© 2007 University of Sydney. All rights reserved.

Architectural Science Review

www.arch.usyd.edu.au/asr Volume 50.3, pp 274-280

A Case Study Survey of Harmonic Currents

Generated from a Computer Centre
in an Office Building

Ming-Yin Chan*†, Ken KF Lee** and Michael WK Fung*

* Department of Building Services Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China
** Maxim’s Caterer Limited, Hong Kong, China
† Corresponding author: Tel: (852) 2766 5836; Fax: (852) 2765 7198; Email: bemychan@polyu.edu.hk

Submitted 20 November 2006; accepted 22 May 2007

Abstract: Due to the growing use of non-linear load equipment and new technologies in buildings, harmonic currents generated in
distribution systems pose a new problem for electrical engineers. This is a serious problem when power quality is a prime concern.
The problem is due to some non-linear loads showing different current waveforms when supplied by a distorted voltage. This paper
summarises the results of a case study survey in an office building with a large number of connected computers, a major source of
harmonics. The scope of work included site measurement and analyses. The characteristics and effects of harmonic distortion of load
current and voltages on distribution systems are discussed. It was found that on most occasions, careful planning and design can
minimise the risk of harmonic-related losses in electrical systems. However, this does not always guarantee satisfaction. A bank of
capacitors may be used to improve power factors in electrical systems, though in some cases such a bank may make the situation worse.
An alternative is filters, but the position of filters is also crucial. Based on the case study, the paper discusses alternatives and provides
some practical solutions to the problem of harmonics in office buildings.
Keywords: Computer centres, Harmonic distortion, Office buildings, Power quality

Introduction
The subject of power quality has been given increased
attention over the past decade. Broadly defined, power quality
refers to the degree to which voltages and currents in a system
represent sinusoidal waveforms. Harmonics have become a
serious concern for electrical engineers following the wide use
of electronic appliances. The quality of electrical power in
commercial and industrial installation is undeniably decreasing.
In addition to external disturbances, such as outages, sags and
spikes due to switching and atmospheric phenomena, there
are inherent, internal causes specific to buildings that result
from the combined use of linear and non-linear loads. Solid
examples of degradation are:
• Untimely tripping of protection devices
• Harmonic overloads
• Voltage and current distortion
• Temperature rise in conductors and generators
• Reliability of low-voltage AC systems
The above disturbances are well documented and are directly
related to the proliferation of loads consuming non-sinusoidal
current, referred to as “non-linear loads” (Singh & Verma,
2007). The harmonic currents generated by non-linear loads
cause voltage distortion as they interact with the impedance of
electrical distribution systems.
With the increasing use of solid-state circuit equipment, harmonic
distortion in supply systems becomes more frequent and severe
due to non-linear characteristics of such circuits (Singh & Verma,
2007). Well known non-linear devices include converters, inverters,
electronic-ballast, and lifts and especially computer equipment.
These voltage or current distortions may cause unsafe and unreliable
electrical power supplies, malfunction of equipment, overheating of
conductors and can reduce the efficiency, and life of most connected
loads (Frewin, 1991; Maza-Ortega, Gomez-Exposito, Trigo-Garcia,
& Burgos-Payan, 2005). Therefore, harmonic distortion is an
undesirable effect for electrical systems.
“Clean” power refers to voltage and current waveforms that
represent pure sine waves and are free of any distortion. “Dirty”
power refers to voltage and current waveforms that are distorted and
do not represent pure sine waves. Alternating current power supply
has always suffered from the effects of harmonics. The harmful effects
at the tee-off point, lighting and socket outlet circuits of electrical
distribution systems are documented in many publications (Elmoudi,
2006; Newcombe, 1994a).
Ming-Yin Chan, Ken K.F., Lee and Michael W.K., Fung Harmonic Currents in Office Buildings 275

Table 1: Classification of Harmonics (IEEE, 1995).

Table1: 1: Classification
Classification of of Harmonics (IEEE, 1995). th
Table 2ndHarmonics 3(IEEE,
rd 1995).
4th 5 6th 7th 8th
nd rd th th th th th
2 Harmoni 3 Harmoni 4 Harmoni 5 Harmoni 6 Harmoni 7 Harmoni 8 Harmoni
Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic
50 Hz c 100 c 150 c 200 c 250 c 300 c 350 c 400
50 Hz Sequenc 100 − 150 0 200 + 250 − 300 0 350 + 400 −
Sequence − 0 + − 0 + −
e

Table
Table 2:2:Effects
Effects of Harmonics
of Harmonics (Wagner,
(Wagner, 1992).1992).
Sequence Effect on a Motor Effects on the Power Distribution System
Positive Creates forward-rotating magnetic Heating
field
Creates a reverse-rotating magnetic Heating
Negative
field Motor problems
Heating
Zero None Creates current in the neutral of a 3-
phase, 4-wire system

Table
Table 3:3:Current
Current Distortion
Distortion LimitsLimits
(IEEE,(IEEE,
1992).1992).
Load ratio Harmonic order (odd harmonics)
Isc/IL
h<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 h<11 THD
<20 4 2 1.5 0.6 0.3 5
20<50 (details
7 are shown3.5 below in Table 2.53). The approach 1 is to limit 0.5
consumer’s current
8 distortions
50<100 10
(details 4.5 4 1.5 0.7 12
based onare shownsize
relative below in Table
of loads. The3). terminal
The approach
power issupplier’s
to limit consumer’s current distortions
voltage distortions based on
100<1000 12 5.5 5 2 1 15
>1000 based
the on relative
15voltage 7sizealso
level are of considered.
loads. 6The terminal power supplier’s
2.5 distortion
The voltage is1.4voltage
the seconddistortions
20 based
limitation on
for the
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above
the voltage
quality level are
ofcurrent
voltage also considered. Themust
voltage distortion is the Five
second limitation for the
Isc = maximum short-circuit atthat
PCC a utility company furnish the user. percent of voltage
IL = maximum demand loadof
quality current
voltageat that
PCCa utility company must furnish the user. Five percent of voltage
distortion is the general guideline (IEEE, 2002).
distortion is the general guideline (IEEE, 2002).
Total harmonic distortionTotal harmonic
(voltage distortion
or current) (voltageas
is expressed or current)
a ratio oris expressed as a ratio
How Harmonic Distortions are Formed
of fundamental (IEC, 1982). It is represented by equation (1)
fundamental Total
(IEC,harmonic
1982). It distortion (voltage
is represented or current)
by equation (1)is expressed as a ratio or
A harmonic is defined as “a sinusoidal component of a periodic Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is expressed as a percentage of
wave or quantity having a frequency that is integral(IEC,
fundamental multiples of the
1982). the customer’s
It is represented average (1)
by equation maximum demand current level, rather than
fundamental frequency” (IEEE, 1995). Harmonics can be voltage as a percentage2 of the fundamental, in order to provide a common
"

and/or current related and present in an electrical system in multiples ! "

h =2
Vh

of the fundamental frequency. If the fundamental frequency is 50 V THD =

!Vh Vh
2 × 100% (1)
Hz, the second harmonic is 100 Hz, the third harmonic is 150 Hz, VTHD = h =2
× 100% (1) (1)
Vh
and so on. The second harmonic is negative-sequence, the third
is zero-sequence and the fourth is positive-sequence Total (Newcombe,
Demand Distortion (TDD) is expressed as a percentage of the customer’s
1994b). Table 1 shows the order and sign of Total harmonics.
Demand It is basis (TDD)
for evaluation over aasperiod of time (IEEE,the 1992).
demand Distortion is than
expressed a percentage
of theoffundamental,
customer’s
important to note that each type of average
harmonicmaximum
has different current level, rather
effects as a percentage in
on power distribution systems. The mostordercommon
average
to provideeffects
maximum on power
demand
a common Where
current
basis for level, rather
Ih = over
evaluation Magnitude
than oftime
individual
as a percentage
a period of harmonic
of the1992).
(IEEE, components
fundamental, in
systems are shown in Table 2 (Newcombe, 1994a). (root mean squared amperes)
To investigate harmonic distortions,order
totalto harmonic
provide a common basis for evaluation over a period of time (IEEE, 1992).
distortions
(THD) and total demand distortions (TDD) are used for evaluation. !
2
IEEE Standard 519-1992 (IEEE, 1992) recommends limits on the "
h=!
2
Ih (2)
TDD = 2 × 100% (2)
level of harmonics at the consumer or “point of common coupling” "IL hI
14
(details are shown below in Table 3). The approach is to limit TDD = h= 2 × 100% (2)
IL 14
consumer’s current distortions based on relative size of loads. The h = Harmonic order
Where Ih = Magnitude of individual harmonic components (root mean squared
terminal power supplier’s voltage distortions based on the voltage IL = Maximum demand load current (root mean squared
level are also considered. The voltage Wheredistortion
Ih is =the Magnitude
secondamperes)
amperes)
of individual harmonic components (root mean squared
limitation for the quality of voltage that a utility company must According to IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 555-2, current harmonic
amperes) order
furnish the user. Five percent of voltage distortion ish the=generalHarmonic limits for lighting are reproduced in Table 4. For an overall (lamp
guideline (IEEE, 2002). h = plus ballast)
Harmonic order power factor of 0.9, the third harmonic can be 25%
IL = Maximum demand load current (root mean squared amperes)
IL = Maximum demand load current (root mean squared15 amperes)
According to IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 555-2, current harmonic limits for lighting
According
are reproduced in Tableto4.IEC
For61000-3-2
an overalland IECplus
(lamp 555-2, current
ballast) harmonic
power factorlimits
of 0.9,forthe
lighting
third
276 Architectural Science Review Volume 50, Number 3, September 2007

Table 4: Harmonic limits for Lighting (IEC Standard 555-2) (IEC, 1982).
Table 4: Harmonic limits for Lighting (IEC Standard 555-2) (IEC, 1982).
Harmonic Maximum permissible harmonic current expressed as a
order (n) percentage of the input current at the fundamental
frequency (%)
2 2
3 30λ*
5 10
7 7
9 5
11 < n < 39 (odd
3
harmonics only)
* λ is the circuit power factor

or more, assuming total voltage harmonic distortion is around
1% (IEC, 1982).
For neutral current in systems close to balanced loading this
definition leads to THD of several hundred or even thousand
percent, because the fundamental component is small. Expressing
THD in relation to total root mean squared currents would be
preferable. In this way, the percentage would not exceed 100%
(Burnett, 1994; Ortiz Rivera, 2004).
Research Methodology
Most of the work on the harmonics survey assumes a single
load, linear or non-linear fed from a power system. They can be
categorised into time domain or frequency domain techniques.
They also proposed the measurements of the voltage and load
current where the load is connected. However, there are buses that
individually feed many loads. These loads may or may not be the
source of harmonics and may interfere with each other (Alammari,
Soliman, & El-Hawary, 2004). The site measurement in this paper
followed the guidelines of IEC 6100-4-7 for the measurement of
instantaneous value of harmonic content, power and power factor
(IEC, 2002). It is the standard procedure for measurement of
harmonics with multiple sources. The recommended measurement
interval is three seconds (very short interval) and ten minutes
(short interval). Since the main loads are quasi-stationary (slowly
varying), the time interval for the measurements was taken as one
minute. Due to the variability of harmonics on weekdays and
weekends, the instrument analysed data and records at different
sampling periods. To measure the load characterization under
different supply locations, an instrument “Energytest 2020E”
was used. The instrument enabled arbitrary waveforms to be
injected in single-phase, two-phase and three-phase loads in
cases of three-phase or single-phase tests. The instrument also
had a harmonics measurement module that was used to obtain
the consumed current spectrum for the load under different test
conditions. In order to carry out the test, it was necessary to
establish a wide range of harmonic voltage measurements. The
testing procedures were set as follows:
1. Monitor existing values of harmonics and check against third harmonic was also within the limit of 30λ% (where λ is the
recommended levels
2. Identify equipment that generates harmonics
3. Observe existing background levels and track the trends of
voltage and current harmonics (daily)
4. Make measurements with and without nonlinear loads
connected, and determine the harmonic driving point
impedance at given locations
The site used for this case study was a major office building in
Hong Kong, where several levels serve as a computer centre. The
non-linear loads under investigation included fluorescent lighting,
small power equipment, computers and printers. They were fed
from the 250A TPN plug-in unit (schematic line diagram - detail
‘A’ of Figure 1) and were distributed from MCCB to individual
MCB board. The site measurements of this building were mainly
taken at the tee-off, lighting and socket outlet points. In order
to have full load and part load conditions, the measurements
of harmonic were under both working and non-working hours
(night time). The studied parameters included power factor,
voltage and current harmonic.
Three periods of measurement were from 28-31 October 2005,
4-7 November 2005 and 6 March 2006. A multiple clamp was
used to take the measurements. The harmonic data (Accuracy:
±5.0% + 2 digit) was recorded with time intervals of one minute.
Since the background harmonics changed from time to time,
the parameters were analyzed with regard to the full scale of the
current. Three different points were taken at the same time.
The instrument was able to measure voltages, currents, active
powers, inductive and capacitive reactive powers, total harmonic
distortion, inductive and capacitive power factors, and analogue
or impulse parameters.
Results and Discussion
Lighting Load
The lighting equipment in the building consisted of fluorescent
lamps and electronic ballast. Harmonic current generated in
electronic ballasts was due to the operation of a single-phase diode-
bridge rectifier, which is commonly found in most electronic power
supplies. The measured values in normal working hours are shown
in Table 6. The THDI was around 13%. The THDv and third
harmonic ranged from 3.7% to 4.2% and 8.2V to 9.4V respectively.
Compared with the recommended standard, the harmonic 17 voltage
distortion was acceptable for the 5% value (IEEE, 1992) and the
power factor of the lamp circuit) in IEC 555-2 (IEC, 1982). In
non-working hours, the THDv and third harmonic were reduced
to zero when the non-linear loads were switched off.
The corresponding neutral current was also examined. Results
showed that it was composed of the third harmonic. Taking the
Ming-Yin Chan, Ken K.F., Lee and Michael W.K., Fung Harmonic Currents in Office Buildings 277

Table 5: Harmonic limits of COP for Energy Efficiency of Electrical Installation

(EMSD, 2000).
Table 5: Harmonic limits of COP for Energy Efficiency of Electrical Installation (EMSD, 2000).

Table 6:Table 6: Compatibility

Compatibility Levels Levels
for for IndividualHarmonic
Individual Harmonic Voltages
Voltagesin the
in Low-Voltage
the Low-Voltage
Public Network
Public According
Network to IEC 61000-2-2*.
According to IEC 61000-2-2*.

18

Figure 1: Electrical installation the office building.

278 Architectural Science Review Volume 50, Number 3, September 2007

Table 7: Results of site measurement (January to February 2006).

Table 7: Results of site measurement (January to February 2006).
Date Current P.F. II % of harmonic distortion (In /II)
(A) rms (A) h1 h3 h5 h7 h9 h11 THD
28/10 - 31/10 L1 51.96 0.85 45.52 100 50.3 15.9 5.05 5.78 0.198 53.52
L2 6.25 0.95 6.17 100 13.13 0 0 0 0 13.2
L3 17.51 0.78 14.26 100 53.9 17 5.5 6.5 0 70.11
4/11 - 7/11 L1 55.72 0.85 49.6 100 52 14.94 5.12 5.38 0 48.6
L2 8.89 0.92 8.7 100 13.8 0 0 0 0 13.8
L3 19.23 0.78 16.94 100 52 15.05 6.73 6.73 0 48.47
6/3 (Test 1) L1 62.32 0.88 58.77 100 43.9 27.65 16.2 7.1 0 54.83
L2 9.92 0.99 9.9 100 7.12 0 0 0 0 7.12
L3 31.16 0.92 28.27 100 30.03 18.25 11.2 6.3 0 37.4
6/3 (Test 2) L1(N) 62.96 _ 20.75 100 264.14 80.82 44.77 27.04 11.1 100
L2(N) 20.4 _ 6.54 100 183.48 1.3 0.5 0 0 183.5
L3(N) 35.97 _ 12.53 100 180.9 37.2 24 11.5 3.1 196.2
Voltage P.F. VI % of harmonic distortion (Vn /VI)
(V) rms (V) h1 h3 h5 h7 h9 h11 THD
28/10 - 31/10 L1 225.1 _ 224.9 100 4.18 0 0 0 0 4.18
L2 225.2 _ 224.9 100 4.19 0 0 0 0 4.19
L3 225.2 _ 224.8 100 4.18 0 0 0 0 4.19
4/11 - 7/11 L1 224.8 _ 224.6 100 4.08 0 0 0 0 4.08
L2 224.8 _ 224.6 100 4.07 0 0 0 0 4.07
L3 224.7 _ 224.5 100 4.07 0 0 0 0 4.07
6/3 L1 225.2 _ 224.9 100 3.82 0 0 0 0 3.82
L2 225.4 _ 225.5 100 3.64 0 0 0 0 3.64
L3 225.4 _ 224.8 100 3.71 0 0 0 0 3.71

measurement data in the computer centre the third harmonic current
(12.2A) in neutral was approximately 1.9 times the fundamental
current (6.54A). The predominance of third harmonic current
was due to the in-phase summing of phase values (IEC, 1982).
This dynamic situation enhanced the production of third harmonic
current caused by the presence of third harmonic voltage distortion
in phase voltage waveform (Liew, 1989).
Socket Outlets (Computer Loads)
The small power supplies were mainly socket outlet computers
and printers. The results of measurement showed that the
dominant harmonics were third, fifth and seventh harmonics.
The highest harmonic current distortion for R–phase, Y-phase
and B-phase was in the region of 48%, 38% and 71%. It was
excessively high when it was compared with the recommended
value of 15% (IEEE, 1992). This was mainly due to the switched
mode power supplies of computers, which had a capacitor and
diode bridge as fundamental components in the input stage.
The wide range of phase THDI from 38% − 71% was caused by
the effect of attenuation and the diversity of current harmonics
was caused by variation in power levels (Mansoor, 1995). The
neutral current (35.97A) with an unbalanced current (12.53A)
was lower than the design values (100A) in the distribution
system. If additional computer appliances were installed, the
risk of excessive neutral current would occur due to an increase
in harmonic current distortion.
Tee-off Points of MCCB
The overall effects due to lighting, socket outlets and other
loads were observed at the main tee-off point. Similar to the
small power loads, the dominant harmonics were third, fifth
and seventh. The measured results of the THDI (51% to 54%
− Phase R, 53% to 55% - Phase Y & 47% to 49% - Phase B)
were still greater than the recommended value of 15% in IEEE
519, but they were lower than the small power load of the
socket outlets. The lighting and computers were connected at
the same supply source and this supply source was known as
the “Point of Common Coupling”. A cancellation of fifth and
seventh harmonics current occurred between these two types of
non-linear loads. Obviously, the harmonic distortion was due
to the cancellation and absorption effect of different relative
phase angles of harmonic content. The neutral20 wire (62.96A) is
dominated by triple harmonics (54.8A), rather than unbalanced
current (20.75A). The cumulative effect of non-linear loads on the
floor contributed to large distortion. It caused the temperature
to rise and polluted the AC waveform. As a whole, the overall
THDs in different equipment are said to be satisfactory, but it
will cause heating of neutral conductors. The final outcome is
a waste of energy.
Ming-Yin Chan, Ken K.F., Lee and Michael W.K., Fung Harmonic Currents in Office Buildings 279

L1 – Tee-off point
L2 – Lighting (Phase Red)
point (Phase
Red) L3 – S/O point (Phase
Red)

Current / flexible clamps connected at three different points

L1 – Tee-off
point (Phase
Blue)

L2 – Lighting L3 – S/O point

point (Phase (Phase Blue)
Blue)

Current / flexible clamps connected at three different points

Figure 2: Site measurement.

Figure 2: Siteequipment may produce undesirable effects. Capacitors can

Conclusions
Problems of harmonics from non-linear loads continue to grow
with modern office buildings. It becomes a new challenge for
building design engineers because there is a drastic change of electrical
equipment installed inside modern buildings. The increasing use of
electronic equipment may cause the distortion to reach unacceptable
levels in future. The most common problem is the harmonic distortion
caused by non-linear loads such as electric household appliances,
lighting, personal computers or speed control units for motors. In
a well balanced system, the vector sum of the currents in the neutral
was zero or close to zero. In general, even harmonics, (2nd and 4th)
do not cause problems. The odd multiples of the third harmonic
are added together in the neutral and can cause overheating even
with balanced loads, which is extremely undesirable.
Non-linear loads draw power at a low power factor with large
harmonic currents. Reduction of continuous disturbances due
to harmonics often requires the use of harmonic filters. In most
instances, power factor correction capacitors can be installed in
the form of a harmonic filter bank to provide both power factor
correction and harmonic filtering capabilities. However, the
application of capacitors in the presence of harmonic generating
measurement.
amplify certain harmonics if there is parallel resonance between
the capacitor bank and source of harmonic equipment. The result
would be excessive capacitor currents, capacitor fuse blowing and
excessive voltage distortion in the system. Special consideration
must be given to the application of capacitors to a power system
that contains harmonic generating equipment.
22
Three site measurements were taken at an office building with
a large number of computers connected. The phenomenon of
harmonics generated by non-linear loads of lighting, socket outlets
and tee-off point were also investigated. Harmonic distortion
is currents at frequencies of odd multiples of the fundamental
frequency. It is usually expressed in terms of percentage of the
fundamental. The AC input currents drawn by non-linear loads
were made of a fundamental sine wave plus a number of harmonic
sine wave (multiples of the fundamental frequency). Frequency
inverter of air conditioning systems and fluorescent lighting are
well-known sources of harmonics; others are computers and
equipment fitted with switch mode power supplies (Francisco,
2006). Higher distortion values may result in the malfunction of
control equipment and power supply which in turn can lead to
production and process interruption that can have high economical
280 Architectural Science Review Volume 50, Number 3, September 2007
impacts. Harmonic currents considerably affect the neutral wire
of electric installations and pollute the AC waveform. Therefore,
remedial actions taken in isolation can greatly improve the overall
power quality.
A current controlled power converter can be used in the
mitigation or active filtering of harmonic currents and voltages,
provided that it is at an appropriate point. Otherwise, the effect
is not sound and it does not relieve the problem efficiently. This
was not stressed in the past. A power electronic converter intended
for load balancing, source balancing and harmonic compensation
can be connected in parallel with the voltage source close to the
source of unwanted reactive and harmonic currents. This may lead
to a higher cost due to using a number of filters or converters. In
return, it could provide a better elimination effect.
The survey was conducted in a typical office building with
many computers connected. The data obtained from the survey
indicates that it is a problem commonly found in many similar
office buildings in Hong Kong. The office building was built in
the 1990’s and was well planned to eliminate harmonics at the
design stage, but it did not work satisfactorily. The main reason
is the improper position of converters and filters. Although there
are many variations of power quality problems, the most significant
power quality issues are voltage unbalance and harmonic current.
Balanced three-phase currents do not generate neutral currents
and provide a reliable and safe operation. All neutral components,
including neutral terminal and neutral bus-bars, should be sized
for additional harmonic current (HKEMSD, 2000). This will lead
to oversize of conductors, therefore, it is imperative to identify
the various harmonic generating sources and to understand their
load characteristics. Whatever the source of disturbances, the
effects must be minimized or eliminated. Failure to do so will
result in an increase in downtime, lost production, increased cost
of equipment maintenance, or frequent replacement or failed
equipment. Therefore, designers should take into consideration
these issues when designing a power distribution system.
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