CHP # 03: Types of construction machinery and equipment

CHAPTER # 03
Civil
Engineering
Practice
Construction Machinery
CHP # 03: construction machinery
CHAPTER # 03
Types of Labour
1- Manual labour
Manual Labour in major civil engineering projects includes both human and
animal power assisted by simple implements like wheel borrows, normal pick
axe and spade etc. The manual labour employed on the execution of civil
engineering projects falls under the following two groups:
(a). Skilled Labour
This includes persons having training in performing jobs needing skill e.g.,
operators of mechanical and electrical equipments, drivers of all kinds,
masons, carpenters, electricians, blacksmiths etc.
(b). Unskilled Labour
The labour not requiring any particular skill e.g., labourers, helpers, mates,
cleaners, oilmen, greasers, etc
2
Civil engineering practice
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CHP # 03: construction machinery Dr.Kamran
.
2- Mechanical labour may be described as “work done by heavy machinery
operated by fuel and electricity”.
Discussion
 It is well known fact that the entire canal system in Pakistan (which is one of
the biggest irrigation systems in the world), railway embankments and road
embankments were constructed by manual labour.
11
12
13
14
 MANUAL LABOUR VERSUS MACHINERY
15
 With the economical improvement of the people, less labour is available.

However, in thickly populated areas, labour is still available in abundance.
 The rising unemployment and under-employment in the country due to rapid

growth of population is posing a serious threat to the economy of the
country. Unless this huge manpower is usefully utilized, we may face, huge
economic problems as well as the problems of social and political system.
 Another serious position with respect to heavy mechanical equipment is that

it requires fuel, lubricants and spare parts, which require foreign exchange, as
none of these are locally made.
 It is a significant fact that we are already spending considerable part of our

foreign exchange earnings for the import of spare parts and raw materials for
our industries.
16
Advantages of Manual Labour
1. The use of manual labour in major civil works, wherever, possible in

developing countries help to improve the economic conditions of common
people of the project area. As a labour intensive project creates
employment opportunities to thousands of unemployed and under-
employed labour during their idle period after the harvesting season, it
improves the economic condition of the people in the project area and the
surroundings.
2. Employment of manual labour in civil engg. projects increases the

circulation of the money and the per capita income of the people is
considerably improved, which in turn helps in formation and mobilization
of domestic capitals. These domestic capitals are being used for industrial
growth and open new avenues for more employment and prosperity.
17
 It is interesting to note that some of the countries like Japan and China have
converted the availability of large manpower into a great asset instead of
being a liability.
 The basic theory behind this conception is that labour can be converted into
capital by intense labourization of industry. With efficient and sensible use of
manual labour and simple implements, Pakistan can affect considerably the
economy of Civil Engineering projects.
18
Advantages of Manual Labour
3. As we neither manufacture construction equipment nor we produce

enough oil and other fuels required for the operation of this equipment,
substantial value of work is being spent outside the country in the shape of
much needed foreign currency. This is not only causing a heavy drain on
our foreign exchange but also effects trade balance unfavorably and
increases our dependence on foreign aid and loans.
4. Earthwork rates for machines are invariably higher than the corresponding
rates through manual labour. Therefore, for earthwork, more stress should
be laid on the exploitation of local professional and casual labour. Enough
potential is available and more can be developed. The casual agricultural
labour offers a great challenge to social and political forces of our
developing nation. From parasites, the idle members of the community can
be made responsible and respectable citizens. The labour potential of the
country is a vast reserve of the energy, and needs exploitation to the
maximum.
19
EARTH MOVING OPERATIONs
The first basic operation in any construction project is

of earth-moving. Land has to be cleared from jungle or
vegetation before any building activity can be started,
which may be of making roads, buildings,
embankments or drainage works.
The excavation involves digging large quantity of earth

and moving them to distance often fairly long. The
operations of ripping, leveling, grading, and compacting
earth are called earth-moving operations, which are
necessary on large works.
20
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

Excavation is the process through which earth is dug from one
place and deposited to another. It, thus, includes the two
operations of digging and shifting of earth.
There are machines, which perform both of these two

operations, unaided by any other agency. Such machines may be
called as “Excavating and Carrying machines”.
However, in several other cases, these two operations are

accomplished through a combination of two or more machines---
---- digging being done by machines, which are called purely
„Excavating‟ and shifting by units called „Carriers‟.
21
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

Some examples of these machines are:
1. Excavating and Carrying – Clamshells, Bulldozers, Tractor
pulled Scrapers, etc.
2. Purely excavating – Draglines, Front Shovels, Backhoe,
elevating graders, etc.
3. Carrier units – Dump Trucks, Trailers, Wagons, etc.
Classification of Equipment
1. Hauling Equipment
Hauling is the transportation of material by mobile units over
highways or country roads. Transportation includes movement
over rail, road or water; but hauling is a term confined to the
movement over roads such as with trucks, trailers or wagons.
22
2. Hoisting Equipment
Hoisting is the lifting of materials against gravity and
may be done with a wide range of equipment, from the
small hand operated simple jack to the modern high-
powered cranes and elevators.
3. Conveying Equipment
Conveying is the name given to the movement of
materials along a stationary structure, material being
generally loose and granular such as dug earth,
aggregates, sand, concrete etc. The equipment consists
of belt conveyers, bucket conveyers, scraper and screw
conveyers, etc.
4. Pneumatic Equipment
Compressed air is used in several ways in modern
construction.
23
For tunneling and rock excavation, drills used are almost

invariably run with compressed air. Pile drivers and extractors
generally employ air under pressure as the power medium, as air
behaves like steam as a motive force. Concrete vibrations often
work pneumatically.
5. Pumping Equipment
Water figures prominently in any large construction project. It is
a necessary item for such operations as compaction, mixing, and
curing of concrete, and washing, grouting, cooling etc. Jetting or
hydraulic sluicing, if used for excavation, needs large quantity of
water under pressure. Pumps are often used to handle these
water needs. Drainage and de-watering problems and quite often
depressing of the sub-soil water level for a deep excavation have
to be encountered in planning pumping works on a project.
24
EXCAVATION OF EARTH
Scope of Work
After obtaining some idea of the quality of materials to
be excavated, by means of boring and subsequent
classification, we must determine the quantity of
material to be moved and the scope of operations. The
scope of earthwork operations depends upon the
following factors:
1. The total quantity of earth to be moved;
2. The location of the excavation site;
3. Its relative width, breadth and depth;
4. The type of soil to be moved;
5. The final decomposition (dumping) to be made of the
excavated material.
25
EXCAVATION OF EARTH
Types of Excavation
Excavation falls into the following types, depending on the
factors noted above:
 Bulk-pit excavation.
 Bulk wide-area excavation.
 Loose bulk excavation.
 Limited-area, vertical excavation.
 Trench excavation.
 Tunnel excavation.
 Dredging.
26
BULK-PIT EXCAVATION
27
BULK WIDE-AREA EXCAVATION
28
LOOSE BULK EXCAVATION
29
LIMITED-AREA, VERTICAL EXCAVATION 30
TRENCH EXCAVATION 31
TUNNEL EXCAVATION.
32
DREDGING 33
EXCAVATION OF EARTH
1. Bulk-pit Excavation
It is primarily excavation of considerable depth, as well
as substantial volume or bulk that must be hauled from
the site of the operations.
In this kind of excavation, the equipment used is

operated against the face of the bank from its lower
level, and the excavated material is loaded into the
vehicles at the bottom of the pit to be hauled away
from the site.
The resulting pit has vertical or nearly vertical walls

because of site limitation, such as adjoining streets or
buildings.
34
EXCAVATION OF EARTH
2. Bulk Wide-area Excavation
It may also have considerable depth and total volume
and may also require that the material be hauled away.
In this kind of excavation, however, there is complete

access to the site from many directions, and the
excavation banks can be sloped flatly on two or more
sides.
It is usually shallower in depth, but larger in area. The

excavated material is hauled a shorter distance and
deposited over an area similar to that from which it is
dug, e.g.; in the construction of an embankment for
highway or airport runway.
35
EXCAVATION OF EARTH
3. Loose Bulk Excavation
It differs from the previous two types in the character
of the materials to be excavated ----- wet clays and silts
in unconsolidated formations, the bulk of which is not
hauled away but simply cast into a new position.
Excavations for canals and embankments are the
general type.
4. Limited Area, Vertical Excavation
This method of excavation is used in loose or wet soils-
--unconsolidated formations--- where the banks must
be supported by shoring or sheeting (timbering). The
material must be lifted out vertically.
36
EXCAVATION OF EARTH
5. Trench Excavation
In this type, the width of operations--- and, generally,
the depth--- is limited. Trenching may be performed in
any soil, and will sometimes fall into the category of
limited-area, vertical excavation.
6. Tunnel Excavation
It is limited in width, as in trenching, and in depth or
height, it is carried out completely underground.
7. Dredging
It is the removal of soil from underwater, using the
water as means of transportation to convey the soil to
final positions. Remodeling of canals and surface drains
falls under this category. Draglines are more suited for
such works.
37
RENT EQUIPMENT/OWN EQUIPMENT

Contractors and other users of construction equipment
frequently are concerned with a decision as to whether
to purchase or rent equipment.
Under certain conditions, it is financially advantageous

to purchase, whereas under other conditions, it is more
economical and satisfactory to rent it.
There are atleast three methods under which a
contractor may secure the use of construction
equipment. He may,
1. Purchase it.
2. Rent it.
3. Rent it with an option to purchase it at a later date (also
called to take on lease)
38

The method selected should be the one that will provide the
use of the equipment at the lowest total cost, consistent with
the use that the contractor will make of the equipment. Each
method has both advantages and disadvantages, which should
be considered prior to make a decision.
Advantages of Purchasing Equipment
The purchase of equipment, as compared with renting it, has
several advantages including the following:
1. It is more economical if the equipment is used frequently.
2. It is more likely to be available for use when needed.
3. Because ownership assures better maintenance and care,
purchased equipment will be kept in better mechanical
condition.
39
Disadvantage of Purchasing Equipment

The disadvantages of owning the equipment are following:
1. It may be more expensive than renting.
2. The purchase of equipment may require a substantial
investment of money or credit that may be needed for other
purposes.
3. The ownership of equipment might influence a contractor to
continue using the equipment beyond its economical life,
thereby increasing the cost of the production unnecessarily.
40
Final Decision
Contractors should confine their purchases and uses to
standard equipment unless a project definitely justifies the
purchase or use of special equipment.
41
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
 1
A zadi C howk.mp4
42
POWER SHOVELS (EXCAVATING UNIT)
Power Shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and

load it into trucks or tractor-pulled wagons or on the
conveyer belts.
They are capable of excavating all classes of earth,

except solid rock, without prior loosening.
Shovels may vary in sizes from ¾ cu-yd to 4.0 cu-yd,

weighing from 6, 7 tons to hundred of tons and boom
lengths capable of dumping on roof of a seven storied
building.
They may have gasoline, diesel or electric drive.
43
The Size of the Power Shovel
The size of a Power Shovel is indicated by the size of the

bucket, expressed in cubic yards.
Power Shovels are commonly available in the following sizes:

3/8, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 cu-yd. Larger sizes may be
available, or they can be manufactured on special orders.
44
45
46

Power Shovel Applications
1. Embankment Digging
It is the necessary purpose for which the Power Shovel was
designed, and, at this job, there is no other piece of excavating
equipment that can produce equal productions in any type of
soil or shattered rock.
2. Loading into Haul Units

It is a necessary consequence of embankment digging. There is
no more efficient method of loading trucks than with the
Power Shovel, although virtually every piece of excavating
equipment can be used for loading, if it is not self-loading.
47

3. Side Casting
It is the special case of embankment digging without loading.
However, its effectiveness is limited by boom length and by
the fact that the casting side must remain lower than the level
on which the Shovel rests.
4. Dressing Slopes
It is a useful function if the slope results from the
embankment digging and the dressing is performed as a part
of the excavating process. For general slope grading other
equipment should be used.
48
5. Dumping on Soil Banks

Like side casting, it is the function of the Shovel that is
limited to special situations.
6. Digging Shallow Trenches
It is not a desirable use for a Power Shovel. Since the
shovel must dig forward into the bank of earth, it must
span that portion of the trench, which is already dug.
This requires a stable, cohesive soil whose bank edges
will not crumble. Soils that will support the weight of
the Shovel and can still be cut with neat vertical walls
are rarely encountered.
49

CHP # 03: Types of construction machinery and equipment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHP # 03: Types of construction machinery and equipment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER # 03

(b). Unskilled Labour

 With the economical improvement of the people, less labour is available.

 The rising unemployment and under-employment in the country due to rapid

 Another serious position with respect to heavy mechanical equipment is that

 It is a significant fact that we are already spending considerable part of our

Advantages of Manual Labour

1. The use of manual labour in major civil works, wherever, possible in

2. Employment of manual labour in civil engg. projects increases the

Advantages of Manual Labour

3. As we neither manufacture construction equipment nor we produce

EARTH MOVING OPERATIONs

The first basic operation in any construction project is

The excavation involves digging large quantity of earth

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

There are machines, which perform both of these two

However, in several other cases, these two operations are

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

For tunneling and rock excavation, drills used are almost

In this kind of excavation, the equipment used is

The resulting pit has vertical or nearly vertical walls

In this kind of excavation, however, there is complete

It is usually shallower in depth, but larger in area. The

RENT EQUIPMENT/OWN EQUIPMENT

Under certain conditions, it is financially advantageous

RENT EQUIPMENT/OWN EQUIPMENT

RENT EQUIPMENT/OWN EQUIPMENT

Disadvantage of Purchasing Equipment

RENT EQUIPMENT/OWN EQUIPMENT

POWER SHOVELS (EXCAVATING UNIT)

Power Shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and

They are capable of excavating all classes of earth,

Shovels may vary in sizes from ¾ cu-yd to 4.0 cu-yd,

They may have gasoline, diesel or electric drive.

POWER SHOVELS (EXCAVATING UNIT)

The Size of the Power Shovel

The size of a Power Shovel is indicated by the size of the

Power Shovels are commonly available in the following sizes:

POWER SHOVELS (EXCAVATING UNIT)

2. Loading into Haul Units

POWER SHOVELS (EXCAVATING UNIT)

POWER SHOVELS (EXCAVATING UNIT)

Power Shovel Applications

5. Dumping on Soil Banks

You might also like