APPLIED PHYSICS LAB # 1

FACULTY INCHARGE: Dr. Imran Malilk

SEECS BEE-11A

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

Ammar Ahsan 313977

Hamzah Sohail 286248

M. Ammar Azeem 286412

Muhammad Ahmad 290480

Ahson 289773
DERIVATION of FORMULA(E)

In case of Area (Experiment 1);

In case of g (Experiment 2);

EXPERIMENT 1
Statement:
Finding the table's perimeter together with its uncertainty.

Abstract:
We will find a table's perimeter by taking several lengths and widths
measurements and then calculating the error in the perimeter's final value.

Theory:
Due to the existence of systematic error and random error, it is the primary
reason for mistake in the final value. Systematic error may happen owing to
incorrect instrument calibration or failure to correctly use the instrument. Such
mistakes can only be decreased by properly using the apparatus and using
properly calibrated scales. Because of unknown reasons, random errors occur and
are always present in any reading, no matter how well you do an experiment.
There is no specific pattern of random errors. The measurements collected each
time will always be distinct, so random error can be decreased only by averaging
multiple set of measurements.

Data Analysis:
S. # Length, L (cm) Width, W (cm)
1 213.0 74.9
2 213.5 75.1
3 213.2 75.0
Mean value= Sum of all value / Number of readings:

(mean length) L = 213.23 cm

(mean width) W = 075.00 cm

(Standard Deviation)S.D =

S.D of Length = 0.1450 cm

S.D of Width = 0.0574 cm

(Standard Error)S.E =

S.E in Length = 0.08370 cm

S.E in Width = 0.03316 cm

(Area) A = L x W
A = 15992.25

= 9.185 cm

∴ Area = (15992.25 ± 9.185) cm

= (159.923 ± 0.0919) m

Conclusion:
It can therefore be concluded that there will always be an error in the reading
being taken. The error can be in the form of random error or systematic error,
although this error can be reduced by taking multiple sets of readings.
EXPERIMENT 2
Statement:
Finding the gravitational acceleration value (g) together with its uncertainty.

Abstract:
Throughout the simple pendulum experiment, we will find the value of g. We will
measure the length and time period values and then use the appropriate formula
to determine the value of g. Finally, in the value of g, we will calculate the error.

Theory:
Due to the presence of systematic error and random error, it is the main reason
of error in the final value. Systematic error may occur due to incorrect instrument
calibration or failure to properly use the instrument. Such errors can only be
reduced by properly using the device and using the properly calibrated scales.
Random errors occur because of unknown reasons and is always present in any
reading regardless of how well you do an experiment. No specific pattern follows
random error. The readings taken each time will always be different, so random
error can be reduced only by taking multiple set of readings on average.

Data Analysis:
S. # Length, L(cm) Time, t(s)* Time Period, T(s) =t/10
1 31.5 11.2 1.12
2 31.3 10.7 1.07
3 31.4 12.0 1.20
*(t=time for 10 oscillations)
Mean value= Sum of all value / Number of readings
(mean length) L = 31.4 cm
(mean time period) T = 1.13 s

(Standard Deviation)S.D =

S.D of Length = 0.0577 cm

S.D of Time Period = 0.0370 s

(Standard Error)S.E =

S.E in Length = 0.0316 cm

S.E in Time Period = 0.0216s

(Gravitational Acceleration) g =

g = 969.82 cm

= 0.218 cms-2

∴ Gravitational Acceleration = (969.82 ± 0.218) cms-2

= (9.69 ± 0.00218) ms-2

Conclusion:
So, it can be concluded that an error will always occur in the reading. The error
can be in the form of systematic error or random error. Though by taking several
sets of readings, the error can be reduced.