xn-t¸m-cp¶ ]pd-\m-\qdv \½psS
kwkvIm-c¯ - nsâ AXn-{]m-No\ tcJ-bm-Wv. ]Xn-äp-]¯ - nÂ \n¶mWv tNc-cm-Pm-¡· - m-
cpsS Ncn{Xw ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m³ \ap¡v km[n-¡p-¶X - v.
kwL-Im-es¯ `cWk{¼-Zmbw
kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-If - nÂ \n¶p-am-Wv \ap¡v A¶s¯ Ime-L-«-¯nsâ hyà-
amb Nn{Xw e`n-¡p-¶X - v. cmP-hm-gvN-bnÂ A[n-jvTn-Xa - mb `c-W-{I-aa- m-bn-cp¶p kwL-
Ime P\-Xsb \bn-¨n-cp-¶X - v. tNmf-]mÞy cmPm-¡· - m-tcm-sSm¸w tNc-cm-Pm-¡vamcpw
X§-fpsS `c-W¯ - nÂ IognÂ kwL-Im-e-P\ - -Xsb Dd-¸n¨p \nÀ¯n. cmP-`c - W
- ¯
- nÂ
IognÂ kwL-Im-e-P-\-X kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Pohn-X-amWv \bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. cmPm-hns\
{]Xm]m- U w- _ -c - § - fpsS {]Xy-t £m- Z m- l - c- W - am- b mWv kwLw P\X I-X v .
cmÚnamÀ¡pw cmPm-hn-t\m-sSm¸w Xs¶ _lp-am-\y-]-Zhn e`n-¨n-cp-¶p. _lp-`m-
cymXzw A¶s¯ Ime¯v km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. hn[-h-IÄ Nne kµÀ`-§-fnÂ
kXn-b\- p-jvT-n-¨n-cp-¶-Xmbpw ]cm-aÀi-ap-v.

tNc-cm-Pm-¡m-·m-cpsS `cW k{¼-Zm-b¯

- n\p IognÂ kwLw P\-Xbv¡v Xpey-
amb \oXnbpw kwc-£W
- hpw e`n-¨p. P\-§f
- psS ]cm-Xn-IÄ cmPmhp t\cn«p tIÄ¡p-
I-bpw, AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§Ä \S-¸n-em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. B`y-
ć kam-[m-\-¯n\pw IrXy-amb GÀ¸m-Sp-IÄ BZy-Im-e-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶p. cm{Xn-
bnÂ s]cp-h-gn-I-fnÂ ]´-tań tdm´p Npäp¶ Imh-em-fp-IÄ P\-Po-hnX¯n\v
kpc-£n-XXzw \ÂIn. {]mtZ-inIamb bp²w \S-¡p-t¼mÄ s]mXp-P\
- -§Ä¡p kwc-
£Ww \ÂIp-I-sb-¶Xv tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS {][m\ IÀ¯-hy-am-bn-cp-¶p. kwL-
Im-eL
- «- ¯
- nse `qcn-]£w cmPm-¡·
- mcpw ]cm-{I-a-im-en-If
- m-bn-cp-¶p. A¼pw hnÃpw
thepw hmfp-am-bn-cp¶p ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS Bbp-[-§Ä. thÄ¸-S, hmÄ¸-S, hnÂ¸S
F¶n-§s\ ImemÄ¸-Sbv¡v ]e D]-hn-`m-K-§-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p. bp²w XpS-§p-¶-
Xn\p ap³]v sImässh F¶ ka-c-tZ-h-Xsb Bcm-[n-¡p¶ ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p.
A¡m-es¯ kv{XoIfpw ka-c-ho-cy-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ t\cn«v bp²-`q-an-bnÂ
sN¶v ]S-bm-fn-I-fnÂ Bth-i-ap-WÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. bp²-`q-an-bnÂ sh¨v hoc-N-caw
{]m]n-¡pI F¶Xv GsXmcp ]S-bm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw kz]v\-am-bn-cp-¶p. B\-¸p-d-t¯-dn-
bmWv cmPmhv bp²-`q-an-bnÂ ssk\y¯ \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. cmPmhv ac-W-s¸-«mÂ
bp²w AtXmsS Ah-km-\n-¡m-dmWv ]Xn-hv.
bp²-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v ck-Ic

- a
- mb Ht«sd BNm-c§
- fpw kwL-Im-e¯v \ne-
\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Hcp cmPmhv bp²-¯nÂ Ggv cmPm-¡-·msc tXmÂ¸n-¨mÂ A[n-cm-P-]-
Zhn t\Smw. {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmb cmPm-hnsâ Bbp[w apXp-In-te-äm³ cmPmhv ssIbnÂ
hmfp-tań hS-¡p-Zn-¡n-te¡pw t\m¡n \ncm-lm-c-{h-X-a-\p-jvTn¨v ac-W-a-S-bp¶ NS-
§mWv "hS-¡n-cn-¡Â'. bp²-¯nÂ cmPmthm tk\m-\m-bI
- t\m h[n-¡s
- ¸-«mÂ DS³
bp²w \nÀ¯n "Ipc-ssh-¡q¯v' F¶ bp² \r¯w \S-¯pw . "XpW-ss¦-¡q-¯pw',
"Aa-e'bpw bp²-cw-Ks¯ aäp cp \r¯-cq-]-§-fm-Wv. Iqc-ssh-¡q-¯nepw XpW-
ss¦-¡q-¯nepw ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ \À¯-In-amÀ hnd-en-IÄ F¶m-Wd- n-bs
- ¸-«n-cp-¶X
- v. Hmtcm
cmPm-hn\pw A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-ambn Hmtcm ImhÂacw \«p-h-fÀ¯p¶ ]Xn-
hp-v. Hcp cmPmhv bp²-¯nÂ acn-¨mÂ Abm-fpsS ImhÂacw tPXmhv apdn-¨p-am-äp-
Ibpw ]Icw tPXm-hnsâ ImhÂacw \«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. tXmä cmPm-hnsâ
IncoSw sImp-ImÂ¯-fb
- p-m¡n tPXmhv AWn-bp¶ ]Xnhpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. Ihn-
IÄ, Kmb-IÀ, \À¯-IÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ¡v ac-W-òXn IqSmsX bp²-¡-f-¯nÂ {]th-
in¨v X§-fpsS cmPm-¡·
- msc t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m³ Ah-kc
- s
- am-cp-¡n-bn-cp¶ ImgvNbpw
kwL-Im-e-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-XbmWv.

kwL-Ime kmaqly PohnXw

kwL-Im-ea - m-bt- ¸m-tg¡pw {]mIr-X- P-\X- b- nÂ \n¶p-amdn {Iao-Ir-Xhpw Ønc-
hm-k-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX- p-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-¨p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. PmXn-]-c-amb
thÀXn-cnthm kmaq-ly-amb Gä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-Itfm A¶-s¯ Ime-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
sXmgn-ensâ ASn-Øm-\¯ - n-em-bn-cp-¶p hn`-P\w. `q{]-Ir-Xn-¡\
- p-kc
- n-¨m-bn-cp¶p sXmgn-
ensâ hn`-P\w \S-¶Xv
sFń- s sW- I Ä
kwL-Im-eP - \
- X `qansb a®nsâ tNcp-hb - p-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-ta-J-e-I-fp-sSbpw
ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p hn`-Pn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. `q{]-IrXn A\p-k-cn¨v \mSns\ Ipdn-©n,
]msse, apssÃ, acpXw,s\-bvXÂ F¶n-§s\ A©mbn hn`Pn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. "sFń-
ssW-IÄ' F¶mWv Chsb hnfn¨n-cp-¶-Xv. aebpw ImSpw tNÀ¶ {]tZ-i-amWv
"Ipdn-©n'. thSÀ,-Ip-dh
- À XpS-§n-b-hc
- m-Wn-hn-Sps¯ \nhm-kn-IÄ. apcp-Is\ Bcm-[n-
¨n-cp¶ Ch-cpsS sXmgnÂ \mbm«pw h\-hn-`-h-ti-J-cW - -hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xcn-imbn InS-
¡p¶ acp-`q-an-bmWv "]msse'. ad-hcpw sImÅ-¡m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p Chn-sS hkn-¨n-cp-¶-
Xv. Pe-tk-N\ - ¯
- nsâ A`m-hhpw {]Xn-Iqe Imem-h-Øbpw \nan¯w ChnsS P\-Po-
hnXw ZpcnX ]qÀ®-am-bn-cp-¶p. bp²hpw ]nSn-¨p-]d- nbpw sXmgn-em-¡nb Ch-cpsS tZhX
sImässh Bbn-cp-¶p. DbÀ¶ ]pÂ¯-InSn {]tZ-i-amWv "apssÃ'. BbÀ, CS-bÀ
XpS-§n-b-h-cm-Wn-hnsS hkn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. I®s\ Bcm-[n-¨n-cp¶ apssÃ-hm-kn-I-fpsS
{][m\ sXmgnÂ Imen-hf - À¯-em-bn-cp-¶p. Irjn sN¿m-\p-]I - c- n-¡p¶ ka-Xe {]tZ-
i-amW "acp-Xw'. Irjn sXmgn-em-¡nb hÅm-fcpw Dg-hc - p-am-bn-cp¶p Chn-Sps¯ \nhm-
kn-IÄ. C{µ³(-th-´³) Bbn-cp¶p tZh-X. Xoc-{]-tZ-ia - mWv "s\bvXÂ'.D-aW - À, ap¡p-
hÀ, he-bÀ, ao\-hÀ, ]c-Xh - À F¶n-hc - m-bn-cp¶p \nhm-kn-IÄ. D¸p-m-¡epw aÕy-
_-Ô-\-hp-am-bn-cp¶pCh-cpsS {][m\ sXmgnÂ.
kwL-Im-e¯v A[zm-\-¯nsâ A´kv AwKo-Ic - n-¡s- ¸-«n-cp-¶X- n-\mÂ sXmgn-

ensâ \ne-hm-ca - -\p-kc
- n¨v P\-§sf kmaq-ly-ambn XmW-hs - ct¶m DbÀ¶-hs - ct¶m
thÀXn-cn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. kwL-Im-e¯v Xoepw sXmSo-ep-sam¶pw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶n-Ã.
kv{XoIÄ¡v D¶-X-amb ]Z-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p Dmbnhcp-¶-Xv. ]qÀ®-amb hnZym-`ym-k-
apÄs¸sS FÃm-hn[ kzmX-{ý-§fpw A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. ssii-h-hn-hmlw
\ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. hn[hm hnhmlw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. KmÔÀÆ-hn-hm-lw, IÀ¸v,
Ifhv F¶o hnhm-lo-co-Xn-Ifpw \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. {]Wbw \ncm-Ic - n-¡s- ¸« Imap-
IÀ ]\-a-SÂ sImp-m-¡nb s]mbv¡p-Xn-c-bpsS ]pd-t¯dn acWw hsc ]-c-ky-
ambn \ncm-lm-c-a-\p-jvT-n-¡p¶ GÀ¸mSpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. "aS-te-dÂ' F¶m-Wn-Xns\
]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv. h[p hnhm-l-Zn-hkw hsc [cn-¨n-cp¶ ImÂ¯f amän ]Icw hc³
\ÂIp¶ Xf [cn-¡p¶ NS-§mWv "Nne-¼p-I-gn-t\m³]v' Xmen-sI-«p¶ k{¼-Zmbw
A¶p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. h[p-hnsâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä¡v hc³ s]¬]Ww sImSp-¡p¶
]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p. _lp-`m-cymXzw kwL-Im-e¯v ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

X§Ä¡v X§Ä¡n-jvSs
- ¸« sXmgnÂ sN¿m-\pÅ kzmX{ýw kv{XoIÄ¡p-
m-bn-cp-¶p. ame, hf, Xf apX-em-bh
- b
- mWv kv{XoIÄ km[m-cW [cn-¡p¶ B`-cW
- -
§Ä. ]cp¯nappw ]«pw I¼n-fn-hk
- v{X-hp-amWv [cn-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. Ce sImp-m-¡nb
Xg-bp-Sb
- mSIÄ¡pw \Ã {]Nm-ca
- p-m-bn-cp-¶p. tNmdm-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ {][m-\`- £
- -
Ww. AtXm-sSm¸w ao\pw Cd-¨nbpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. \mS³ aZyhpw hnti-ja
- Z- yhpw
Bfp-IÄ [mcm-fa
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. ]\w-Ic
- n-¡pw, Cf-\o-cpw, Icn-¼n³\o-cpw,
tNÀ¯p-m-¡p¶ "ap¶oÀ' F¶ elcn ]m\obw kv{XoIÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶X
- mbn
]dp-bp-¶pv. iIp-\¯
- nepw tPymÕy-¯n-ep-saÃmw henb hnizmkw ]peÀ¯n-bh
- c
- m-
Wv kwLw P\-X. t]mÀ¡-f¯
- nÂ sh¨p apdn-thÂ¡p¶ `S-·msc t{]Xw _m[n-¡m-
Xn-cn-¡m-\mbn `mcy ASp-¯n-cp¶p ip{iq-jn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv "sXmSm-¡m-©n'.
"sImässh' F¶ ka-ct- ZhXsb-bmWv kwLw P\X Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. sImä-
sshsb {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m³v aZyhpw amwkhpw \nth-Zn-¡pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Irjn-
bm-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ P\-§f
- psS {][m\ D]-Po-h\ amÀ¤w. Acn-hmÄ, Ie-¸, \pIw,
tImSmen apX-emb D]-I-c-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kwLw IrXn-I-fn-Â ]-cm-aÀi-ap-v.
\qÂ\qÂ¸v, ao³]n-Sp-¯w, s\bv¯v, ac-¸W
- n, IÂ¸Wn apX-emb tPmen-Ifpw P\-§-
Ä sNb-Xn-cp-¶p. Zo\m-cw, ImWw apX-emb \mW-b§
- Ä \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw
km[-\§
- f
- psS ssIam-ä¯
- n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p B`y-ć hym]mcw \S-¶n-cp-¶X
- v.
kwL-Im-es¯ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp¶p "aâw'. Hmtcm {Kma-
¯n\pw Hmtcm aâw Dm-bn-cn-¡pw. Ben³ Nph-«ntem atä-sX-¦nepw s]mXp-Ø-e-
§-fntem kt½-fn-¡p¶ {Kma-hr-²-·m-cpsS kan-Xn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. {Kmao-WÀ¡n-S-bnse
XÀ¡-§fpw hg-¡p-Ifpw ]d-ªpXoÀ¡p-¶-Xn-h-cm-Wv. A©p-X-c-¯n-epÅ ih-kw-
kvIm-c-co-Xn-IÄ kwL-Im-e¯v \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xmbn ]pdw Ihn-X-bnÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-
¶p-v. NpSp-I, ImI\pw Igp-I\pw `£-W-am-¡m-\n-Sp-I, Ipgn-¨p-aq-Sp-I, `qan-¡S- n-bnÂ
IÃp-sImv Ad-bp-m¡n AXn-eS- b
- v¡p-I, Xmgn-bnÂ AS-bv¡pI XpS-§n-bh
- b
- m-bn-
cp¶p Ah.
_p²-a - Xw.
GsX-¦nepsamcp {]tXyI aX-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-a-Ãm¯ {Zmhn-U-Nm-c-§-fm-
bn-cp¶p {]mNo-\-tI-c-f-¯nÂ \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. {]IrXn iàn-I-tf-bpw, ae-
ssZ-h-§-tfbpw ap¯-¸-t\bpw ka-c-tZ-h-X-sb-bp-sams¡ D]m-kn-¨n-cp¶ kml-Nc
- y-
¯n-emWv {InkvXp-hn\v sXm«p-ap³]pÅ iX-I-§-fnÂ _p² ssP\ aX-§Ä tIc-
f-¯n-te¡p IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv. Atim-Isâ `c-W-Im-e-amb _n.-kn. aq¶mw iX-I-¯nÂ
Xs¶ _p²-aXw tIc-f-¯nÂ F¯n-b-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡mw. _p²-kt- µiw {]N-cn-¸n-
¡m³ _u² k\ym-kn-IÄ sNbvX {]b-Xv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v [mcmfw ]cm-aÀi-§Ä

kwLw IrXn-I-fn-ep-v. "aWn-ta-Je' Hcp _u²-Im-hy-am-Wv. Infn-cqÀ , Ip«w t]cqÀ,
sImSp-§-ÃqÀ XpS-§nb `K-hXn t£{X-§Ä¡v Hcp Ime¯v _u²-tZ-hm-e-b-§-fm-
bn-cp¶p F¶mWv hnizkn¡s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {ioaq-e-hmkw Hcp Ime¯v Z£n-tW-ý-
bnse Gähpw {]kn-²-amb _p²-aX XoÀ°m-S\ tI{µ-am-bn-cp-¶p. Bbv cmPm-hmb
hn{I-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Wsâ ]men-bw-im-k\ - -¯nÂ CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v.
tIc-f-¯nÂ ]e Øe-§-fnÂ \n¶pw _p²-hn-{K-§Ä In«n-bn-«p-v. Icp-\m-
K-¸-Ån-¡S- p-¯pÅ acp-XqÀ Ipf-§-c-bnÂ \n¶pw In«nb hn{K-l-amWv Gähpw ]g-b-
sX¶p Icp-Xp-¶p. `c-Wn-¡m-hv, Idp-am-Sn, amth-en-¡-c, Ip¶-¯qÀ, ]Ån-¡Â, ]cp-h-
tÈcn F¶n-§s\ ]e Øe-§-fnÂ \n¶pw _p²-{]-Xn-a-IÄ In«n-bn-«p-v. _p²-tZ-
hm-eb- -§sf "]Ån' F¶mWp hyh-lc - n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ
_p²-a-X-¯nsâ kw`m-h\ KWy-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]f-fn-¡q-Sw, Fgp-¯p-]-ffn F¶o ]Z-
§-fnse ]Ån i_vZw _p²-aX kqN-I-amhmw. tIc-f-¯nse t£{X ]cn-kc - -§f
- nÂ
ImWp¶ BÂa-chpw _p²-aX kwkvIm-ct- ¯mSv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p. imkvXmhv AYhm
A¿-¸³ lnµp-tZ-h-\m-¡-s¸« _p²-\m-sW¶pw , i_-cn-a-e-bnse imkvXm-t£-{X-
¯n-te-¡pÅ XoÀ°m-S-\-¯nÂ _p²-a-Xm-Nm-c-§-fmWv ap¶n«p \nÂ¡p-¶-sX¶pw
Nne ]Þn-X-·mÀ {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p. BbpÀthZ NnIn-Õm-]² - X
- n¡v tIc-f¯- n-epÅ
h¼n¨ {]Nmcw _p²-aX¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. _u²-]-Þn-X-\mb hmKv`-Ssâ
"AjvSmw-K-lr-Zbw' F¶ BbpÀth-Z-{K-Ù-¯n\v {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-
f-¯nÂ Hcp Ime¯v \ne-hn-en-cp¶ P´p-_en CÃm-Xm-b-Xn\p ]n¶nÂ _p²-a-X-
¯nsâ Alnwkm kn²m´w t{]cW sNep-¯n-bn-cn-¡mw.
ssP\-a - Xw.
{InkvXp hÀjm-cw-`-¯n\p ap³]p Xs¶ _n.-kn. aq¶mw iXIw sXt¡

Cý-bnÂ ssP\-aXw F¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡mw. aucy-N-{I-hÀ¯n-bm-bn-
cp¶ N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy³ ]Xn-\-©m-as¯ `c-W-hÀj-¯nÂ knwlm-k\w ssIsh-
Snªv `{Z-_mlp F¶ ssP\-k-\ym-kn-tbm-sSm¸w ssakq-cnse {ihW s_ÄsKm-f-
bnÂ h¶-Xmbpw AhnsS Xma-kn-¡p¶ Ime-¯-hÀ Z£n-tW-ýbnÂ ssP\-aXw
{]N-cn-¸n¨p XpS§n F¶p-amWv hnizm-kw. {InkvXp-hÀj-¯nsâ Bcw-`-i-X-I-§-
fnÂ ssP\aX¯n\v tIc-fob P\-§f - psS taÂ \Ã kzm[o\ iàn-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p.
kwL-Im-es¯ Nne cmPm-¡-·mÀ ssP\-aXw kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xmbn hnizm-k-ap-v.
sXmev¡m-¸n-b-¯nsâ IÀ¯m-hv, Nne-¸X - n-Imc IÀ¯m-hmb Cf-t¦m-h-Sn-IÄ XpS-§n-
b-hÀ ssP\-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. {_mÒn en]n Xan-g-I-s¯-¯n-¨Xv ssP\-k-
\ym-kn-am-cm-Wv.

a[y-Im-eL
- «w hsc ssP\-aXw tIc-f¯
- nÂ {]N-cn-¨n-cp-¶X
- n\v aXn-bmb sXfn-
hp-I-fp-v. sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqdnÂ Ipgn-¯dbv¡Sp-¯pÅ Xncp-¨m-c-Ww, tIm«-
bw PnÃ-bnse Infn-cqÀ, ]me-¡m-Sv, Be-¯qÀ, hb-\mSv PnÃ-bn-se ]\-a-cw, IÂ]-ä,
]pÂ¸Ån XpS§n \nc-h[n Øe-§-fnÂ ssP\-a-Xm-h-in-jvS-§Ä C¶pw ImWm-\p-
v. FS-¡Â Kpl-IÄ Hcp-Im-e¯v ssP\-¡m-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ccn-
§m-e-¡p-Sb
- nse IqSÂ amWn-Iy-t£{Xw Hcp-Im-e¯v ssP\-t£-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-
f-¯nÂ ImWp¶ ssP\ t£{X-§fpw Ah-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-§fpw Hcp Ime¯v
ssP\-aX
- ¯
- n\p tIc-fo-bÀ¡n-Sb
- n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ {]Nm-c¯
- nsâ sXfn-hp-If
- m-Wv. F«mw
\qäm-nÂ {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hnXzw tIc-f-¯nÂ hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨-tXmsS ssih
sshjvWh aX-§Ä iànbmÀÖn-¡p-I-bpw, XÂ^-e-ambn _p² ssP\-a-X-§Ä
£bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xn-\mdmw \qämp hsc Cu aX-§-fpsS kzm[o\w \ne-
\nÂ¡p-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijw \mam-ht- i-j-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

samUyqÄ 4
Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPyw
kwL-Im-e-L-«-¯n-\p-tijw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ {]i-kvXn-bmÀÖn¨ cmPm-
¡-·mÀ atlm-Zb - ]
- p-cs¯ Ipe-ti-Jc - ·
- m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. G.-Un.800 apXÂ 1100 hsc-bpÅ
aq¶p \qäm-tmfw tIc-fs¯ \nb-{ń¨ {]_-e-iàn Ipe-ti-J-c-·m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-
¶p. atlm-Zb - ]- pcw BØm-\a - m¡n sX¡v sImÃw-hs - cbpw hS¡v I®qcphsc-bpapÅ
`q{]-tZiw hmW cmPm-¡-·m-sc-bmWv Ipe-ti-Jc - -·mÀ F¶p ]d-bp-¶X - v. cmw tNc-
km-{am-Py-sa¶pw Ncn-{X-Im-c· - mÀ Ipe-ti-Jc - k
- m-{am-Pys¯ hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-dp-v. Ipe-
ti-Jc - -km-{am-Py-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw B Ime-L«- -¯nse imk-\-§f - psS imkv{Xob ]T-
\-¯n-eqsS ]pd¯p sImp-h¶ - Xv s{]m^: Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bmWv. Ipe-ti-
J-c³ Fs¶m-cm-fmWv cmw tNc-km-{amPy Øm]-I³ F¶mWv Ct±lw A`n-{]m-
b-s¸-Sp-¶X- v. F¶mÂ Ncn-{X-]Þ - n-X\
- mb Fw.-Pn.-Fk - v. \mcm-bW
- sâ A`n-{]m-b¯ - nÂ
Ipe-ti-J-c³ F¶Xv Hcp Øm\-t¸cp am{X-am-Wv.
atlm-Z-b-]p-cs¯ {][m\ cmPm-¡-·mÀ

Ipe-ti-Jc BgvhmÀ
""Ipe-ti-Jc hÀ½bm-Wv (G.-Un. 800-þ820) cmw tNc km{am-Py-¯nsâ Øm]-
I-s\-¶mWv ]Þn-X-aXw " atlm-Zb ]pc-]c - -ta-izc's\¶pw, "tIcf IpeNq-Um-a-Wn-
'sb¶pw kzbw hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-IÀ¯m-hmb Ipe-ti-J-c-\pw, Ipe-ti-Jc
Bgvhmcpw Hcm-fm-sW¶pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. CXp -i-cn-bm-sW-¦nÂ X]-Xo-kw-hcWw,
kp`-{Zm-[\- R
- vPb
- w, hnÑn-¶m-`n-tjIw F¶ aq¶p \mS-I§ - f
- p-sSbpw BÝcy aRvPcn
F¶ KZy-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw IÀ¯m-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ipe-ti-Jc BgvhmÀ F¶p Icp-tX-
n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p''. (tI-cf Ncn-{Xwþ G. {io[-c-ta-t\m³) \mSI IÀ¯m-hmb Ipe-ti-
J-c³ lmky-I-hn-bmb tXmesâ kl-I-c-W-t¯msS IqSn-bm-«-¯nse Nne NS-§p-
IÄ Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bX - mbpw ]cs¡ hnizm-ka - p-v. F¶mÂ \mS-I¡ - m-c\
- mb Ipe-ti-
J-cs
- â-bpw, Xan-gnse `àn-{]-_Ô - a
- mb s]cp-amÄ Xncp-sam-gn-bp-sS IÀ¯m-hmb Ipe-
ti-Jc Bgvhmcp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-ssi-en-IÄ ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sm-¯-Xn-\mÂ
cp-t]cpw H¶m-sW¶ A`n-{]m-bs¯ ]n´-Ån-¡-f-bp¶ ]Þn-X-·m-cp-ap-v.
cmP-ti-J-c-hÀ½
cmw tNc km{amPy¯nÂ {]i-kvXn-bmÀÖn¨ BZy-cm-Pmhv cmP-ti-J-c-\m-
Wv(-G.-Un. 820-þ844) ssih-`-à-\m-bn-cp¶ cmP-ti-Jc - -hÀ½-bpsS "hmg¸Ån imk-\'-
amWv tNc-cm-Pm-¡· - m-cp-tS-Xmbn tIc-f-¯n-Â \n¶pw Is-Sp-¡-s¸« BZy-im-k\w.
cmPm-hns\ ]c-ta-izc `«m-c-I³ F¶p imk-\-¯nÂ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v. ssih-
kn-²-\m-bn-cp¶ tNc-am³ s]cp-amÄ \mb-\mÀ Cu cmP-ti-Jc - -\m-hm-\mWv km²y-X.
{ioi-¦-c³ inhm-\µ el-cn-bnÂ tÇj-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eqsS kvacn-¡p¶ hyànbpw
Ct±lw Xs¶-bm-hmw. i¦-csâ ka-Im-en-I\ - mb cmP-ti-Jh
- À½-bpsS `c-WI - m-e¯p
Xs¶-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ sImÃ-hÀjw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

ØmWp-c-hn-hÀ½
Ipe- t i- J - c - · m- c nÂ kap- ¶ - X \mb `c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- b mWv aq¶m- a - \ mb
ØmWpchn-hÀ½. (844þ885). chn-hÀ½Ipe-ti-J-c³ F¶ t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw
Ct±lw Xs¶-bm-Wv. ØmWp chn-bpsS `c-W-¡m-e¯mWv A¿-\-Sn-IÄ Xncph-Sn-
IÄ Xcn-km-¸Ån sNt¸Sv Fgp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv. acp-hm³ k]oÀ Cutimbv¡v Ic-
t¡Wn sImÃ¯v ]Ån ]Wn-bm³ Ah-Im-ihpw Iptd ]Z-hn-Ifpw \ÂIn F¶-Xm-
Wn-Xnsâ {]ta-bw. Ccn-§m-e¡
- pS IqSÂam-Wn-Iy-t£-{X-¯nepw Ct±-l¯
- nsâ Hcp
imk-\-apv. Xncp-h-Ã-bnse tat¨cn CÃ-¯p \n¶p asämcp imk-\hpw Ip-In-«n-
bn-«p-v. aXw amdnb s]cp-amÄ ØmWp-chn B-sW-¶pw, AXnsâ HmÀ½-bv¡mWv
sImÃ-hÀjw XpS-§n-b-sX¶pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v.
cma-hÀ½ (G.-Un 885þ917)

kmln-XymZn Ie-I-fpsS t{]mÕmlI³ F¶ \ne-bnÂ {]kn-²-\mb Ipe-
tiJc cmPmhmWv cma-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-c³. X]-Xo-kw-h-cW
- -I-À-¯m-hmb Ipe-ti-J-
c\pw cma-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-c\pw Hcm-fm-sW¶ hmZhpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v.
tKmZ-c-hn-hÀ½(G.Un 917þ944)
tImXm-c-hn-hÀ½ F¶pw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-¡m-Wp¶ Ct±-l-amWv ASp¯
IpetiJcN-{I-hÀ¯n. "a\p-Ip-em-Z n-Xy³' F¶p hnti-j n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv tImXm-
chnhÀ½sb Xs¶-bm-sW-¶mWv Cfw-Ipfw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Ct±-l-¯nsâ `c-
W-Ime¯v sIm§³]S tIc-fs¯ B{I-an-¨p-sh-¶pw, ]me-¡m-Sv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, hÅp-
h-\m-Sv cmPm-¡³am-cpsS XpW-tbmsS sIm§³]-Ssb Xpc-¯n-sb-¶p-apÅ Hcp IY
\ne- \ nÂ¡p- ¶ p- v . s\Spw- ] pdw, Xfn, Ahn- « - ¯ qÀ, tNm¡qÀ, Xr¸q- W n
-¯-d, DZ-bw-t]-cqÀ F¶n-\n-S-§-fnÂ\n¶pw tKmZ c-hn-hÀ½-bpsS imk-\-§Ä
Is-¯n-bn-«p-v.
XpSÀ¶v hcp¶ Ipe-ti-Jc cmPm-¡³amÀ

Cµp-t¡m-X-hÀ½ (G.-Un.þ944þ962) þ tKmZ chn-hÀ½-bpsS aI³
`mkvI-c- c-hn-hÀ½ H¶m-a³ (G.-Un. 961þ1019)þ `mkvI-c-c-hn-hÀ½ F¶ t]cv tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯n-bn-«pÅ Ccp-]X
- nÂ]cw imk-\§
- Ä Ip-In-«n-bn-«p-v. tPmk^v dºm³ F¶
PqX {]am-Wn¡v \ÂIp¶ "PqX-im-k\w' {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶p.
`mkvIc
- c
- h
- n-hÀ½ cm-a³ (G.-Un.1019þ1021)þ-Xr-¡m-¡c, Xncp-s\Ãn F¶n-hn-S§
- -fnÂ
\n¶pw e`n¨ imk-\-§-fnÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

hoc-tI-c-f³þ G.-Un.(1022þ1028)
þcm-P-cm-Pt- Nm-f³ hoc-tI-cf
- s\ bq²-¯nÂ tXmÂ¸n¨v B\-sb-s¡mv Nhn-«n-s¡m-
Ãn¨p F¶v Ncn-{Xw-]-d-bp-¶p.
cmP-knw-l³þ (G.-Un.1028þ1043) aWn-{Km-a-hÀ¯-I-cmb Cc-hn-Nm-¯\pw, Nm¯³h-
Sp-I\pw B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä \ÂIp¶ "Xmg¡m«p imk\w' cmP-knw-lsâXmWv.
`mkvI-c-chn aq¶m-a³ þ (G.-Un. 1043þ1082),-c-hn-cm-a-hÀ½ 1082þ1090) hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä
e`y-a-Ã.
cma-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-c³ (G.-Unþ 1090þ1102)þcmw tNc-km-{a-mPy-¯nse Ah-km-\-
cm-Pmhv tNmf-c-km-{am-Py-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb bp²-¯nÂ ka-kvX{- ]-P-I-sfbpw Hcp sImSn-
¡o-gnÂ AWn-\n-c-¯n. Ct±-l-amWv Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ BØm\w atlm-
Z-b-]p-c-¯p-\n¶pw sImÃ-t¯-¡p-am-än-bX
- v.
cmw tNc-k m-{a-P- ¯nse `c-W m-[ n-Im-cn-IfpsS ImeK- W\- {I- a-¯ nÂ
Ncn{X]WvUn-X·
- m-cmb CfwIpfwIpª³]n-Åbpw, Fw.-Pn.Fkv. \mcm-bW
- \pw hyXy-
kvX- \n-e-]m-SmWv kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶-sX¶p ap³]p kqNn-¸n-¨p-h-tÃm. AhÀ IW-¡m-
¡p¶ Ime-K-W\m {Iaw NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p.
Cfw Ipfw Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.
1. Ipeti-J-c³ G.Un 800þ820 G.Un ..........................
2. cmP-ti-J-c³ 820þ844 800þ844
3. ØmWp-chn 844þ885 844þ883
4. cm-a-hÀ½ 885þ917 ......................
5. tKmZ-c-hn-hÀ½ 917þ947 883þ913
6. `mkvI-c-chn I 962þ1019 .......................
7. `mkvI-c-chn II 1019þ1021 962þ1021
8. hoc-tI-cf
- ³ 1021þ1028 .....................
9. cmP-knw-l³ 1028þ1043 ......................
10. `mkvI-c-chn III 1043þ1082 ......................
11. chn-cm-a-hÀ½ 1082þ1090 .....................
12. cma-hÀ½ Ipe-ti-J-c³ 1090þ1102 1089þ1122
s]cp-am-fnsâ aXw amäw
IpetiJ-c- `-c-W-¯n\p tijw shfn-bnÂ \n¶p -h¶ s]cp-am¡·m-cmWv
tIcfw `cn-¨n-cp-¶sX¶ hnizmkamWv {]_-ew. tIcfw krjvSn¨ ]c-ip-cm-a³ `qansb
64 {_mÒaW {Kma-§f
- mbn hn`-Pn-¡p-Ibpw BVy-·mÀ¡p-am{Xw A[n-Im-ca
- pÅ Hcp
`c-W-{Iaw \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ {_mÒWm-[n-]Xyw P\-§Ä¡v Zpcn-
X-am-b-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v cmP-`-c-W-¯n\v shfn-bnÂ\n¶v s]cp-am-¡-·msc sImp-h-
cm³ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. Hmtcm s]cp-amfpw 12 hÀjw hoXw `cWw \S¯Wsa-¶m-bn-cp-
¶p-hy-h-Ø. CXnÂ Ah-km-\s¯ s]cp-amÄ tNc-am³ s]cp-am-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶pw,
At±lw tIcfw kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡pw _Ôp-¡Ä¡pw ]¦p-sh¨p sImSp-¯-Xn\p
tijw CÉmw-aXw kzoI-cn¨v a¡-¯p-t]m-sb-¶p-amWv "tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯n-'bnÂ ]cmaÀin-
¨n-«p-Å-Xv.
s]cp-amÄ CÉmwaXw kzoI-cn¨ IY {]am-Wn-I-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ temK³
AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶pv. tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯n-b-\p-k-cn¨v s]cp-amÄ `c-W-¯nsâ Imew G.-
Un. 3þmw iXIw apXÂ A©mw iXIw hscbpw HSp-hn-es¯ s]cp-amÄ a¡¯p-
t]m-bXv G.-Un. 345þepw Bbn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯n-bnse Cu IY shdpw
I«p-IY am{X-am-Wv. s]cp-am-¡-·m-cpsS IYsb km[q-I-cn-¡p¶ bmsXmcp sXfnhpw
Ip-In-«n-bn-Ã.
sImÃ-hÀjwþ hnhn[ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ
""sImÃ-hÀjw \ne-hnÂ h¶Xv tIc-f¯ - nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nepw Ime-KW - \
- b- nepw
Hcp kp{]-[m\ kw`ham-Wv. AXp {- ]-N-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-m-bn-«pÅ imk-\§ - fpw
aäp tcJ-Ifpw cmP-hÀjtam, Ien-hÀj-tam, iI-hÀjtam BWp kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-
Xv. thWm-«nse {io hÃ-`³ tImX-bpsS "am¼-Ån-im-k-\-'am-Wv. (sImÃw 149) Ip-
In-«n-tb-S-t¯mfw sImÃ-hÀjw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pÅ BZys¯ tcJ Z£nW tIc-
fw, a[p-c, Xncp-s\Âth-en, {ioe¦ F¶n-hn-S§ - fnÂ Nn§w H¶mw Xn¿-Xnbpw D¯c
tIc-f-¯nÂ I¶n H¶mw Xn¿-Xn-bp-amWv hÀjm-cw-`-sa-¶Xv sImÃ-hÀj-¯nsâ Hcp
{]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv''. (tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xwþ G. {io[-c-ta-t\m³)
sImÃ-hÀjm-cw-`s¯ kw_-Ôn¨v Hcp-]mSv kn²m-´§ - Ä \ne-hn-ep-.v F¶m-en-h-
bnÂ ]e-Xn\pw Hcp sI«p-IY
- b
- psS AwKo-Imcw am{Xta e`n-¨n-«pÅq F¶Xpw {it²-ba- m-W.v
DZ-b-amÀ¯m-Þ³ IY
Ien-hÀjw 396-þÂ (G.-Un. 824-þ825) thWm«p cmPm-hmb DZ-b-amÀ¯m-Þ-
hÀ½ Hcp ]pXnb hÀjw Bcw`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn tIc-f-¯nse apgp-h³ ]Þn-X-·m-
scbpw hnfn-¨p-Iq«n Btem-Nn-¡p-Ibpw tPymXn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-§Ä¡p
tijw B hÀjw Nn§-amkw apXÂ Hcp ]pXnb hÀjw Bcw-`n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p-
sh-¶p-apÅ Hcp IY Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb ]n. i¦p-®n-ta-t\m³ tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯p-¶p-v. F¶mÂ G.-Un. 825 apXÂ ]pXn-sbmcp Ime-K-W\ k{¼-Zmbw D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ AXn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶p-mb tcJ-I-fn-seÃmw sImÃ-hÀjw ]cn-K-
Wn-¡s - ¸-tS-X
- m-Wv. ]t£ sImÃ-hÀjw XpSÀ¨-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡s - ¸-Sm³ XpS-§n-
bXv 12-þmw iX-I¯- n-em-Wv AXp-sImp Xs¶ sImÃ-hÀjmcw`-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
hkvXp-X-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ DZ-b-amÀ¯m-Þ³ IY kzoIm-cy-a-Ãm-Xm-bn.
temKsâ kn²m´w
temKsâ kn²m-´{- ]-Im-cw -th-WmSv tIme-¯p-\mSv F¶nh s]cp-amÄ hmgvN-
bnÂ \n¶pw kzmX{ýw {]m]n-¨-Xnsâ kvac-W-bv¡m-bmWv sImÃhÀjw Bcw-
`n¨sX¶mWv. thWm-Sv Nn§w H¶n\pw tIme-¯p-\mSv I¶n H¶n-\p-am-Wt{X kzX-
{´-am-b-Xv. hÀjmw-cw-`-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v tIc-f-¯nsâ Z£n-tWm-¯c `mK-§Ä
X½nÂ Hcp amks¯ hyXymkw hcm³ Im-cW - a
- n-Xm-sW¶pw At±lw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-
¶p. F¶mÂ.-G.-Un. 9,10 \qäm-p-I-fn-Â thWmSpw tIme-¯p-\mSpw tNc-km-{am-Py-
¯nsâ Iogn-em-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ temKsâ hmZ-¯n\v km[p-Xb
- n-Ãm-Xm-bn.
i¦-cm-Nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw
tIc-fÂ
- ]-¯n-bnse IYsb ASn-Øm-\a
- m¡n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ i¦-cm-Nm-
cyÀ {_mÒ-WÀ¡n-Sb
- nÂ Adp-]¯
- n-\mev A\m-Nm-c§
- Ä ({]tXy-Im-Nm-c§
- Ä) GÀs¸-
Sp-¯n-bX
- nsâ kvac-WmÀ°-amWv sImÃ-hÀjw XpS-§n-bs
- X-¶m-Wv. i¦-ck
- varXn i¦-
cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xm-sW¶ sXämb [mc-W-bmWv Cu hmZ-¯n-\-Sn-Øm-\w. ]Xn-aqt¶m
]Xn-\mtem \qäm-nÂ atätXm i¦-c³ cNn-¨-XmWv. i¦c kvarXn F¶v AXnse
P·n]Z-{]-tbm-Ks¯ B[m-c-am¡n hmZn-¡p-¶h
- c
- p-v. P·n k{¼-Zmbw tIc-f-¯nÂ
\ne-hnÂ hcp-¶Xpw A¡m-e¯p Xs¶-bm-Wv. Cu \nebv¡v t\m¡p-t¼mÄ i¦-cm-
Nm-cy-cp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n tIc-tfmÂ¸-¯n-bnÂ {]N-cn-¡p¶ IYbpw shdpw sI«p-
I-Yb
- mbn am{X-sam-Xp-§p-¶p.
sImÃw tXmân
sX¡v Ipc-t¡Wn sImÃ-hpw, hS¡v ]´-em-b\n sImÃhpw Øm]n-X-am-b-
Xnsâ kvac-WmÀ°-amWv sImÃ-hÀjw Bcw-`n-¨-sX¶ hmZ-amWv "sImÃw tXmân-
'¡m-[m-cw. sImÃ hÀjm-cw-`-¯n\p ap³]p Xs¶ ]e tcJ-I-fnepw sImÃw \K-
cs¯¡pdn¨v ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. ssN\-bnse XmMv hwi tcJ-IÄ 618þ917 Ime-§-fnÂ
sImÃ-hp-ambn hym]m-c-_Ôw ]peÀ¯n-b-Xnsâ km£y-am-Wv. IqSmsX Ipc-t¡Wn
-sIm-Ãhpw ]´-em-b\n sImÃhpw sImÃ-hÀjm-cw-`-¯n\v ap³]p-Xs¶ B t]cp-I-
fnÂ Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶p F¶Xpw Cu hmZ-¯nsâ bpànsb tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p.
sImÃ-hÀjm-cw-`-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n C\n-bp-sam-cp-]mSv A`yq-l-§Ä \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶p-v.t- Nc km{amPyw ]eÀ¡mbn Zm\w sNbvXX
- n\p tijw tNc-·mÀ s]cp-
amÄ CÉmw aXw kzoI-cn-¨p. a¡bv¡p t]mb-Xnsâ HmÀ½-bv¡m-bmWv G.-Un. 825 Â
sImÃ-hÀjw Bcw-`n-¨-sX-¶mWv asämcp hmZw. sX¡³ sImÃs¯ cmta-izc {]Xn-

jvT-bp-ambv _Ô-s¸-«mWv sImÃ-hÀjm-cw`w Fs¶mcp hmZhpw \ne-\vev¡p-¶p-v.
G.-Un. 825 Â sImÃ¯p h¶ {InkvXy³ kap-Zmbw Ahn-sS-sbmcp ss{IkvXh
tImf\n XpS-§n-b-Xnsâ kvac-WmÀ°-sa-¶pw IY-IÄ {]N-cn-¡p-¶p-v.
k]vXÀjn hÀj-¯nsâ AYhm imkv{X-kw-hÂk-c¯
- nsâ ]cn-jvIc
- n¨ cq]-
am-bn-cn¡mw sImÃ-hÀj-¯n-¶m-[mcw F¶ s{]m^. kpµcw ]nÅ-bp-sS hmZ-¯n-\m-
Wn¶p IqSp-X-ew-Ko-Im-cw. ImivaoÀ XpS§n ]e `mK-§-fnepw k]vXÀjn hÀjw
Ime-K -W-\-bv¡mbn D]-tbm-K n-¨n-cp-¶p. "euInI hÀjw' F¶p-IqSn t]cpÅ
k]vXÀjn hÀj-¯nsâ {]tXy-IX \qdp hÀjw sImv Hcm-hr¯n ]qÀ¯n-bm-hp-
Ibpw hopw H¶pw F¶v ASp¯ Bhr¯n Bcw-`n-¡p-Ib
- pw-sN-¿p-¶p F¶XmWv.
{InkvXp-hÀj-t¯mSv 76 Iq«n-bmÂ k]vXÀjn hÀjw In«pw._n.-kn. 76 Â Bcw-`n¨
k]vXÀjn hÀjw G.--Un. 24 Â F¯p-t¼mÄ \qdp hÀj-ambn G.Un. 25 Â hopw
H¶v F¶ \ne-bn-emWv Iq«p-I. G.-Un. 124 Â hopw Hcp XhW IqSn 100 hÀjw
XnI-bp-¶p. GUn. 125 hopw H¶v Fs¶®n XpS-§pw. Bcy-·m-cpsS hc-thm-sS-
bmImw ChnsS sImÃ-hÀjw Bcw-`n-¨X
- v. AhÀ h¶-Xn-\p-tijw tIc-f¯
- nÂ \qdnsâ
Nm{In-I{Iaw ]qÀ¯n-bm-hp¶Xv. G.-Un. 824 Â BWv. At¸mÄ G.-Un. 825 ]gb
coXn-bnÂ H¶v F¶v F®-s¸-«p. 925 Â F¯n-b-t¸mÄ ]gb a«nÂ H¶v F¶p IW-
¡m-¡msX \qän-sbm¶v F¶p IW-¡m-¡m³ XpS§n F¶ hmZ-¯n-\mWv {]m_yw
IqSp-XÂ. Cu hmZw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-am-sW-¦nepw sImÃ-hÀjw sX¡v Nn§w H¶mw
Xn¿-Xnbpw hS¡v I¶n H¶mw Xn¿-Xnbpw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX´p sImm-sWt¶m,
k]vXÀjn hÀj-¯nsâ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb Ime-K-W-\m-k-{¼-Zmbw Dt]-£n¨v ]pXnb
coXn ssIsIm-sX´p sImm-sWt¶m Cu kn²m´w hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
Bcym-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xym-Lm-X-§fpw
{Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bpsS CS-bn-te¡v IS-¶p-I-bdn cm-jv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kÀh taJ-e-I-fnepw X§-fp-tS-Xmb A[n-Im-c-Nn-Ó-§Ä
Øm]n¨ Bcy-·mÀ F¶mWv tIc-f-¯n-te¡v h¶-sX-¶-Xn-s\-sNmÃn ]Þn-X-
·mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶pv .ssh-ZnI {_mÒ-WÀ ae-
_m-dn-se-¯n-bXv G.-Un. 8þmw iX-I¯
- nsâ Bcw-`¯
- nem-sW-¶pw, Xpfp-\m-«nÂ \n¶pw
ISÂ¯ocw hgn-bm-W-hÀ h¶-sX¶pw temK³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ
{InkvXp-hÀjmw-c`- ¯
- nÂ Xs¶ Bcy-·mÀ tIcf¯n-te¡p h¶p tNÀ¶n-cp¶p F¶-
Xn\v kwL-km-lnXy¯nÂ sXfn-hp-I-fp-v. ssP\-tcbpw _u²-tcbpw ]n´p-SÀ¶v
_n.-kn. aq¶mw iX-I-¯nÂ Xs¶ Bcy-·mÀ tIc-f-¯nÂ h¶-Xmbn Icp-Xm-sa-
¶mWv ]Þn-Xm-`n-{]mbw . F.-Un. F«mw \qämnÂ Hcp kwLw sshtZ-inI {_mÒ-

WÀ tIc-f-¯n-te¡v hcn-Ibpw AXn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶ Chn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp¶ Bcy-·mÀ
X§-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶p thWw Icp-Xm³.
PmXncln-X-am-sbmcp Pohn-X-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-¯nse {]mIr-X-P-\X BN-cn-
¨n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Bcy-·m-cpsS IS-¶p-h-c-thm-Sp-IqSn PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw AXnsâ
FÃmhn[ Zqjy-hi - §- fpw {]I-Sa - m¡n XpS-§n. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n-e[ - n-jvTn-Xa
- mb Bcy-
{]-am-W§ - Ä kaq-l¯ - nÂ ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-Ib - m-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS e£yw. {_mÒW
ta[m-hn-Xz-¯nsâ cq£-apJw s]mXp P\-Po-hn-X-¯n-ep-S-\ofw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
H³]Xmw \qäm-tm-Sp-IqSn Bcy-a-X-¯nsâ kzm[o-\-iàn hÀ²n-¨p. cmw tNc-
km-{am-Py-¯nse Ipe-ti-Jc - -N{- I-hÀ¯namcpsS Ime-am-hp-t¼m-tg¡pw lnµp-aX - w-Hcp
{]_e iàn-bmbn amdn.
BZy-Im-e§ - f - nÂ kaq-l¯ - nÂ ap³]-ń-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ ]mWÀ, ]d-bÀ XpS-
§nb hn`mK-§Ä A[-ØnX hÀ¤-§f - mbn amdn. kv{Xo¡pw ]pcp-j\pw Xpey-Øm\w
\ÂIn-bn-cp¶p kmaqly hyh-Øn-Xnbpw A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-«p. kvXo hnZym-`ymkw Hcp
]cn[n hsc \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-SpI Xs¶ sNbvXp. tIc-fo-b-cpsS `£-W-io-e-§-sf-
t]mepw Bcy-i-àn-IÄ Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ImgvN-bmWv ]n¶oSv ImWm³ IgnªXv.
amwkw `£n-¡p-¶Xv hne-Ip-dª GÀ¸m-Smbn ap{Z Ip¯-s¸-«p. imco-cn-Im-²zm\w
Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ sXmgn-ep-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-«n-cp¶ P\-Xsb Xmsg-¡n-S-¡m-cmbn IW-
¡m-¡p¶ {]h-WX Bcy-hÂ¡-c-Wt- ¯m-sS-bmWv Ip-h-cp-¶X - v..
Bcy hÂ¡-cW - ¯
- nsâ `mK-ambn tIc-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw _p² ssP\-aX - §- Ä
]n´-Ås - ¸-Sp¶ Hc-hØ - b - p-m-bn. {_mÒ-WÀ A¡m-e¯v _p²-hn-lm-c§ - fpw _p²-
{]-Xn-a-Ifpw \in-¸n-¡p¶tXmsSm¸w Xs¶ sslµh tZhm-e-b-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn
Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xnepw hy{KX ImWn¨p Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-t¯m-Sp-IqSn cq]w sIm
`àn {]Øm-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-¡-fmb kn²-·mÀ hnjvWp, inh³ XpS-§nb
sslµ-h-tZ-h-·m-cp-sSbpw tZhn-am-cp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\bv¡v {]Nmcw \ÂIp-I-bpw-sN-
bvXp. XpSÀ¶v {Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bpsS ]e Bcm-[\ {Ia-§-sfbpw Bcm-[-\m-aqÀ¯n-I-
sfbpw Bcy hÂ¡-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn htcWyt_m[-hp-ambn ka-\z-bn-¸n-¡m-
\pÅ {iahpw Zriy-am-Wv. {Zmhn-UP - \
- X
- b - psS ka-ct- Z-hX - b
- mb sImässh Imfn-bmbpw
`K-hX - n-bm-bp-saÃmw sslµ-hÀ¡nS-bnÂ {]Xy-£s - ¸-«p. ka-Xp-e\
- m-h-Øt- bm-Sp-IqSn
\o§n-bn-cp¶ tIc-fob P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-
bhpw Bßo-b-hp-amb kÀÆ taJ-e-I-fnepw Bcym-[n-]Xyw hcp-¯nb amä-§Ä
Zriy-am-Wv. tIh-es - amcp {]h-WX F¶-Xn-ep-]c - n-bmbn tIc-fob ]mc-¼c - ys¯ Xs¶
amän adn¨ Hcp Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-am-bmWv Bcym-[n-\n-th-is¯ A]-{K-Yn-t¡--Xv.

t£{X-tI-{µo-IrX kmaq-ly-hy-hØ.
F.Un. F«mw \qäm-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv tIc-f¯
- nÂ {_Ò-Wt- a-[m-hnXzw ià-
am-Ip-¶-Xv. AtXm-Sp-ISn tIc-f-¯nÂ sslµh aX-¯n\v {]mamWyw hÀ²n-¡p-I-bpw-
sN-bvXp. CsX XpSÀ¶v tIc-f-¯n-ep-S\
- ofw t£{X-§-fp-m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcy-
h-Xv¡-c-W-t¯m-Sp-IqSn P\-§-fpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-¯nÂ
t£{X-§Ä {]I-Sa
- mb kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bX
- mbn ImWmw. ipNo-{µw, ]mÀ°n-h]
- p-
cw, Xncp-h\
- ´
- ]
- p-cw, \mhm-bn-¡p-fw, In-bqÀ, Xncp-h-Ã, s]cp-¶, Xrs¡m-Sn-¯m-\w,
Gäp-am-\qÀ, ssh¡w, Xr¡m-¡-c, XrÈqÀ, Xncp-h©-- n-¡p-fw, Xncp-s\Ãn XpS-§n-b-hn-S-
§-fn-se-Ãmw {_mÒ-Wc
- psS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ t£{X-§Ä Øm]n-¡s
- ¸-«p. t£{X \nÀ½m-
W-¯n\pw \S-¯n-¸n-\p-ambn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw `qhp-S-a-Ifpw km[m-c-W-P-\-§-fp-
saÃmw H«-\-h-[n hkvXp hI-IÄ Zm\w sNbvX-Xnsâ ê-ambn t£{X-\-S-¯n-¸n-
\pw, taÂt\m-«-¯n-\p-ambn kwhn-[m\w GÀs¸-Sp-t¯-n-h-¶p.
Hmtcm t£{X-¯n-sâbpw `c-W\
- nÀÆ-lW
- ¯
- n-\mbn cq]w sIm kan-Xn-bmWv
Ducmf kan-Xn. BZy-Im-e¯v {_mÒ-WÀ Xs¶-bmWv CXn-ew-K§
- f
- m-bn-cp-¶X
- v. "kss`
s]cp-amÄ kss` BcyÀ' Fs¶Ãmw BZy-Ime imk\§fnÂ ]cm-aÀin¨p ImWp-
¶Xv Cu Ducmf kan-Xn-bnse AwK-§-sf-bm-Wv. Ducmf kan-Xn-bpsS Ah-Im-i-
§Ä¡v "DucmWvamh-Im-i'-sa-¶mWv ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv. Ducmf kan-Xn-bnÂ \n¶v
t£{Xw hI hkvXp-¡Ä ]m«-¯n-s\-Sp¯v Irjn sN¿p-¶hcmWv "Imcm-fÀ'. Ah-
cpsS Ah-Im-i§
- Ä¡v Imcm-×m-hI
- m-i-sa-¶mWv ]d-bp-¶X
- v. Irjn sNbvXp In«p¶
BZm-b¯
- nÂ \nÝnX hnlnXw t£{X-¯n-te-¡S- -bv¡W
- s
- a-¶X
- m-bn-cp¶p hyh-Ø.
Nne t£{X-§-fpsS `cWw Xnc-sª-Sp¯ cw-K-§-fpÅ hmcnbw F¶ \nÀÆm-
lI kan-Xn-bmWv \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ducmf kan-Xn-¡p-thn `c-W-Im-cy-§Ä \nÀÆ-
ln-¡p-¶b
- m-fmWv s]mXp-hmÄ AYhm Imcy-ZÀin Ct±-la
- mWv t£{X-¯nsâ ssZ\w-
Zn\ Imcy-§Ä t\m¡n-bn-cp-¶X
- v. BZy-Im-e¯
- v N{I-hÀ¯n \nb-an-¡p¶ tImbn-e[
- n-
Im-cn-IÄ¡mbn-bn-cp¶p t£{X§fpsS `cWw kw_-Ôn¨ ]c-am-[n-Im-cw. bph-cm-
PmhmWv Cu Øm\w hln-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. \mSp-hm-gn-Is
- fbpw a{ń-am-scbp¡mÄ DbÀ¶
Øm\-am-bn-cp¶p tImbn-e[
- n-Im-cn¡v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶X
- v. FÃm t£{X-§f
- p-sSbpw {]Xn-
\n-[n-IÄ tImbn-e[
- n-Im-cn-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ aqgn-¡p-f-¯p-tbmKw tNÀ¶v AwKo-
I-cn¨ \nb-am-he
- n-bmWv aqgn-¡pfw I¨w. Ducm-f\
- pw, Imc-f\pw IÀ¯-hy-\nÀÆ-lW
- -
¯nÂ hogvN hcp-¯n-bmÂ e`n-¡p¶ in£m-hn-[n-IÄ CXnÂ ]d-bp-¶p-v. t£{X
hkvXp-¡sf kw_-Ôn¨v P·n¡pw IpSn-bm\pw _m[-I-amb \nb-a-apÄs¡m-Åp¶
ISw-Im-«p-I-¨w, tIm«p-hm-bnc then-¡-¨w, Xh-\qÀ¡-¨w, i¦-c-aw-K-e¯pI¨w XpS-
§nb I¨-§fpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.

tIc-f¯
- nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI hfÀ¨-bnÂ {]apJ Øm\w t£{X-§Ä¡p-v.
Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂ t£{X-§Ä Bcm-[\ - m-eb- -sa-¶-Xn-ep-]cn tI{µhpw P\-§-fpsS
tbmK-Ø-ehpw A`-b-Øm-\hpw hnZym-tI-{µhpw IemtI-{µ-hp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p.
t£{X-§-fpsS kwc-£-W-¯nepw t{]mÕm-l-\-¯n-ep-amWv hnZym-`ym-khpw aXhpw
Iebpw kmln-Xy-hp-saÃmw hfÀ¶-Xv. Xncp--h\ - ´- ]- p-c¯v hen-bi -- m-e, aqgn-¡pfw ime,
]mÀ°n-]-]p-cw-im-e, Im´-fqÀ ime XpS-§nbhnS-§-fn-seÃmw hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡pw
Xma-kn-¨v ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ kuI-cy-sam-cp-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-Im-e¯v Cu ime-I-fnÂ
{_ÒW hnZymÀ°-n-IÄ¡p am{X-amWv {]th-i\ - w A\p-hZ- n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. XÀ¡w, hymI-
c-Ww, aowamw-k, tPymXn-jw, thZm-´w F¶n-§-s\-bm-bn-cp¶p ]T\ hnj-b-§Ä.
t£{X-§sf tI{µo-I-cn-¨mWv tZh-Zmkn k{¼-Zmbw hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨-Xv. BZy-
Im-e¯v tZh-Zm-kn-IÄ¡v tZhsâ `mcy-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ kaq-l-¯nÂ am\y-amb
Øm\-am-Wp-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. Cuizc kvtXm{X-§-fme]n-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb D]-Po-hn¨v
\r¯w sN¿p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp¶p ChcpsS sXmgnÂ. ]n¶oSv tZh-Zm-ko-k{- ¼-Zmbw tXhn-
Sn-¨n-bm-«s
- a¶ \ne-bn-te¡v A[x]Xn-¡p-Ib - m-Wp-m-bX - v. Iq¯v IqSn-bm«w XpS-§nb
Ie-Isf t{]mÕ-m-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn t£{X-t¯mSptNÀ¶p-Xs¶ Iq¯-¼-e-§Ä
]Wn Ign-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. inÂ]-e, Nn{X-I-e, hmZy-I-e, hmkvXp-hn-Zy, XpS-§n-b-hbpw
t£{X-a-XnÂ sI«n-\-I¯v {]Õm-ln-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-cm-b-W-¯n\pw hymJym-\-¯n-\p-ambn GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb kt¦-
X-§-fnÂ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶Xv "alm-`m-c-X-]-«-¯m-\'-amWv sslµ-h-a-X XXz-§-
fp-am-bn-_-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n. kmaÀ°y-]-co-£-Ifpw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. IS-h-ÃqÀ
At\ym\yw F¶ t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸« Cu aÕ-c-]-co-£- th-Z-]m-Þn-Xy-¯nsâ amäp-c-
bv¡-em-Wv. "IS-¶n-cn-¡-en'\p thn-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p Gähpw henb ]co-£. hnP-
bn¡v _lpam-\y-Øm-\¯v IS-¶n-cn-¡m-am-bn-cp-¶p. thZ hnZymÀ°n-I-fnÂ AXn-an-Sp-
¡-·m-cm-b-hÀ \p¼n-en-cn-¡-en\pw , kmam-\y hnZymÀ°n-I-fnÂ -A-Xn-an-Sp-¡-cm-b-hÀ
cmw hmc-an-cn-¡-en-\p-amWv aÕ-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. tImgn-t¡mSv Xfn-bnÂ t£{X-¯nÂ
sh¨p hnhn[ hnjb-§-fnse anI¨ ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡v ]W-¡ngn \ÂIn BZ-cn-¡p¶
NS-§mWv ]«-¯m-\w. Xfn-bnÂ ¯m\-sa¶pw CXns\ ]d-bm-dp-v.
PmXn k{¼-Zmbw
BZy-Im-e¯v IÀ½w-sIm-mWv PmXn-\n-Ýb - n-¡s
- ¸-«n-cp-¶s- X-¦nÂ, {_mÒWm-
[n]-Xy-t¯msS PmXn hn`P\w P·-a\ - p-kc- n-¨mbn. kwL-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ Xs¶ A[n-
h-kn-¡p¶ {]tZ-i-§-fp-tSbpw sXmgn-en-tâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ hn`-P\w Dm-
bn-cp-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ Bßob-ambpw kmaq-ln-Ia - mbpw {]_-e-ià - n-bmbn amdn-bt- Xm-
Sp-IqSn NmXpÀhÀWyw ({_m-ÒW
- À, £{Xn-bÀ, sshiyÀ, iq{ZÀ) Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm³ Bhm¯
Hcp BNm-c-am-bn- am-dn.

""PmXn-hy-hØ ZrUs¸-Sp-Ibpw PmXn t{iWn-bnÂ taÂ¯-«p-Im-cmbn hn`-Pn-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvX {_mÒ-WÀ IogvX-«n-epÅ P\-hn-`m-K-§sf FÃm-X-c-¯nepw ASn-
¨-aÀ¯n. Ipäm-t\z-jW
- ¯
- nepw in£mhn-[n-bnepw PmXn-hn-th-N\w IS-¶p-h¶
- p. Ipäw
sXfn-bn-¡m³ {_mÒ-WÀ¡v Xq¡p-]-co-£, £{Xn-bÀ¡v Aán-]-co-£, sshiyÀ¡v
Pe ]co-£, ip{ZÀ¡v hnj ]co-£ þ CXm-bn-cp-¶p coXn. in£m-hn-[n-bn-ep-apv
C½m-Xncn hnth-N-\w. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v h[-in-£tbm XS-hp-in-£tbm CÃ. ]ngbpw
PmXn {`jvSp-am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ¡pÅ in£. Hcp Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cs\ sIm¶mÂ
]ng-in-£sb DÅp. AtX-k-abw AhÀ® PmXn-¡mÀ¡v DbÀ¶ PmXn-bnÂs]«
kv{Xobpambn _Ô-s¸« Ipä-¯n-\pw, tamj-W-Ip-ä-¯n-\p-t]mepw h[-in£ \ÂIn-
bn-cp-¶p. AwK-`wKw hcp-¯pI, ]c-ky-ambn ap¡m-en-bnÂ sI«n ASn-¡p-I. apX-emb
in£-Ifpw \S-¸m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn kw_-Ô-amb Ipä-§f
- psS hnNm-cW
- b
- nÂ hn[n-
IÀ¯m-¡Ä {_mÒ-WÀam-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶Xpw {it²-ba
- m-W.v .... kmaq-ln-Ia
- mb Ak-
a-Xz-¯n\v B¡w IqS-¯¡-hn[w AhÀ®À¡v FÃm PohnX kuI-cy-§fpw \ntj-
[n-¨p. s]mXp \nc-¯p-If
- nÂ IqSn \S-¡mt\m, t£{X ]cn-kc
- §
- f
- nÂ {]th-in-¡mt\m
A\p-hm-Za
- p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. taem-fsc ImÂ Xom-]m-SI
- se amdn-\nÂ¡-Ww. GsX-
¦nepw Xc-¯nÂ khÀWs\ Abn¯am-¡n-bmÂ ITn\ in£ A\p-`hn-¡Ww'' (tI-
cf kwkvImcw þ s{]m^. Fkv. ANyq-X-hm-cyÀ) kZm-Nm-c-ew-L-\-¯n\v ]m{X-am-
Ip¶ \¼q-Xncn kv{XoIÄ ipNo{µw t£{X-¯nÂ sh¨v Xnf¨ s\¿nÂ ssI ap¡n
\nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-¡-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXmW "ipNo{µw ssIap¡v'
Bcy-m[n-\n-thi ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-em-bn-cp¶ G.-Un. 8þmw iX-I-¯n-emWv tIc-f-
¯nÂ PmXn hyhØ DÂ`-hn-¨-sX-¦nepw 11-þmw iX-I-¯n-ep-mb tNc-tNmf bp²-
¯nsâ ê-ambn km¼-¯nI kmaq-lnI aÞ-e-§-fnÂ Dmb ]cn-hÀ¯-\s¯
XpSÀ¶m-Wv PmXn k{¼-Zmbw {]`-e-ambn XoÀ¶-Xv. `c-Wm-[n-]Xyw kaq-l-¯nÂ
D¶X t{iWn-bn-epÅ {_mÒ-W-cn-Â \n£n-]vXa
- m-bn-cp-¶p. \mb-·mÀ ssk\n-I-cm-bn-
cp-¶X
- p-sImv AhÀ¡m-bn-cp¶p IqSp-XÂ kzmX{ýw. sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Xon-Iq-
Sm-bva-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v [mcmfw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw A¶s¯ Ime¯v \ne-\n-¶n-cp-
¶p. \m-bm-Sn-Ifpw ]pe-bt\m \¼q-Xnsb ImWm-\n-S-bm-bmÂ Abn-¯-am-bn. C{]-
Imcw kw`-hn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ hmey-¡msc \nb-an-¨n-cp-¶p. hgn-am-dn sImSp-¡m¯ XmW
PmXn¡mÀ \nb-a-k-am-[m\ ]me-I-·m-cpsS au\-k-½-X-t¯msS h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
P·n k{¼-Zm-b¯
- n-sâbpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw ZpjvSa
- mb kzm[o\w ImcWw P\-
§-fpsS kZm-Nmct_m[w ]msS XIÀ¶p-t]mb Ime-L«w IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. a®m-t¸-
Sn, ]pe-t¸-Sn, ]d-t¸Sn XpS-§nb A\m-Nm-c-§Ä Abn-¯-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \ne-\n-
¶n-cp-¶p. sX¡³ Xncp-hnXmw IqdnÂ a®m-t¸Sn F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xp Xs¶-bmWv

hS¡v ]pe-t¸-Sn-sbt¶m ]d-t¸-Sn-sbt¶m ]d-ªp-hc
- p-¶X
- v. IÀ¡-SI amk-¡m-e¯v
kÔy Ign-ªmÂ B¬ XpW-bn-ÃmsX \mbÀ kv{XoIÄ hoSn\p shfn-bnÂ Cd-
§p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. hoSn\p ]pd¯p sh¨v Hcp a®m-t\m, ]pe-bt\m, ]d-bt\m Hcp
\mbÀ kv{Xosb sXmSp-Itbm Fhn-sS-sb-¦nepw \n¶v It It F¶p hnfn¨p
]d-bp-Itbm sNbvXmÂ AhÄ¡v {`jvSv IÂ¸n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶o-S-hÄ a®msâ
IqsS HmSn c£-s¸«p sImÅ-Ww. _Ôp-¡-fd- n-ªmÂ Ahsf h[n¨p If-bpw. a®m-
t¸-Snsb Ipdn¨v B[n-Im-cn-Im-cn-I-ambn BZyw tcJs¸-Sp-¯n-bXv hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-
bmb _mÀt_m-k-bm-Wv( 1517)
aäp Nne Øe-§-fnÂ sImÃ-¯n-sem-cn-¡Â Imhp-I-fnÂ thebpw ]qchpw
\S-¡p¶ Ime¯v XmW-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ¡v Imhp-I-fnÂ {]th-in-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{ýw
\mSp-hmgn A\p-hZ- n-¨n-cp-¶p. C¡m-e¯v DbÀ¶ PmXn-bnÂs¸« kv{XoIsf XmWPmXn-
¡mÀ¡v I¼p-sImv sXmSp-Itbm, IÃpsIms-dn-bp-Itbm sNbvXmÂ AhÄ Ah-
cpsS IqsS s]bvsIm-ÅWw F¶mWv BNm-cw. a\p-tjym-Nn-Xa
- Ã
- m¯ C¯cw BNm-
c-§Ä {_n«ojv `c-W-Imew hsc ae-_m-dnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. 1696 Â A¶s¯
thWm«p cmPm-hmb D®n-t¡-cf
- h
- Àa-bmWv Hcp hnfw-_c
- ¯
- n-eqsS C¯cw A\m-Nm-
c-§Ä \nÀ¯-em-¡n-b-Xv.
]pe-bÀ, ]d-bÀ, sNdp-aÀ XpS-§nb kap-Zm-b-¡msc ImÀjnI ASn-a-I-fmbn

IcpXn Ahsc hnÂ¡p-Ibpw hm§p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ GÀ¸mSpw BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ
\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. cmjv{So-bh
- pw, km¼-¯n-Ih
- p-amb Nqj-W-§Ä¡p ]pdsa ChÀ¡p
hnZym-`ym-khpw \ntj-[n-¨n-cp-¶p. ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-p-hsc Cu PmXn hyh-
Øbpw PmXn-]o-U\-hpw Gdnbpw Ipd-ªpw XpSÀ¶n-c-¶p. ]mÝm-Xy-an-j-W-dn-am-cp-
sSbpw, N-«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ, {io\m-c-b-W-Kp-cp, A¿-¦mfn XpS-§nb kmaq-lnI ]cn-
jvIÀ¯m-¡f
- p-sSbpw \nc-ć {ia-ê
- h
- p-am-bmWv PmXn-hy-hØ
- n-Xn-bpsS cq£X Ah-
km-\n-¨-Xv. 1936 \hw-_À 12-þmw Xn¿Xn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pmhv {ioNn-¯nc
Xncp-\mÄ _me-cm-a-hÀ½ t£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨-tXmsS PmXn-hy-
hØ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn Ah-km-\n-¨p. -
P·n k{¼-Zmbw
P·m-hI
- m-ia
- pÅ hkvXp-¡f
- \
- p-`h
- n-¡p-¶b
- m-fm-Wv P·n. Ducm-Wa
- m-hI
- miw ]mc-
¼cy hgn-¡m-bn-¯o-cp-¶X
- n\p ap³]v Pohn-XI
- mew AXm-bXv P·w apgp-h³ B Ah-
Imiw h¨p ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp A´-cm-fL - «- a
- p-m-bn-cp¶p. B P·m-hI
- m-i¯
- nÂ

\n¶mWv P·n-bpsS DÛhw (P·n k{¼-Zm-bwþCfw-Ip-fw) `qan-bpsS DS-aØ- X- sb B[m-
c-am¡n ImÀjnI k¼Zv hyh-Øb - nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ k aql-LS- \ - b- m-Wv P·n-¯w.
Ipsd `qan HcmÄ Xtâ-Xm-sW¶ \ne-bnÂ ssIhiw shbv¡p-Ibpw, `qan-bn-Ãm-¯-
hÀ¡v AXn-semcp \nÝnX Ime-t¯¡v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ Ah-kcw \ÂIp-Ib - pw
AXn\p ]I-ca
- mbn AhÀ Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hnf-hnsâ \nÝn-Xa
- mb Awiw hm§n-s¨-
Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ k{¼-Zm-ba
- mWv P·n k{¼-Zm-bw.
P·n k{¼-Zm-b¯ - nsâ Imc-Wa - mbn Cfw-Ipfpw ]d-bp-¶Xv Hcp \qäm-tmfw
CS-hn«v XpSÀ¶ \qäm-p-bp-²s - a¶ t]cn-ed- n-bs - ¸-Sp¶ tNc-þt- Nm-fm-{I-aW - § - s- f-bm-
Wv. sImÃ-hÀjw BZn-iX - I
- §
- f - nse {]_e iàn-bmb Ipe-ti-Jc - · - m-cpw, Z£n-tW-
ý-bnse {]_e-amb asämcp cmP-hwi-amb tNmf-cm-Pm-¡· - mcpw Gäp-ap-«p-Ibpw Bbn-
cm-am-tmsS Bcw-`n¨ Cu Gäp-ap-«Â A{I-aW - hpw {]Xym-{I-aW - §
- f - p-ambn Hcp \qäm-
p-Im-et- ¯mfw \ne-\nÂ¡p-Ib - pw sNbvXp. bp²-¯nsâ kml-Nc - y-¯nÂ A{_m-
ÒW P\-hn-`m-K§ - f - nse ]pcp-j· - mÀ bp²-Im-cy-§f - nÂ am{Xw hym]r-Xc - m-bn. C§s\
A{_m-Ò-W-cpsS {i² t£{X `c-W-Im-cy-§-fnÂ ]Xn-bp-¶n-sÃ¶p I-t¸mÄ
kzmÀ°-cmb t£{X-`c - W- m-[n-Im-cn-IÄ X¶njvSw t]mse {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§n. ]Xn-
s\m¶mw \qäm-nsâ D¯-cmÀ²-t¯m-Sp-IqSn \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ Ah-cpsS kzmX-{ýhpw
A[n-Im-chpw Dd-¸n-¡p¶ ImgvNb - mWv ImWm³ km[n-¡p-I. tIc-f¯ - nse \mSp-hm-gn-
¯-¯nÂ aX-]c - a- mb Hcpkz-`mhw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-§Ä i{Xp-¡f - nÂ \n¶p in£n-
¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A`-b-k-t¦-X-§-fm-bn-cp-¶Xp sImv `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡Ä t£{X-
taÂt¡mbva Ah-Im-is - ¸-«n-cp-¶p. cmPy-`c - Ww \S-¯p¶ cmPmhn\v bmsXmcp \nb-
{´-Wh - pw km[y-aÃ - m¯ cmPy-¯n-\I - s¯ cmPy-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p t£{X kt¦-X§ - Ä
{ItaW Cu kt¦-X§ - Ä cmPm-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ cmjv{Sob kt¦-X§ - f - mbn amdn.-
tNctNmf bp²-Im-e¯v \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS iàn tIc-f-¯nÂ KW-\o-b-ambn
hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw P·n k{¼Zmbw iàn {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P·n F¶ ]Zw
BhnÀ`-hn-¨-Xns\ Ipdn¨pw `n¶m-`n-{]mb§Ä \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. apÉow `c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ "sPao³' F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ kwkvIr-Xo-IrX cq]-amWv
"P·n' F¶ Hc-`n-{]m-ba - pv. P·n F¶-hm¡v "`qhp-Sa' F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ kwkvIr-
X-¯nÂ "i¦-ck - var-Xn'bnÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶p-v. P·w F¶ ]Z-¯n\v Pohn-Imew
F¶ AÀ°w \ÂIn-bmWv Cfw-Ipfw P·n F¶ ]Zs¯ hypÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. G.-
Un. 12-þmw \qäm-p-hsc tIc-f¯ - nse `qhp-Sa - I
- Ä ]pe-b³, CS-b³, hnÃmÀ apXemb
hÀ¤-¡mÀ Bbn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Ah-cpsS `qkz-¯p-¡Ä apgp-h³ t£{X-§f - nepw Ducm-
f·mcmb {_mÒ-Wc - nepw h¶n-tN-cp-Ib - m-Wp-m-bs - X¶pw Cf-Ipfw hmZn-¡p-¶p. C{]-
Imcw P·n k{¼-Zmbw iàn-bmÀÖn-¨p. 19-þmw \qämv hsc P·n k{¼-Zmbw tNmZyw
sN¿-s¸-SmsX \ne-\n¶p. ]n¶oSv P·n-am-cpsS D]-{Zhw AXnsâ aqÀ±-\y-¯nÂ F¯n-
b-t¸mÄ kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb AIÂ¨bpw {_mÒ-W-tcm-SpÅ `àn-Ip-dhpw hÀ²n-¨p.

P·n-Xzs¯ \nb-{ń-¡m-\pÅ kÀ¡m-cnsâ BZys¯ {iaw 1896se P·n-þ-Ip-

Sn-bm³ dKp-te-j-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Akw-L-Sn-X-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw P·n-amÀ A§n§p
\S¯nh¶ Ah-Imi ka-c§
- Ä¡v CsXm-cw-Ko-Im-c-am-bn. 1933se P·n-Ip-Sn-bm³ dKp-
te-j³ 12-þmw t`Z-KXn A\p-kc
- n¨v P·n-¡cw- sIm-Sp¡Wsa¶ hyh-kvX-tbmsS IpSn-
bm-·mÀ¡v Ah-cpsS ssIh-ia
- pÅ `qan-bpsS DS-aØ
- m-hI
- miw Øm]n-¨p-In-«n. 1930se
ae-_mÀ IpSn-bm· BIvSv A\p-kc
- n¨v IpSn-bm-·m-cpsS Ah-Im-i§
- Ä¡v kwc-£Ww
e`n-¨p. 1963Â `q]-cnXn \nÀ®n-b-t¯msS an¨-`qan kÀ¡mÀ Gsä-Sp¯v `qan-bn-Ãm-¯-
hÀ¡v hoXn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡pI F¶ hn¹-hI
- c
- a
- mb Bibw \S-¸n-em-bt- XmsS P·n k{¼-
Zmbw Ncn-{X-¯nse Hcp HmÀ½ am{X-ambnamdn. ""ap³ P·n-amÀ¡v AÀ° ]eni, P·n-
t`mKw, Ic-¯nÂ sNehv F¶o-t]-cp-If
- nÂ \m«m-Nmc {]Imcw s]³j³ cq]-¯nÂ
hÀj-§-fmbn \ÂIn h¶n-cp¶ B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä tIc-f-kÀ¡mÀ \nÀ¯-em-¡n''.
(\nÀ¯-em-¡Â HmÀUn-\³kv \¼À : 23/2005)
\m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fpsS {]tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-§Ä
P·n bmYm-Øn-I-Xz-¯nsâ Xe-h-\mb \nb-{ń-X-amb A[n-Im-c-apÅ Bfm-
bn-cp-¶p. `c-Wm-[n-Imcn apXÂ \mSp-hmgn hsc FÃm-hÀ¡pw Af-hä `qkz-¯p-m-
bn-cp-¶p. ASn-a]
- -Wn¡mÀ AhÀ¡p thn Irjn sNbvXp. \mSp-hm-gnbv¡v ]e hn[-
¯n-epÅ hcp-am-\-§Ä In«n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn ae-_mÀ am\z-enÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v.
Ib-äp-aXn Cd-¡p-a-Xn-Isf kw_-Ôn¨ Xocp-hbpw KXm-K-X-\n-Ip-Xnbpw \mSp-hm-gn¡v
e`n-¨n-cp-¶p. Hcp IpSpw-_-¯nse kz¯nsâ Ah-Im-in-IÄ acn¨v A\-´-cm-h-Imin
Ah-bpsS Npa-Xe Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶Xv kw_-Ôn¨v \mSp-hm-gn¡v ]pcp-jm-ćw F¶
\nIpXn \ÂI-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. A\-ć
- m-h-IminIÄ CsÃ-¦nÂ kz¯p hI-IÄ \mSp-
hm-gn-bnÂ \n£n-]vX-am-Ipw. CXns\ "Aäm-e-S¡w' F¶mWv ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv. \mSp-hm-
gn-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX BÀ¡pw Zs¯-Sp-¡m³ Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. C{]-
Imcw Zs¯-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ \mSp-hm-gn¡v Z¯p-ImgvN \ÂIn A\p-aXn hm§-W-am-bn-cp-
¶p. hnhm-lw, {]k-hw, ac-Ww, Krl-{]-thiw XpS-§n-b-hb
- vs¡Ãmw \mSp-hmgn {]P-
I-fnÂ \n¶pw ImgvNI
- Ä
- CuSm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. ]c-]p-cpj kam-Kaw \S-¯nb kv{XoIsf
\mSp-hm-gn¡v ap³]nÂ lmP-cm-¡p-Ibpw Ahsc \mSp-hmgn hntZ-i-hym-]m-cn-IÄ¡v
hnäv {]Xn-êw hm§p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. henb P·n-amÀ¡pw \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ¡pw
am{Xta ]Ã¡v apX-emb BÀ`mS hkvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³ Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-
cp-¶p-Åq. sImÃpw sImebpw kw_-Ôn¨v A[n-Im-chpw \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ¡p Xs¶-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ ]Xn-t\gpw ]Xn-s\«pw iX-I-§-fnÂ ^yqU-enkw sImSn-
Ip¯n hmgp¶ ImgvN-bmWv ImWm³ km[n¡p-I.

acp-a-¡-¯mbw
s]¬h-gn¡v kz¯-hI
- miw F¶-XmWv acp-a¡
- ¯
- m-b¯
- nsâ apJ-ap-{Z. tIc-f-
¯nsâ am{Xw khn-ti-ja
- mb Hcp k{¼-Zm-ba
- mWv acp-a¡
- ¯
- m-bw. tIc-f¯
- nse acp-a-
¡-¯m-b¯
- nsâ BhnÀ`m-hs
- ¯-¡p-dn¨v ]Þn-X·
- mÀ ]e kn²m-´§
- fpw D¶-bn-¡p-
¶p-v. tIcfw krjvSn¨ ]c-ip-cm-asâ IÂ¸\ A\p-kc
- n-¨mWv acp-a¡
- ¯
- mbw \ne-
hnÂ h¶-sX-¶X
- mWv sFXn-lyw. acp-a¡
- ¯
- mbw tIc-f¯
- nÂ BZn-Imew apXÂ \ne-
\n-¶n-cp¶ Hcp BNmc hnti-ja
- s
- Ã-¶pw Hcp {]tXyI ]cn-XØ
- n-Xn-bnÂ tIc-fo-bÀ
acp-a¡
- ¯
- mbw kzoI-cn-¨X
- m-sW¶pw sI.-]n. ]ß-\m-`t- a-t\m³ A`n-{]m-bs¸Sp-¶p.
]ß-\m-`-ta-t\ms\ icn-sh-bv¡p¶ \nK-a-\-§-fn-emWv Cfw-Ip-fhpw F¯n-
t¨À¶n-«p-Å-Xv. sImÃ-hÀjw 1þmw iX-I-¯nÂ kÀÆ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶Xv a¡-
¯mbw BsW¶pw \qämv bp²-¯n-sâ-A-h-km-\-L-«-¯nÂ \S¸m¡nb \nÀ_-
ÔnX ssk\n-I-tk-h\
- hpw Nmthäp ]S-bpsS cq]-h-Xv¡-c-Whpw \nan¯w kwPm-X-
amb ]cn-XØ
- n-Xn-bnÂ DS-se-Sp-¯X
- mWv acp-a¡
- ¯
- mbw F¶pw At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-
¡p-¶p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-t¯m-SmWv G. {io[-c-ta-t\m-\pw tbmPn-¡p-¶-Xv. bp²-Im-
e¯v \¼q-Xncn {_mÒ-WÀ cmjv{Sob-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw {]mamWyw t\Sn-b-Xpw,
P·n-amÀ F¶ \ne-bnÂ AhÀ¡p e`n¨ km¼-¯n-Im-[n-Im-ch
- pw, tNmfm-{I-a-Ws¯
t\cn-Sm³ GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb \nÀ_-ÔnX ssk\nI ]cn-io-e-\-hpw, NmthÀ ]S-bpsS
cq]-hÂ¡-cW
- h
- pw, \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS kw_Ô GÀ¸m-Sp-amWv G.-Un. 11-þmw \qäm-nÂ
tIc-f-¯nse P\-§sf acp-a-¡-¯mbw kzoI-cn-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n¨ apJy-L-S-I-§-sf-
¶mWv At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \qämp bp²-Im-e¯v ]pcp-j-·mÀ ]S-¡-f-
¯nÂ {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ `qkz¯p kwc-£Ww kv{XobpsS Npa-X-e-bmbn
F¶pw B ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-bnÂ s]¬h-gn¡v kz¯-h-Imiw \ne-hnÂ h¶p F¶p-
amWv Cu hmZ-§f
- p-sS-sbÃmw kmcmwiw
acp-a-¡-¯m-bs¯ \qäm-p-bp-²-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xns\ FXnÀ¡p-
¶-hc
- p-ap-v. \qämpbp²w Hcp sI«p-IY
- b
- m-sW¶p ]dªv ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³
XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. a\p-jykaq-l-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bnÂ acp-a-¡-¯mbw a¡-¯m-b-t¯-
¡mÄ {]mNo-\a
- m-sW¶v GwKÂkv, tamÀK³, aIve\³ XpS-§nb kmaq-lnI imkv{X-
Úv³amcpw \c-hwi]Þn-X·
- mcpw A`n-{]m-bs
- ¸-Sp-¶pv. tIc-f¯
- nse ]qÀÆ \nhm-
kn-I-fmb Kncn-hÀ¤-¡m-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ acp-a-¡-¯mbw Ct¸mgpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v.
tIc-f-¯nse \mK-cnI P\-X-bpsS CS-bnÂ Xs¶ Zmb-{I-a-¯nÂ sFI-cq-]y-an-Ã.
\mbÀ, Cug-hÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ Nne {]tZ-i§
- f
- nÂ a¡-¯m-bn-If
- pw aäpw Nne {]tZ-i-
§fnÂ a¡-¯m-bn-Ifpw aäp Nne {]tZ-i§
- f
- nÂ acp-a¡
- ¯
- m-bn-If
- p-am-Wv. kw_Ôw,
Xnc-p-I-eym-Ww, Xmen-sI«p IÃym-Ww, ]pfn-IpSn XpS-§nb Ht«sd BNm-c-§fpw
acp-a-¡-¯m-b-t¯mSp _Ô-s¸«p hfÀ¶n-cp-¶p. a¡-¯m-b-¯n\pw acp-a-¡-¯m-b-
¯n\pw CSbv¡v an{i-Zm-b-{I-ahpw tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. apÉnw§fpsS CS-
bnÂ Nne Xd-hm-Sp-If
- nÂ kz¯v B¬a-¡Ä¡p Øm\hpw ]Z-hnbpw acp-a¡
- Ä¡pw
\ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-Xmbpw ImWmw.
Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-à
- mbt¸mtg¡pw acp-a¡
- ¯
- m-b¯
- d- h
- m-«nse Imc-
W-h-·m-cpsS AanXm[nIm-c-§-fnÂ a\w-a-Sp¯ ]pXnb Xe-apd B Zm-b-{Iaw XpS-cp-
¶-XnÂ FXnÀ¸p {]I-Sn-¸n¨p XpS-§n. 1912 se \mbÀ BIvSv Iq«p-Ip-Spw_ k{¼-
Zmbw \nÀ¯-em-¡m³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqdnÂ Hcp {]Øm\w Bcw-`n-¨Xnsâ ê-am-Wv.
1925 Â ]mkm-¡nb cmw \mbÀ BIvSv Xd-hm-«p-kz¯v Btfm-lcn `mKw shbv¡m³
ip]mÀi sNbvXp1937 þ38 se BIvSv acp-a-¡-¯mb hyhØ ]qÀ®-ambpw CÃm-Xm-
¡n. 1958 se tIcf BIvSv XXVI(-a-Zn-cmin acp-a-¡¯mb t`-Z-K-Xn) hyàn¡v `mK-h-
Imiw Dd-¸m-¡n. 1976 Â tIcf \nb-ak
- ` ]mkm-¡nb Iq«p-Ip-Spw_ \ntcm-[\ \nbaw
A\p-k-cn¨v a¡-¯mbw \ne-hnÂ h¶p.
klm-bI {KÙ-§Ä
Ipª³]nÅ Cfw-Ipfw þ A¶s¯ tIcfw
KtWiv sI.-F³. þ tIc-f-¯nsâ C¶s-e-IÄ
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ ]n.-sI. þ tIc-f¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn-{Xw
Zmtam-Z-c³ sI. þ tIcf Ncn{Xw
cmL-h-hm-cyÀ Fw.-BÀ. þ tIcfob Ncn{Xam\-§Ä
cmL-h-hm-cyÀ Fw.-BÀ. ,
cm-P³ Kpcp-¡Ä þ tIcf Ncn{Xw
hk-´³ Fkv.-sI. þ \½Ä \S¶ hgn-IÄ
them-bp-[³ ]Wn-¡-tÈ-cn þ k©m-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw
{io[-c-ta-t\m³ G. þ tIcf Ncn{Xw
{io[-c-ta-t\m³ G. þ tIcf kwkvImcw
kp{_-Ò-Wy³ F³. þ kwL-Ime `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
ae-bmf ]T\ kwLw þ kwkvImc ]T\w
Ncn-{Xw kn²m´w {]tbmKw

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School of Distance Education

tIc-f-]-T\w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 2

samUyqÄ 1 : kwkv I m- c wþ Ncn- { Xwþ \nÀÆ- N - \ - § Äþ hnhn[

samUyqÄ 2 : tIc-f-¯nsâ DXv]-¯nþ ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xn-lywþ `qan-

samUyqÄ 3 : kwL-Im-ewþ kmln-Xywþ Bbvþ Ggn-a-sse, tNc-

samUyqÄ 4 : Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPywþ atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, {][m\

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 3

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 4

kwkvImcw F¶ hm¡n\v ip²o-I-c-Ww, KpW-hn-ti-js¯ {]m]n-¡p¶

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 5

hyàn¡v P·\m e`n-¡p-¶-XÃ kwkvIm-cw. Ah-\-hsâ Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn \nc-

Hcp Iem-Im-c³ kz´w Im³hm-kn-epw, Ihn ssS¸v ssdä-dnepw

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 6

kwln-X-bmWv Ethos. kwkvImcLS-I-§sf kv]jvS-sa-¶pw, A´Àeo-\-sa¶pw

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 7

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 8

"tkmZm-l-c-W-apÅ XXz-Nn-´m-]-T\w' F¶-Xn-eqsS ]qÀÆ-Ime kw`-h-§sf

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 9

b-hp-amb am\-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶h - b

tIcf Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-b-I-amb D]m-Zm\

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 10

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 11

hntZi k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 13

hnh-cW {KÙw hncNn-Xa - m-bX

tIcf Ncn-{X-]p-\À\nÀ½n-Xn¡v hnizm-k-tbmKyamb sXfn-hp-IÄ {]Zm\w

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 14

kvamc-I-§Ä {][m-\-ambpw sIm«m-c-§Ä, tIm«-IÄ, t£{X-§Ä, \mW-b-

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 15

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ \nÀ½n¨ Xe-tÈcn tIm«-bpw, t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ \nÀ½n¨ I®q-cnse

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 16

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 17

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 18

hkvXp-Xm]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`m-h-¯n-epw tIc-f-¯nsâ Cu DÂ`-h-

]ÀÆ-X-\n-c-I fpw, ae-Ifpw

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 21

Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm\w kky-Pm-e-§-sfbpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-

tIc-fw, ae-_mÀ F¶o- t]-cp-I-fpsS DÂ]¯n

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 22

IÄ, ]gp-X-d-IÄ, inem-\nÀ½nX Kpl-IÄ, ]S-¡-Ãv, \Sp-¡Ãv, IpS-¡-Ãv, ]m­p-Ipgn,

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 24

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 25

{InkvXp-hÀjw BZy Zi-I§ - f

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 26

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 27

7. sNÂh-¡ SpwtImhm-g n-b m-X Â

8. s]cpw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd

9. Cfw tNcÂ Ccp-s¼mssd

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 29

10. bmss\-I-SvtNbv am´cw tNcÂ

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 30

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 31

tNc-cm-Pm-¡m-·m-cpsS `cW k{¼-Zm-b¯

bp²-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v ck-Ic

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 32

kwL-Ime kmaqly PohnXw

kwL-Im-e¯v A[zm-\-¯nsâ A´kv AwKo-Ic - n-¡s- ¸-«n-cp-¶X- n-\mÂ sXmgn-

tIc-f-]T- \w þ]qÀÆ-Ime tIcfw 33

¡m³ _u² k\ym-kn-IÄ sNbvX {]b-Xv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v [mcmfw ]cm-aÀi-§Ä

{InkvXp hÀjm-cw-`-¯n\p ap³]p Xs¶ _n.-kn. aq¶mw iXIw sXt¡

IÄ, ]gp-X-d-IÄ, inem-\nÀ½nX Kpl-IÄ, ]S-¡-Ãv, \Sp-¡Ãv, IpS-¡-Ãv, ]mp-Ipgn,

¶mWv ]Þn-Xm-`n-{]mbw . F.-Un. F«mw \qämnÂ Hcp kwLw sshtZ-inI {_mÒ-