Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture8 PDF
Lecture8 PDF
OSCILLATORS
NOISE IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
Oscillators
Wien-Bridge
Relaxation Oscillator
Noise
Noise
Type of Noise
Noise Sources
OSCILLATORS
An oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodically
oscillating waveform on its output with dc input.
Conditions of Oscillations:
i. The phase shift around the feedback loop must be 0 degree
ii. Closed feedback loop gain Acl must be 1
FEEDBACK OSCILLATORS
Vf is amplified to produce the output
voltage , which in turn produces the
feedback voltage.
R1
The non-inverting amplifier must Voltage-
–
have a gain of exactly 3.0 as set by divider
R2 Vout
R1 and R2 to make up for the +
attenuation.
If it is too little, oscillations will not R4
C1
occur; if it is too much the sine R3 C2
Lead-lag
wave will be clipped. network
The 0o phase-shift
condition is met when
the frequency is fr.
RELAXATION OSCILLATOR
A simple relaxation oscillator that uses a Schmitt trigger is the basic
square-wave oscillator.
The two trigger points, UTP and LTP are set by R2 and R3. The
capacitor charges and discharges between these levels:
R1
R3
VUTP Vmax
R2 R3
VC
–
R3
VLTP Vmax C
Vout
R2 R3 Vf +
R2
The period of the waveform is
given by:
R3
2R
T 2 R1C ln 1 3
R2
NOISE
Noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal.
Thermal Noise
Shot Noise
Flicker Noise
Burst Noise
Avalanche Noise
Thermal Noise
Shot Noise
Flicker Noise
Burst Noise
Avalanche Noise
The objective for the designer is to place the signals that the
circuit processes
above the noise floor, but below the level where the signals will
clip.
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
The noisiness of a signal is defined as:
http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tle2027.pdf
NOISE BANDWIDTH
More on Noise
NOISE UNIT
Example:
An op-omp TLE2027 has noise specification of 2.5
nV/ √ Hz
http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tle2027.pdf
More on Noise
CALCULATING SNR
If the output signal is of 1V
SNRdB= 20log(28328)
= 89 dB