MUS 

Q.1 Define a pump and give its broad classification with application?(701) Ans: DEFINITION : A pump 
is a device which will increase the pressure energy of fluid by virtue of mechanical energy. 
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMP 1. Positive displacement pumps : 2. Rotodynamic pumps : 
I. Axial flow pump 
II. radial flow pump III. mixed flow pump 3. Reciprocating pump : According to water being in contact 
with piston. 
I. Single acting pump II. Double acting pump According to number of cylinder 
I. Single cylinder II. Double cylinder APPLICATION OF PUMPS : 1) To pump water from source to 
field for agricultural and irrigation purpose. 2) In petroleum installations to pump oil. 3) Hydraulic control 
system. 4) Transfer of raw material. 5) Pumping of water in building. 6) Fire fighting. 
 
Q.4 Define system resistance and discuss the system characteristics.How the Pumping cost of a pumping 
installation can be reduced?(704) ANS : System Resistance : System resistance can be defined as the 
obstruction to flow caused by various component like pipe ,valves,fittings,flanges etc. Characteristics : 1. 
Static head loss: It represents the difference in height of the supply and destination reservoir as shown in 
fig. and the graph between static head versus flow rate as shown below by assuming neglisible velocity of 
flow in pipe.in this case the static head is independent of discharge rate. 
2.Friction or dynamic head loss : It represents the head loss to overcome the friction during flow 
of liquid in pipes,valves and equipments of the system 
3.Total system head : The system have the combination of both the statics and friction head loss. 
 
The cost of pumping can be reduced in a particular installation as follows: 1.Reduction in static head as 
low as possible. It reduces the cost of installation along with the cost of pumping. 2.Reduction in friction 
head loss by eliminating unnecessary pipe fitting and length of pipe. 3.Using large diameter pipe to 
reduce friction losses.however,it increases the cost of installation. 
 
Q5. Dis.uss the point of operation of the pump. Where it should lie? What happens to a pump when the 
actual load differs from the calculated system load? (705) Answer. The system demand or the system 
resistance is called the load on the pump. After installation of a pump in the system, the effect can be 
illustrated graphically by superimposing the characteristic curve of the pump and the system demand 
curves. The Operating Point or Design Point or Duty Point ‘B’ will always be where two curves intersect 
as represented in Fig. 5.5.1. This Operation Point on the pump characteristic curve should be in the 
vicinity of maximum efficiency point of the pump. 
It would represent the economical running of the pump. However, it may not be possible to operate the 
pump always at specific operating point B due to variations in load. Therefore, the pump will be designed 
to give maximum efficiency for a range rather than at a particular system load or at a point. 
In case the actual resistance (load) is increased compared to the system resistance calculated, the 
pump operating point will shift from B to D. It will now operate at different flow rate and head as 
compared increased to the expected flow rate and head. In this case Q 
D 

< Q 
B 

i.e. flow rate reduces. It is obvious that 

from system resistance will reduce the flow rate. At maximum pump will be negligible. This condition is 
acceptable for head a very of short the pump period (H 
max 

since ), the prolonged flow rate 

operation is likely to cause surging in the pump and the pump will operate at very low efficiency. 
 
Q6. Discuss the flow control by using throttle valve in pumps. Why this method is generally not used in 
practice for flow control?(706) Ans:- 
The loads to be overcome by pump are the function of flow rates. The pump is selected according to the 
estimated system resistance at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) as represented by point B1 in the figure. 
Discharge of the pump can be controlled by introducing a throttle valve in discharge line. In case the 
actual discharge reduces from Q1 to Q2, then this reduction can be achieved by throttling the discharge. 
However, the presence of throttle valve increases the resistance equal to additional resistance ∆H = H2 - 
H1 on the system. The efficiency point shifts from B1 to B' i.e. the pump will operate at lower efficiency 
and high head. The excessive pump head pressure at Q2 is reduced by partially closing the sliding valve 
in the pressure line. The throttling control is a simple but uneconomic way of control. Its inefficiency 
increases with the increase in loss of pump head pressure due to adjustment. A pump with a flat QH 
characteristic curve should be preferred. The throttling control is not suitable for side channel pumps and 
axial rotary pumps whose power consumption increases with a decreasing transmission flow. Throttling is 
generally not used because of following disadvantages: 1. Increased additional resistance 2. Reduced 
efficiency of operation of pump at part loads 3. Increases power consumption 4. Reduces life of the pump 
5. Maintenance cost of throttle valve increases, particularly in case the pump is required to deal with 
corrosive and solid containing liquids 
 
Q7.What is bypass control method to control the flow in pumps? Is it economical, if not why?(707) Ans: 
This is the system in which the pump runs at maximum discharge continuously with a by-pass control 
installed at its outlet. When the flow rate requirement is reduced, the surplus discharge is returned to the 
supply source. Alternatively, the pump at maximum discharge rate supplies a discharge to a receiver 
which in turn supplies the liquid as per demand and the surplus liquid is returned to the pump suction. 
Above method is not economical to run the pump since power requirement do not reduce with reduction 
in flow ratio. 
 
Q.8) what do you understand by trimming of impeller? Under what conditions this method is used for 
Flow control? Explain with the help of HQ curve. (708) 
Answer-  Trimming  of  impeller  refers  to  the  process  of  machining  the  impeller  so  as  to  reduce  its 
diameter.  Impeller  trimming  reduces  the  tip  speed  which  in  turn  reduces  the  pump  discharge,  head  and 
energy added to the fluid since Q x D, H x D^2 and P x D^3. 
Impeller trimming can be used in case the pump provided is oversized either as a mismatch to 
system load or changes in system load requiring a new smaller sized pump. 
However, it is possible that next smaller sized impeller is too small to meet the load requirements. 
In such a case the impeller trimming is the best practical solution. 
The  effect  of  impeller  trimming  is  shown  in  H-Q  diagram  Point  1  represent  the  initial  operation 
point.  However,  discharge  required  is  only  Q2.  Then  point  2 represents the operation point after impeller 
trimming  from  diameter  D1  to  diameter  D2  due  to  change  in  performance  characteristic  curve  after 
trimming. 
Trimming  of  impeller  is  restricted  to  reduction  in  diameter  of  impeller  to  25%  of  original 
diameter.  It  is  due  to  the  fact  that,  any  further  reduction  in  diameter  will  affect  the  pump  efficiency 
appreciably. 
 
Q.9) Discuss the requirement, types and advantages of variable speed drives (VSD) (709) 
Ans – Requirement: 
In order to meet the requirement of variable discharge from the pump, the use of variable speed 
adjustment is the most efficient method. The Reduction in discharge from Q1 to Q2 can be achieved by 
reducing speed of the pump from N1 to N2, since Q ∝ N. It also reduces the head and power 
requirements since H∝ N2 and P∝ N3. 
The  effect  of changing the speed when static head is low is shown in the above fig. The operation point of 
the  pump  shifts  from  point  1 to point 2 when discharge is reduced from Q1 to Q2 by reducing speed from 
N1  to  N2.  In  this  case  the  efficiency  change  is  negligible.  In  case  the  pump  has  a  high  static  head,  the 
effect of change of speed is shown in fig below. 
It  could  be  observed  from  the  above  fig  that  a  small  reduction  in  speed  from  N1  to  N2  cause  large 
reduction  in  flow  rate  from  Q1  to  Q2  system  curve  is  more  flat  with  high  static  head  with  low  friction 
head  as  compared  to  system  curve  with  low  static  head  and  high  friction  head.It  also  causes  appreciable 
reduction  in  efficiency.  Therefore  the  discharge  rate  is  not  proportional  to  speed.  It  also  causes  large 
reduction  in  efficiency  and  flow  rate  may  become  negligible.  Therefore  the  selection  of  pump  using 
variable speed is of great importance as against the system requirements. 
 
Types: 
There are three general types of variable speed drives 
·  DC  motor  drive:  DC  drives are also known as DC Motor Speed Control Systems. The speed of a 
DC  motor  is  directly  proportional  to  armature  voltage  and  inversely  proportional  to  motor  flux;  either 
armature  voltage  or  field  current  can  be  used  to  control  the  motor  speed.  DC  Motors  have  become 
expensive  and  today  most  dc  motor  speed  control  systems  have  been  retrofitted  with  an  AC  motor  and 
AC  variable  speed  drive.  AC  variable  speed  drives  are  less  expensive  than  DC  systems,  are  more 
available and are more efficient than DC systems. 
·  Eddy  current  drive:  An  eddy  current  drive  consists  of  a fixed speed motor and an eddy current 
clutch.  The  clutch  contains  a  fixed  speed  rotor and an adjustable speed rotor separated by a small air gap. 
A  direct  current  in  a  field  coil  produces  a  magnetic  field  that  determines  the  torque  transmitted from the 
input  to  the  output  rotor.  The  controller  provides  closed  loop  speed  regulation  by  varying  the  clutch 
current,  allowing  the  clutch  to  transmit  enough  torque  to  operate  at  the  desired  speed.  Speed feedback is 
provided  by  an  integral  AC  tachometer.  Eddy  current  drives  are  less  efficient  than  other  types  of drives. 
Nearly  all  eddy  current  motor  drive  systems  are  obsolete  today.  There  are  few  manufacturing  facilities 
across  the  globe  that  still  use  eddy  current  motor  drive  systems,  and  when  the  equipment  fails,  it’s 
expensive to repair and often impossible to replace. 
·  Ac  Motor  drive:  AC  variable  speed  drives are also known as, VSDs, variable frequency drives, 
VFDs,  inverters,  adjustable  speed  drives,  and  micro  drives.  AC  variable  frequency  drives  are  used  in 
many  applications  such  as  swimming  pool  pumps,  air  compressors,  conveyor  belts,  lathes,  mills,  food 
processing  production  lines,  waste  water  treatment  pumps,  HVAC  fans  and  blowers,  and  many  more 
applications  in  the  industrial  manufacturing  world.  Approximately  one  third  of  the  world’s  electrical 
energy  is  supplied  by  electric  motors  in  fixed-speed  centrifugal  pump,  fan,  and  air  compressor 
applications.  This  proves that significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities are available in the 
industrial  manufacturing  world  if  older  DC  motor  speed  control  systems  and  eddy  current  drive  systems 
are retrofitted with AC variable frequency drive systems. 
Advantages: 
· It’s More efficient 
· It reduces the power requirement, hence the system is economical. 
· Reduction in speed reduces hydraulic losses in the impeller 
· Increase bearing life 
· Reduces vibration and noise 
· Reduces wear and tear of pump hence increase pump life 
 
Q 10. UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS A VSD’s CAN NOT BE USED? (710) ANS: 
In order to meet the requirement of variable discharge from the pump, the use of variable speed 
adjustment achieved requirements by the reducing since pump H α speed is N2 the and of most P the α 
N3. 
pump efficient from method. N 
1 

to N 
The 2, 
since reduction Q α N. in It also discharge reduces from the head Q 
1 

to and Q 2 
can power be 
EFFECT OF CHANGING SPEED 
The effect of changing speed when static head is low is shown in above fig. , the operation part of the 
pump N In 2. this . 
shifts from point 1 to point 2 when discharge is reduced from Q 
1 

to Q 
2 

by reducing speed from N 

1 

to 
case the efficiency change is negligible. In case the pump has a high static head, the effect of 
change of speed is illustrated in fig. below. 
EFFECT OF SPEED WHEN STATIC HEAD IS HIGH Operation of point moves from relative to iso 
efficiency lines of the pump when pump speed is changed. It could Q 
1 

to be observed that a small reduction Q 

2 

system curve is more flat with high in speed static from head N 
1 with to N 
low 2 
causes friction large head reduction as compared in flow to rate system from 
 
curve  with  low  static  head  and  high  friction  head.  It  also  cause  appreciable  reduction  in  efficiency. 
Therefore,  discharge  rate  is  not  proportional to speed. It no longer follows affinity laws. In case the pump 
speed large reduction is reduced in to efficiency N 
3, 

it may and not flow generate rate may sufficient become head negligible. to pump In liquid such into a 
case the the system. energy It input also causes of the motor will be used to heat the water and damage the 
pump. Therefore, the selection of pump using variable speed is of great importance as against the system 
requirements. Variable speed drives should never be used in systems requiring high static heads compared 
to total head. VSD’s are not suitable for all types of load pattern. As discussed above, VSD’s are suitable 
for loads of varying nature and not in case the system has high ratio of static load to total load on the 
system. 
 
Q 11)Discuss how the pump in parallel can be used to meet the flow demand ?(711) By connecting 
pumps in parallel, it is possible to increase discharge by keeping head constant as represented in fig. 
The pumps to be connected in parallel may have different discharge rates but they must develop the same 
head. Therefore, Q1 + Q2 = Q The head discharge curve for pumps in parallel is shown in fig. 
The pumps connected in parallel is efficient method to control flow rate . The requirement of flow rate is 
achieved by switching on and off the pump . Such system are suitable requiring high ratio of static head to 
total head . It could be seen from fig. the system curve when superimposed on the pump characteristics 
curve , the operating point moves to higher head but with lower flow rate . 
It is also possible to connect two pumps having different heads and discharge rate in parallel as shown in 
above fig. 
 
Q12) State few methods of improving efficiency of pumping systems.(712) Ans: Some of the methods 
used in pumping installations are: 
1) Optimize piping configuration Key steps in optimizing piping configuration of a pumping system are: 
• Determine the proper pipe diameter to maximise flow rates while minimising the loss due to friction. 
• Design a piping system layout that minimises pressure drops by avoiding sharp bends, expansions and 
contractions by keeping piping as straight as possible. 
• Select low-loss valves and fittings. In determining the optimum pipe size, the following competing 
factors need to be taken into account: 
• The initial cost of the pipe, which is higher for larger diameter pipes 
• The cost of pushing fluid through it, which is lower for larger diameter pipes due to the lower friction 
loss. 2) High-efficiency motors 
Efficient motors and VSDs can offer major energy savings and short paybacks, with efficiency gains of 
between 1% and 3% possible with the use of energy-efficient motors (EEMs). 3) Review flow rate 
controls To accommodate variations in demand, flow rate can be controlled by any of four methods: 
• bypass lines 
• throttle valves 
• Multiple pump arrangements 
• Adjustable speed drives and variable-speed drive motors 4) Assess your existing pumping system 
• An existing pumping system is being modified to solve a system problem or to implement a flow rate 
and/or system head change. 
• A new pumping system is being designed and installed. 5) Prioritize opportunities: Once opportunities 
for improving the pumping system efficiency have been identified during the assessment, they should be 
prioritised or pre-screened so that those areas with greater efficiency improvements and highest energy 
savings can be realised. 6) Reduce unnecessary demand Demand on a pumping system can be reduced by: 
• reducing consumption 
• reducing leaks 
• lowering pumping system flow rate 
• lowering the operating pressure 
• operating the system for a shorter period of time each day 
• having the system off when not needed 7) Operate pump near the best efficiency point. Each 
centrifugal pump has a BEP at which its operating efficiency is highest and its radial bearing loads are 
lowest. At or near its BEP, a pump operates most cost effectively in terms of both energy efficiency and 
maintenance 8) Multiple-speed pumps: Efficiency of multiple-speed pumps is generally less than 
single-speed pumps at their operation point, but their ability to cover a range of conditions improves 
overall performance where varying flow rates are required. 
 
Q13) WHY PNEUMATIC POWER IS CONSIDERED ADVANTAGEOUS COMPARED TO OTHER 
FORM OF ENERGY ?(713) ANS Like hydraulics, pneumatics is a type of fluid power application where 
instead of an incompressible liquid, pneumatics employ gas in their system. Hydraulics present certain 
advantages over pneumatics, but in a given application, pneumatic powered equipment is more suitable, 
particularly in industries where the factory units are plumbed for compressed air. The air used in 
pneumatic devices is dried and free from moisture so that it does not create any problem to the internal 
parts of the system. Moreover, to avoid corrosive actions, oil or lubricants are added so that friction 
effects can be reduced. Compressed air is used in most of the machines and in some cases compressed 
carbon dioxide is used. As most of the pneumatic devices are air based, they have a less complicated 
design and can be made of inexpensive material. Mass production techniques can be adopted to produce 
pneumatic systems, which not only save money but save time too. Other major advantages are listed 
below. 1. Initial cost is less; hydraulics equipment cost as much as twice the price of pneumatic 
equipment. 2. A pneumatic water treatment automation system reduces the costs of installation and 
operation compared with conventional electrical installations. For opening and closing of underwater 
valves, pneumatic systems work well because they can sustain overload pressure conditions. 3. Pneumatic 
actuators also have long life and perform well with negligible maintenance requirement throughout their 
life cycle. 4. Very suitable for power transmission when distance of transmission is more. The major 
disadvantage of pneumatic systems is that they cannot be employed for tasks that require working under 
high pressures. However, modern technology is working on finding better solutions to this address this 
problem so that heavy engineering tasks can be executed using pneumatic devices. In a nutshell, in order 
to execute low scale engineering and mechanical tasks, pneumatic devices would be the best suited and a 
viable alternative over hydraulic systems. 
 
Q14) What are the disadvantages of the compressed air system?( 714 ) Ans . Compressed air is not cheap 
as power medium and it is not safe as considered. The main reasons are: 1. Loss of compressed air power 
due to inefficient control and leakages. 2. Loss of energy due to poorly maintained transmission and 
distribution system. 3. It may cause fire in piping due to auto ignition of oil vapour film due to heat 
generated by compression. 4. Damage may occur due to overpressure in storage vessel. 5. Valves may 
seize at freezing temperatures due to presence of moisture in compressed air. It is evident from above that 
all parts of compressed air system must be protected against over pressure. The system must be provided 
with shut-off valve of pressure release type in the main air line to vent the air. 
 
Q15. State any six applications of compressed air in industry.(715) Ans. The list of applications of 
compressed air is endless. It is used in power stations, agriculture, water supply installation, mining etc. It 
is also being employed in present day manufacturing techniques. Some common uses of compressed air in 
industry are: 1. To operate reciprocating tools by using compressed air through piston-cylinder e.g. 
riveting, hammers, diggers etc. 2. To operate rotating tools by sending compressed air through the turbine 
which helps in rotation e.g. air motors, drills, reamers etc. 3. To operate pneumatic valves and 
instruments. 4. To operate vehicle brake system. It is done by pressing the piston used to apply brake pads 
needed to stop the vehicle. 5. For painting. By using Air gun for mixing paint with compressed air and 
then the mixture is sprayed. 6. Used for paper pressing via cylinders. These cylinders are moved by 
pistons by using compressed air. 
 
Q16. With the help of schematic diagram, explain the function of each component of a compressed air 
system.(716) Ans. Schematic diagram to represent the basic components of a compressed air system is as 
shown in figure. 
· The compressor is driven by the motor and at remote places it may be driven by I.C. engine. 
· Intake air filters are provided to prevent dust entering the compressor since the presence of dust 
in air causes sticking of valves and excessive wear of compressor parts. 
· Interstage coolers in multistage compressors are provided to reduce the temperature of intake air 
to successive compressors to improve volumetric efficiency and reduce work of compression. 
· After coolers are provided to reduce the size of receivers and removing moisture in the air. 
·  Separators  are  used  to  remove  moisture  from  compressed  air. Mechanical separators direct the 
incoming  air  in  a  spiral  and  the  centrifugal  force  is  used  to  separate  out  the  moisture  in  compressed  air 
upto 40% to 60% of total moisture content. 
·  Air  dryers  are  used  to  remove  the  remaining  part  of  moisture.  These  are refrigerant dryer type 
where  the  is  brought  down  to  a  temperature  below  dew  point  temperature  as  a  result  the  moisture 
condenses. Or, these may be desiccant dryers by using adsorbents like silica gel or activated carbon. 
·  Moisture  drain  traps  are  used  to  remove  the  moisture  collected  from compressed air. These may 
be  manually  operated  or  electronic  auto  drain  traps.  The  auto  operated  train  traps  regularly  at  fixed 
interval of time discharges the moisture collected, thus it reduces the loss of compressed air loss. 
· Air vessels or air receivers are provided as storage. It smooth out pulsations of air and reduces 
variation pressure variation from compressor. 
 
Q.17) Define the following terms as applied to the compressor: (717) FAD Volumetric efficiency 
Isothermal efficiency Specific power Answer: 1. FAD : Free air delivery represents the rate of volume of 
surrounding air which is sucked by the compressor and delivered at the discharge pressure. In other 
words, it is a standardized measure of the capacity of an air compressor. 
Units for FAD: CFM in the imperial system L/min in the SI system. 
2. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY : 
It is the ratio of the actual volume of air drawn in each suction stroke to the stroke volume. In the ideal 
case the complete piston displacement at the end of the suction stroke is filled with gas at inlet condition. 
It would contain the complete displacement mass. The actual delivered mass after a compression cycle is 
always smaller than the ideal piston displacement mass. Volumetric efficiency = (Actual volume of air 
drawn in suction stroke) / (Stroke volume) 
Can also be expressed as, 
Volumetric efficiency = actual mass flow rate delivered by compressor / theoretical mass flow rate 
It is generally expressed in terms of percentage. 
3. ISOTHERMAL EFFICIENCY: 
It is the ratio of isothermal work input to actual work input. 
Isothermal efficiency = isothermal work input 
Actual work input 
Theoretical isothermal efficiency is always smaller than the corresponding theoretical adiabatic 
efficiency. The use of either isothermal efficiency to characterize a compressor is only sensible when the 
compressor is cooled, resulting in the gas undergoing a polytropic process with exponent n such that 1 ≤ n 
< k. The adiabatic efficiency for such a process can be greater than one. 
4. SPECIFIC POWER : It is the ratio of power consumption in kW to free air delivery in cmm. 
Specific power = Power consumption (kW) 
FAD (cmm) 
 
Q18. What do you understand by pump and pumping? (718) Ans: Pump: It is defined as a device which 
transfers the input mechanical energy of a motor or of an engine into the pressure energy or kinetic energy 
or both of a fluid. It is used to 1. To lift the liquid to required height against the force of gravity 2. To 
overcome the fluid resistance to flow of the liquid through the pipe and the pump itself. Pumping is 
basically operation of the pump which is carried out for the movement of the liquid. Pumping: It is 
defined as the process of supplying kinetic energy and potential energy or both to a liquid for the purpose 
of moving the liquids from one point to another point. 
 
Q19. What is the purpose of performance test on pumps? (719) Ans :- Important aspect of energy 
efficiency in a pumping system is the matching of pump characteristics to load. Even if a most efficient 
pump is selected, the system may operate at very poor efficiency for the following reasons: 1. If it is 
mismatch to the system. 2. Due to deposits on the impeller over a period. Thus it is necessary to assess the 
operating efficiency of the system by conducting performance test on the pump. In case its efficiency is 
low, it will help us to take corrective action to improve the efficiency of the system. Therefore the 
purposes of performance test on pumps are: 1. To determine the pump efficiency during pump operation. 
2. To determine the system resistance (load) and its operating point and compare the same with pump 
design. 
 
Q 20. What data is necessary for selecting a pump for specific application? (720) Ans: The selection of 
type and construction of a pump is very important to meet the process specification and proper 
application. Pump selection is made on the flow rate, head requirement, material of the construction of 
pumps for the corrosive chemical service or for the fluid with presence solids in the stream. The 
knowledge of the effect of the following parameters is important 1. Pump capacity 2. Npsh 3. Fluid 
viscosity 
4. specific gravity 5. Pumping temperature 6. Fluid solid content 7. Flexibility for expansion 8. Endurance 
limit 9. Friction head 10. Pressure head All of these parameters will affect the selection and design of the 
pump which will affect the performance of the pump in the process. 1. Pump capacity It is a parameter 
that plays an important role while selecting the pump. Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is 
moved or pushed by the pump to the desired point in the process. It is commonly measured in either 
gallons per minute (gal/min) or cubic meters per hour (m3/hr). The capacity usually changes with the 
changes in operation of the process. 2. Npsh It is a measure to prevent liquid vaporization. Net positive 
suction head (npsh) is the total head at the suction flange of the pump or the vapor pressure converted to 
fluid column height of the liquid. 3. Fluid viscosity It has a significant effect on centrifugal pump 
performance. Minimum values of viscosity are important in determining rotary pump (positive 
displacement pump) performance while maximum viscosity is important in determining debits to 
centrifugal pump performance. 4. Specific gravity It is parameter that determines the pump head required 
to produce a desired pressure increase. For pumps with limited head capability such as centrifugal pumps, 
it affects pressure rise capability. Pump power requirements are also affected by specific gravity. 5. 
Pumping maximum temperatures Is important in deciding pump construction style and pump cooling and 
mechanical seal requirements .the minimum operating temperature is to ensure that the material has 
adequate impact strength. 6. Fluid solid content It will affect the pump design. It affects the aspects of the 
design for the flow characteristic, consideration design of erosion resistance, flow passage size, impeller 
style, peripheral speed, design features to disintegrate large particles, and shaft sealing design. 7. 
Flexibility for expansion It helps to minimize the cost of expansion because to replace the pump will be a 
large sum of money. Working capacity of pump should always be design for more than 20% extra design 
capacity. 8. Friction head- 
 
The head required to overcome the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent upon the 
size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid. 9. 
Pressure head – Pressure head must be considered when a pumping system either begins or terminates in 
a tank which is under some pressure other than atmospheric. The pressure in such a tank must first be 
converted to feet of liquid. 
 
Q21. Define: (721) 1) Total Head: 
Total Head = Delivery Head – Suction Head a) Suction Head: It is taken from the inlet gauge 
reading and converted into pressure head in metres. b) Discharge Head: It is taken from the pressure 
gauge installed on the discharge side of the pump and 
converted into pressure head. 2) Hydraulic Power: Hydraulic power, also called Fluid Power, 
power transmitted by the controlled circulation of pressurized fluid to a motor that converts it into a 
mechanical output capable of doing work on a load. Ph= ρ.g.Q.Hx10-3 3) Shaft Power: The shaft power 
of a pump is the mechanical power transmitted to it by the motor shaft. While fluid power is the energy 
per second carried in the fluid in the form of pressure and kinetic energy. 4) Motor Power: Power is 
consumed by a pump, fan or compressor in order to move and increase the pressure of a fluid. The power 
requirement of the pump depends on a number of factors including the pump and motor efficiency, the 
differential pressure and the fluid density, viscosity and flow rate. 
η 
motor 

= Ph x (η 
pump 

)-1 x (η 
motor 

)-1 
 
Q.22 what are affinity laws? (722) ANS: The affinity laws are derived from a dimensionless analysis of 
three important parameters that describe pump performance: flow, total head and power The analysis is 
based on the reduced impeller being geometrically similar and operated at dynamically similar conditions 
or equal specific speed. If that is the case then the affinity laws can be used to predict the performance of 
the pump at different diameters for the same speed or different speed for the same diameter. Since in 
practice impellers of different diameters are not geometrically identical, the author's of the section called 
Performance Parameters in the Pump Handbook recommend to limit the use of this technique to a change 
of impeller diameter no greater than 10 to 20%. In order to avoid over cutting the impeller, it is 
recommended that the trimming be done in steps with careful measurement of the results. At each step 
compare your predicted performance with the measured one and adjust as necessary. The affinity law 
which provide 3 basic relationships. The rotational speed of a fixed impeller diameter has an effect on the 
performance of the pump. Since the head generated is directly proportional to its peripheral velocity. 
However, its efficiency is Independent of speed The relation between flow rate or discharge (Q), head 
(H), and power absorbed (P) to speed(N) are called affinity laws these are as follows H α N^2 Q α N P 
α N^3 
From  eqn  3  it  is  evident  that  any  increase  or  reduction  in  speed  will  have  tremendous  effect  on  power 
consumption  since  P  α  N^3  therefore  any  reduction  in  speed  of  the  pump  can  effect  saving  in  power 
consumed by the pump 
The  process  of  arriving  at  the affinity laws assumes that the two operating points that are being compared 
are  at  the  same  efficiency.  The  relationship  between  two  operating  points,  say  1  and  2,  depends  on  the 
shape  of  the  system  curve  seen  Figure  The  points  that  lie  on  system curve A will all be approximately at 
the same efficiency. Whereas the points that lie on system curve B are not. The affinity laws do not apply 
 
to points that belong to system curve B. System curve B describes a system with a relatively high static 
head vs. system curve A which has a low static head. 
 
Q.23 Define NPSHR and NPSHA and state the condition for cavitation free operation of pump. ( 723 ) 
Ans. Net positive suction head (NPSH) defined as the net head developed at the suction port of the pump, 
in excess of the head due to the vapour pressure of the liquid at the temperature in the pump. NPSH must 
be positive for preventing the liquid from boiling. Boiling or cavitations may damage the pump. 
where, is the vapour–pressure of the liquid. If the pump is placed at a height above the free surface of a 
liquid where the atmosphere pressure is . NPSHR:- Required NPSH is based on the pump design and it's 
speed and capacity. It is then tested to determine the NPSH at which the pump gives the maximum 
efficiency. Accordingly, the value of NPSH required is specified by the manufacturer of the pump. It 
represents the minimum value of NPSH to avoid cavitation at specified discharge and speed. NPSHA:- 
Available NPSH of the pump is estimated after installation of pump which is based on the suction pipe 
diameter, liquid to be handled and temperatures of operation (both the place of installation and the liquid 
temperature), length of suction pipe and it's coefficient of friction and flow rate. While estimating this 
NPSH, the diameter of suction pipe must be same as per manufacturer's design specifications. In order to 
have cavitation free operation of pump the available NPSH must be greater than the required NPSH. 
NPSH available must be higher than NPSH required. 
 
Q24.What do you understand by operating point of a pump?( 724) Ans : The system demand or system 
resistance is called the load on the pump. The operating point or design point or duty point “B” will 
always be where two curves intersect as represented in fig below. This operation point on the pump 
characteristic curve should be in the vicinity of maximum efficiency point of the pump. It would represent 
the economical running of the pump. However, it may not be possible to operate the pump always at 
specific operating point B due to variations in load. Therefore, the pump will be designed to give 
maximum efficiency for a range rather at a particular system load or at a point. Therefore, it should be our 
endeavor while selecting a pump in such a manner that the range of maximum efficiency matches with the 
load on the pump imposed by the system. In case the pump selection is not done correctly, the system 
load can deviate considerably from the best performance range of the pump and it will operate at low 
efficiency leading to a more losses as explained below: In case the actual system resistance is increased 
compared to the system resistance calculated, the pump operating point will shift from B to D. It will now 
operate at different at different flow rate and head as compared to the expected flow rate and head. In this 
case Qd < Qb i.e flow rate reduces. It is obvious that increased system resistance will reduce the flow rate 
.At maximum head (Hmax), of the pump; the flow rate from the pump will be negligible. This condition 
is acceptable for very short periods since prolonged operation is likely to cause surging in the pump and 
pump will operate at very low efficiency. 
 
Q25.What do you understand by oversized and undersized pumps?(725) Ans: Manufacturer supplies the 
head-discharge (H-Q) characteristic curve for their designed pump and operated under test condition. 
However ,this pump is required to operate under different conditions with regard to suction and discharge 
pipe lines,bends,number of valves,elbow,tees etc. Therefore, the pump to be employed under actual 
conditions is required to overcome the static head and the friction head loss in suction and delivery pipes 
and the friction losses are proportional to the square of discharge. Hence,the user of the pump evaluates 
his system requirement and a curve is drawn as head -discharge curve called system resistance curve or 
system characteristic curve.as shown below. 
The pump characteristic curves as supplied by the manufacturer are superimposed on system 
characteristic curve evaluated.The intersection of the two curves (point A) represents the operating point 
as shown in fig. This operating point on the pump characteristic curves should be in the vicinity of the 
maximum efficiency point of the pump , It would represent the economic running of the pump . Also, it is 
necessary that the pump discharge should meet the limiting discharge of the system requirement. In case , 
the interaction between system and pump is not proper then then the pump may have either poor 
efficiency at part loads or it may not be able to meet the requirement of the system,accordingly the pumps 
are called undersized pump and oversized pumps. I 1.Undersized pump:A pump is said to be undersized 
or under capacity if it cannot meet the head and discharge requirement of the pump as shown in figure . 
As shown in above figure the the head and discharge(pump characteristic) is less for the system load 
(system characteristics). The system is not operated due to improper size of pump.thus it called as 
undersized pump. 
 
2.Oversized pump:A pump is said to be oversized which can deliver much higher head and discharge,then 
the system requirement as shown in fig. 
In this type of pump the head and discharge(pump characteristic) is very high compared to system need 
(system characteristics).Thus this type of pump is said oversized pump. The over capacity of the pump 
lead to poor part efficiency and uneconomical running of the pump. 
 
Q.26.What are the ill effects of throttling of pump?(726) Ans. The loads (system resistance) to be 
overcome by the pumps are the function of flow rate. The pump is selected according to the estimated 
system resistance at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) as represented by point A as shown in fig. shown 
below. Discharge of the pump can be controlled by introducing a throttle valve in discharge line. 
In  case  the  actual  discharge  requirement  reduces  from  QA  =  8  m^3/min  to  QB  =  5  m^3/min.  then  this 
reduction  can  be  achieved  by  throttling  the  discharge.  However,  the  presence  of  throttle  valve  increases 
the  resistance  equal  to  additional  resistance,  ∆H  =  HB  –HA  on  the  system.  The  efficiency  point  shifts 
from  ηA  to  ηB  i.e.  the  pump  will  operate  at  lower  efficiency and high head. It should be noted that we 
actually  wanted  the  operation  of  pump  at  point  ‘C’  requiring  a  head  HC  =  40  m  only  at  best  efficiency 
point requiring a new pump. 
The ill effects of throttling are: Increased additional resistance. Reduced efficiency of pump at part loads. 
Increases power consumption. Reduce the life of pump. Maintenance cost of throttle valve increases, 
particularly in case the pump is required to deal with corrosive and solid containing liquid. 
For above disadvantages the throttle control in pumps for flow control is not usually used. The likely 
reason in throttle valve control system is the provisioning of over sized pump. 
 
Q28. Name and explain the type of compressor needed for following requirements: (729) 
a. 0.8 bar gauge and 300 cmm b. 200 bar and 20 cmm c. 10 bar and 4000 cmm Ans: These compressors 
are selected based on pressure absolute (bar) and air requirement in cmm a) Root Blower(Positive 
displacement rotary compressors): 
Root blowers are the type of compressors used in the range of pressures absolute (bar) from 
0.8 to2 bar and range of capacities in cmm from 1.5 to 500 cmm. 
b) Multistage reciprocating compressor(Positive displacement reciprocating compressors): Multistage 
reciprocating compressors are the type of compressors used in the range of pressures absolute (bar) from 
10 to700 bar and range of capacities in cmm from 1.5 to 200 cmm. 
c) Centrifugal compressor (non positive type or steady flow type compressors): Centrifugal compressor 
are the type of compressors used in the range of pressures absolute (bar) from 2 to125 bar and range of 
capacities in cmm from 10 to 5000 cmm. 
 
29)Explain the Position and Function of the following Compressor Controls 
1)Blow-off Valve 2)Check Valve 3)Pressure Regulator(730) ANS;- Position:- 
1) Blow-off valve:- Blow-off Valve is attached to delivery side for pressure relief. 2) Check Valve :-A 
Check Valve Before Receiver to Prevent The Backflow of Air. 3) Pressure Regulator:-A Pressure 
Regulator Is Installed After Receiver In Supply Line For 
Continuous Duty application. Function: 1)Blow-off valve:--A compressor blow-off valve, also 
known as a pressure relief valve or diverter valve, is a manifold vacuum-actuated valve designed to 
release pressure in the intake system of a turbocharged vehicle when the throttle is lifted or 
closed.Blowoff valves are used to prevent compressor surge. 2)Check Valve :-A Check Valve,Clack 
Valve,Non-return valve or one way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow 
through it in only one direction. Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the 
body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. 3)Pressure Regulator :-A Pressure Regulator is 
a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure. Regulators are used to 
allow high-pressure fluid supply lines or tanks to be reduced to safe and usable pressures for various 
applications. 
 
Q30. Explain the basic criteria for selection of Pipe Networks. (731) Ans: The Selection of pneumatic 
pipes and other air lines is important. The main factors in their selection need to be considered are: 1. 
Pressure of compressed air 2. The permissible pressure loss: the permissible pressure losses from start to 
end will determine the number of fittings length of tubing etc. 3. Discharge rates: Pipe diameters and 
sections are chosen on the basis of discharge rating of the network. 4. Types of tube material: Metal 
tubing or plastic material tubing is based on the area of application and requirements. 5. Line fittings like 
bends, joints, elbows, tees and other fittings must be minimum: These fittings reduce flow efficiency and 
must be kept as minimum as possible. 6. Slope of pipe lines must be adequate for removal of moisture. 7. 
Joints must be leakproof: Leaks in the pipe lines will lead to pressure losses and thus inefficiency in the 
system. 8. Placement of adequate number of filters between mains and circuit to ensure separation of all 
water and foreign matters. 
 
Q.31. Explain the end dead network and the reasons is not a practical design.(732) Ans- 1. In this system 
of network uniform pressure at the point of use is maintained. Such a case requires discharging the 
compressed air to atmosphere to maintain the uniform pressure. 
2. Therefore, the central pipe away from the receiver requires the progressive reduction of its diameter as 
shown in the schematic diagram. 
3. The dead end compressor air network requires that the equipment’s must be placed along the central 
pipe in decreasing order of their air consumption to maintain the uniform pressure. 4. It implies that the 
equipment using maximum air flow rate be placed nearest to the receiver and the equipment using 
minimum air consumption be placed farthest from air receiver. 5. This type of dead end networks is not 
economical and practical design for the following reasons: 
i. The production processes are not carried out according to the air flow rate. ii. There is a loss of energy. 
iii. Future expansion is not possible since it leads to many problems. 
 
Q. 32. Explain Octopus Network. (733) Ans.1. Most of the time it is necessary that after designing the 
dead end network , we need to add more extensions of existing air lines to run more tools and equipment 
needed. 
2. It results into an odd configuration of network over a period. Such an extension of dead end 
network with additional air lines over the designed system is called Octopus network. 
3. The octopus network is not an economical and practical design for the following reasons: 
· It is not possible to get required pressure and discharge at the end point of use. 
· It leads to different materials of pipe line extensions as per requirement. 
· It needs to add many piping fittings leading to large pressure and friction losses. 
· It uses inconsistent diameter of pipe lines without following pneumatic standards. 
· Causes air flow fluctuations in the network. 
 
Q 33. Explain the different types of networks working, advantages and disadvantages along with a neat 
sketch. (734) Air compressor networks are installed at a distance away from the point of use to reduce 
noise pollution, transmission of vibration to other equipment. The different types of network are as 
follows: 1. Dead end Network 2. Octopus Network 3. Closed loop Network 1) Dead end Network 
In  this  system  of  network,  a  uniform  pressure  at  the  point  of  use  is  maintained.  Such  a  case 
requires  discharging  the  compressed  air  to  atmosphere  to  maintain  the  uniform  pressure.  Therefore,  the 
central  pipe  away  from  the  receiver  requires  the  progressive  reduction  of  its  diameter  as  shown  in  the 
figure below. 
Working: The compressor is provided with high pressure air. This air is sent to the receiver. The receiver 
is connected to the central pipe which branches to the required progressive reduction pipes which results 
into high pressure air supply. Advantages: -Provides constant air flow and uniform pressure throughout. 
-The modifications extensions can be easily carried out for supply of air to tools. - Each equipment has 
already two routes of supply air thus it ensures supply of air at all times to any equipment. -System 
-provides overall efficient and economic operation. Disadvantages: -The production processes are not 
carried out according to the air flow rate. -There is a loss of energy. 2) Octopus Network Most of the time 
it is necessary that after designing the dead end network explained above we need to add more extensions 
of existing air lines to run more tools and equipments needed. It results into an odd configuration of 
network over a period .Such an extension of dead end network with additional air lines over the designed 
system is called Octopus network. It is explained in the diagram below. 
 
Working: Similar to the dead end network it consists of a compressor and a receiver. High pressure air is 
introduced into the central pipe from the receiver. Branches of network of additional air lines are 
introduced in this type of network. Advantages: -Future can be easily setup. - Efficient for a small scale 
industry. Disadvantages: -It is not possible to get required pressure and discharge at the end point of use. 
-It leads to different materials of pipe line extensions as per requirement. -Causes air fluctuations in the 
network. 
3)Closed loop Network Wherever possible the compressed air piping system must be arranged in closed 
loop or ring main since it is the most ideal solution for distribution of compressed air. The pipes must be 
installed parallel with the lines of building. Each supply line installed with already a filter and regulator. 
This system design uses a single pipe throughout and the closed loop allows the uniform distribution of 
compressed air at consumption point. It maintains the uniform pressure in the piping. 
Working: It has similar compressor and receiver as the above two air distribution systems. The receiver is 
connected to a network of pipes connected in series and parallel with lines of the building. Each of the 
supply line is connected with already a filter and regulator. It uses a single diameter pipe throughout. 
Advantages: -Provides constant air flow and uniform pressure throughout. Disadvantages: 
 
-There is a loss of energy. -Future expansion is not possible since it leads to many problems. 
 
Q.34 Write short note on importance, methods and fixing of leak detection (735) Ans. Importance: 
-prevention of leaks in compressed air system is extremely important since leakage costs the energy. 
-leaks frequently occur in pipe and hose joints, air receivers etc -it is equivalent to 3.5 kW of energy or in 
terms of money it is almost equivalent to rs 1, 20,000/- -thus it is essential to carryout leak detection 
periodically during plant shut down and take necessary action for prevention of air leakage 
Methods of leak detection are:- 
1. Use of portable ultrasound acoustic detectors -air leaks are detected by use of ultrasonic detectors. 
These can recognize the high frequency hissing sounds associated with air leaks 2. Using soapy water -the 
air leaks can also be detected by applying soapy water with a paintbrush on suspected areas. This method 
is very time consuming though reliable. 
Fixing of leak: 
Leaks  can  be  fixed  either  by  tightening  the  joint  connections.  If  threads  are  bad,  then  by  replacing  the 
faulty  equipment  like  couplings,  pipe sections, hoses, joints, etc. These must be installed with appropriate 
thread sealants. 
 
Q35 Explain the pumped up method for determining the actual free air delivery of compressor. Also the 
reasons for carrying out such a test. (736) ANS.: 
·  Over  the  period  of  running  of  compressor,  the  actual  Free  Air  Delivered  (FAD)  of  compressor 
may  become  less  than  its  designed  value  either  due  to  poor  performance,  fouling  of heat exchangers and 
worn out valves and other components. 
· This causes the increase in power consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to check its FAD from 
time to time. 
· The tests employed are either nozzle test or pumped up test. 
· Though the accurate method of assessing the FAD is by nozzle test which uses a calibrated 
nozzle as the load to vent out the generated compressed air. 
· The FAD is determined by measuring the receiver pressure, pressure and temperature before the 
nozzle, pressure at exit of nozzle, compressor speed. 
· This method needs elaborate arrangement and instrumentation. 
· A simpler method to assess the FAD on shop floor is pumped method. This test is also known as 
receiver filling method. 
· The procedure for pumped up test is as follows: 1. Isolate the compressor with its individual 
receiver from the main compressed air system. This is done by closing the isolation valve or blanking it. 
Therefore, it closes the receiver outlet. 2. Rain out the water completely by opening the drain pipe. 3. 
Again close the water trap line tightly. 4. Note the pressure p1 and temperature T1 of air in receiver. 5. 
Start the compressor and note the time taken till the compressed air I receiver reaches to pressure p2. Also 
note its temperature T2 (in Kelvin). 
· The actual FAD can be calculated using the equation: Actual FAD = (C-mm) 
Where, p0 = atmospheric pressure and T0 = atmospheric temperature 
V = total volume of receiver, after cooler and connected pipe line) t = time to reach pressure from p1 to 
p2 (minutes) 
 
Q36. Why capacity control of compressors is essential? State the methods of capacity control of 
compressors. (737) Ans. The main objective of the capacity control is to maintain constant suction 
pressure. To adjust the suction flow to match the process demand. The second reason is to save energy. 
The methods of Capacity control of compressors are as follows: 1. Throttle control. 2. Clearance control. 
3. Blow-off control. 
(1) Throttle control: 
• In this method, the opening of suction valve of the compressors is controlled by the build-up pressure 
in the receiver. 
• When the receiver exceeds the normal pressure, the suction valve of the compressor is partly closed. 
Thus the quantity of air sucked by the compressor is reduced. 
• Reverse action will take place when the receiver pressure falls below the normal pressure due to 
increased demand. 
• The disadvantage of this method is that the temperature of air delivered may rise to dangerous value 
due to high pressure ratios. (2) Clearance control: 
• In this method, clearance pockets are provided which come into operation only when the receiver 
pressure exceeds the normal value. 
• When the pressure exceeds due to fall in demand, the clearance pockets are brought in communication 
with cylinder by automatically operated valves. 
• It increases the clearance volume and therefore reduces the volumetric efficiency. Thus, it reduces the 
rate of volume which is sucked, compressed and delivered to the receiver. (3) Blow-off control: 
• In this method, a by-pass valve is provided in the high pressure cylinder. 
•  When  the  receiver  pressure  exceeds  the  normal  pressure  due  to  decrease in demand, the high pressure 
air  is  released  to  the atmosphere by the by-pass valve. When the pressure in the receiver falls, the valve is 
closed. 
 
Q37.B. On-Off control (739) Ans: On-Off control is the simplest form of feedback control. An on-off 
controller simply drives the manipulated variable from fully closed to fully open depending on the 
position of the controlled variable relative to the set point In old days Start/stop control of large motors 
for industrial compressed air system was not considered advisable since it develops lot of stress on the 
motor and starting device. Therefore, this method was not used for capacity control of the compressors. 
However due to the availability of excellent electronic devices now a day’s these devices can provide 
smooth start and stop of the motor without developing unnecessary stress on the motor and starting 
devices. Due to this the compressor control is achieved by automatic on\off control i.e. start/stop of 
compressor by using pressure activated switch as the demand of compressed air varies. The method of 
capacity control of compressor by on-off control method is very efficient since it eliminated the idling 
losses of motor as observed in load – unload capacity control method. Start stop control method is 
suitable for low capacity compressors. 
 
Q37 D. VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES (VSDs) (741): Ans. In order to meet the requirement of variable 
discharge from the pump, the use of variable speed adjustment the pump is the most efficient method. 
Variable speed drives can continuously adjust the speed as per load requirements as against the 
multi-speed motors. Variable speed drives control the pump speed using the following systems: 
1.Mechanical systems : e.g. fluid coupling, adjustable belts & pulleys. 2. Electrical systems: e.g. eddy 
current clutches, Variable Frequency drives requiring variable torque drive. VSDs are not suitable for all 
type of load pattern, they are only suitable for loads of varying nature & not in case the system has high 
ratio of static load to total load on the system. The since reduction Q is directly in discharge proportional 
from Q to 1 
N. & It Q 
2 also can reduces be achieved the by reducing speed of the pump from head & power requirements since 
H is N 
directly 1 
to N 
2 

, 
proportional to N2 & P are directly proportional to N3. 
The  effect  of  changing  the  speed  when  static  load  head  is  low  is  shown  in  above  figure.  The 
operation  points  of  the  pump  shifts  from  point  1  to  point  2  when  discharge  is  reduced from Q1 to Q2 by 
reducing speed from N1 to N2. 
In this case the efficiency change is negligible. In case the pump has a high static head, the effect 
of change of speed is illustrated in below figure. 
Operation  of  point  moves  relative  to  iso  efficiency  lines  of  the  pump  when  pump  speed  is 
changed.  It  could  be  seen  that  the  system  curve  when  superimposed  on  the  pump  characteristics  curves, 
the operating point of the pump moves to a higher head but with lower flow rate per pump. 
 
Pumps with different heads and flow rates in parallel It is also possible to connect two pumps having 
different head and discharge rates in parallel as shown in above figure. care should be taken to install a 
non-return valve so that the higher discharge pump will not discharge into a lower discharge pump. 
 
Q39: Explain NPSH and required NPSH?(743) Ans:- NPSH Required (NPSHR): The minimum pressure 
required at the suction port of the pump to keep the pump from cavitations. NPSHA is a function of your 
system and must be calculated, whereas NPSHR is a function of the pump and must be provided by the 
pump manufacturer. Understanding Net Positive Suction Head Atmospheric Pressure:- Until the early 
17th century air was largely misunderstood. Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian scientist, was one of the first 
to discover that air, like water, has weight. He once said, “We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean 
of the element air.” The weight of this “ocean” of air exerts a force on the Earth’s surface called 
atmospheric pressure. Torricelli went on to develop the mercury barometer which now allowed for 
quantifiable measurement of this pressure. A mercury barometer uses a complete vacuum at the top of a 
glass tube to draw mercury up the tube. The weight of the column of mercury is equal to the weight of the 
air outside the tube (the atmospheric pressure). For this reason, atmospheric pressure is often measured in 
mmHg or in Hg, corresponding to the height of the mercury column. This atmospheric pressure controls 
the weather, enables you to breathe. Pump Operation:- When asked how a pump operates, most reply that 
it “sucks.” While not a false statement, it’s easy to see why so many pump operators still struggle with 
pump problems. Fluid flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Pumps operate by 
creating low pressure at the inlet which allows the liquid to be pushed into the pump by atmospheric or 
head pressure (pressure due to the liquid’s surface being above the centerline of the pump). Consider 
placing a pump at the top of the mercury barometer above: Even with a perfect vacuum at the pump inlet, 
atmospheric pressure limits how high the pump can lift the liquid. With liquids lighter than mercury, this 
lift height can increase, but there’s still a physical limit to pump operation based on pressure external to 
the pump. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) NPSH can be defined as two parts: NPSH Available 
(NPSHA): The absolute pressure at the suction port of the pump. AND NPSH Required (NPSHR): The 
minimum pressure required at the suction port of the pump to keep the pump from cavitations. NPSHA is 
a function of your system and must be calculated, whereas NPSHR is a function of the pump and must be 
provided by the pump manufacturer. NPSHA MUST be greater than NPSHR for the pump system to 
operate without cavitations. Put another way, you must have more suction side pressure available than the 
pump requires. 
 
Q40. Explain Axial thrust in centrifugal pump with diagram.(744) 
Ans. The pressures generated by a centrifugal pump exert forces on both its stationary and rotating parts. 
The design of these parts balances some of these forces, but separate means may be required to 
counterbalance others. Axial hydraulic thrust is the summation of unbalanced impeller forces acting in the 
axial direction. As reliable large-capacity thrust bearings are not readily available, axial thrust in 
single-stage pumps remains a problem only in larger units. Theoretically, a double-suction impeller is in 
hydraulic axial balance with the pressures on one side equal to, and counterbalancing the pressures on, the 
other (Fig 2.1). 
In practice, this balance may not be achieved for the following reasons: The suction passages to the two 
suction eyes may not provide equal or uniform flows to the two sides. 1. External conditions such as an 
elbow being too close to the pump suction nozzle may cause unequal flows to the suction. 2. The two 
sides of the discharge casing may not be symmetrical, or the impeller may be located off-center. These 
conditions will alter the flow characteristics between the impeller shrouds and casing, causing unequal 
pressures on the shrouds. 3. Unequal leakage through the two leakage joints will tend to upset the balance. 
Combined, these factors create definite axial unbalance. To compensate for this, all centrifugal pumps, 
even those with double-suction impellers, incorporate thrust bearings. 
 
Q.41 Discuss methods of balancing the axial thrust in a centrifugal pump with diagram.(745) Ans: 
Methods Of Balancing The Axial Thrust In Centrifugal Pump In order to balance applied thrust 
.following methods are adopted 1.For small pumps: (i)A ball thrust bearing is provided in the direction of 
axial thrust as shown. 
(ii)A cast iron ring in the casing is inserted which should fit in with similar ring cast integral 
With the impeller as shown. 
2.For Large Pumps: (i)By using double suction impellers as shown in fig. may be used to eliminate axial 
thrust. In this case, there would be equal and opposite axial thrusts acting on each suction side, hence they 
would 
 
balance out each other. 
(ii)By providing relieving holes in the impeller which allows the suction pressure to act equally from Both 
sides as shown. 
(iii)By provision of balance plate or disc fitted at the end of pump shaft as shown in fig. It is so connected 
to high pressure side and low pressure side that it produces a net force equal and opposite to axial thrust 
on suction side. 
 
(iv)The  number  of  impellers  of  a  multistage  centrifugal  pumps  are  made  even  in  number.The  suction  of 
half  of  the  impellers is kept on one side and the suction of remainder half of the impellers is kept from the 
other  side  so  that  the  total  axial  thrust  exerted  on  each  side  will  neutralise  each  other  .The  system  is 
shown in fig. It is similar to concept of double suction impellers. 
 
Q 42: Write a short note on gear pump with diagram (746) Ans: Gear pump is a robust and simple 
positive displacement pump. It has two meshed gears revolving about their respective axes. These gears 
are the only moving parts in the pump. They are compact, relatively inexpensive and have few moving 
parts. The rigid design of the gears and houses allow for very high pressures and the ability to pump 
highly viscous fluids. They are suitable for a wide range of fluids and offer self-priming performance. 
Based upon the design, the gear pumps are classified as: External gear pumps Lobe pumps Internal gear 
pumps Gerotor pumps 
External gear pump 
The  external  gear  pump  consists  of  externally  meshed  two  gears  housed  in  a  pump  case  as  shown  in 
figure.  One  of  the  gears  is  coupled  with  a  prime  mover and is called as driving gear and another is called 
as  driven  gear.  The  rotating  gear  carries  the  fluid  from  the  tank  to  the  outlet  pipe.  The  suction  side  is 
towards  the  portion  whereas  the  gear  teeth  come  out  of  the  mesh.  When  the  gears  rotate,  volume  of  the 
chamber  expands  leading  to  pressure  drop below atmospheric value. Therefore the vacuum is created and 
the  fluid  is  pushed  into  the  void  due  to  atmospheric  pressure.  The  fluid  is  trapped  between  housing  and 
rotating  teeth of the gears. The discharge side of pump is towards the portion where the gear teeth run into 
the  mesh  and  the  volume  decreases  between  meshing  teeth. The pump has a positive internal seal against 
leakage;  therefore,  the fluid is forced into the outlet port. The gear pumps are often equipped with the side 
wear  plate  to avoid the leakage. The clearance between gear teeth and housing and between side plate and 
gear  face  is  very  important and plays an important role in preventing leakage. In general, the gap distance 
is  less  than  10  micrometers.  The  amount of fluid discharge is determined by the number of gear teeth, the 
volume  of  fluid  between  each  pair  of  teeth  and the speed of rotation. The important drawback of external 
gear  pump  is  the  unbalanced  side  load  on  its  bearings.  It  is  caused  due  to  high  pressure  at the outlet and 
low  pressure  at  the  inlet  which  results  in slower speeds and lower pressure ratings in addition to reducing 
the  bearing  life.  Gear  pumps  are  most  commonly  used  for  the  hydraulic  fluid power applications and are 
widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid with a certain viscosity. 
Q44. What are the methods of energy conservation in compressed air system? (748) 
 
Ans: Some important methods of energy conservation as follows: 
· Location and Size of filters- The location of compressor & use of filters plays an important role on 
the amount of energy consumed. The lower inlet temperature to compressor results into lower energy 
input. It is observed that Every 40C rise in inlet air temperature results in a higher energy consumption by 
1 % to achieve equivalent output. Since the compressor room has higher temperature than the surrounding 
air temperature, it is essential that intake pipe to L.P. compressor must be extended outside the 
compressor room in a shade. 
· Use of Air-filters- Air filters must be used to supply clean air at suction to compressor to avoid 
wear of moving parts. Filters should have high dust separation capacity with minimum pressure drop 
since higher pressure drop across the filter increases the power consumption 
· Intercooling in between the stages - Intercoolers should be provided in between the stages to 
reduce the power requirement to run the compressor. Ideally, the temperature of the inlet air at each stage 
of a multi-stage machine should be the same as it was at the first stage. This is referred to as “perfect 
cooling” or isothermal compression. The extent of power saved depends on the intercooling of air carried 
out in the intercooler. 
· Using Variable Speed Drives- Variable speed drives should be used for capacity control of 
compressors to reduce power consumption. 
· By Controlling Pressure Settings - Compressor operates between pressure ranges called as loading 
(cut-in) and unloading (cut-out) pressures. For the same capacity, a compressor consumes more power at 
higher pressures. They should not be operated above their optimum operating pressures as this not only 
wastes energy, but also leads to excessive wear, leading to further energy wastage. The volumetric 
efficiency of a compressor is also less at higher delivery pressures. Reducing Delivery Pressure A 
reduction in the delivery pressure by 1 bar in a compressor would reduce the power consumption by 6 – 
10 %. 
· Proper Arrangement of Pipe lengths & fittings- Where possible the piping system should be 
arranged as a closed loop or ring main to allow for more uniform air distribution to consumption points 
and to equalize pressure in the piping 
· Use Blowers in place of Compressed Air System - Blowers must be used for low pressure 
applications instead of compressed air (e.g. in agitation, air for combustion of fuel, conveying materials in 
pipes) .Misuse of compressed air should be avoided for cleaning floors, equipment cleaning, etc. 
· Reduce Leakages - It is necessary that the leakages in the compressed air supply & distribution 
system are eliminated as far as possible. Leakage tests are conducted by ultrasonic leak detectors. It is 
done by observing & locating sources of ultrasonic vibrations created by turbulent flow of air passing 
through leaks in pressurized system. 
· Replace Pneumatic tools Avoiding loss of air pressure due to friction: The loss of pressure in 
piping is caused by resistance in pipe fittings and valves, which dissipates energy by producing 
turbulence. 
 
Q45: State the difference between a turbine and axial compression blade. (750) Ans: 
Sr no. 
Turbine Blades Axial Compressor Blades 
1. Blade passages are converging since flow is 
accelerating. 
Blade passages are diverging since flow is decelerating or diffusing 
2.  The  blade  profile  consists  of  straight  lines  and  circular  arcs  as  the  flow  is  stable  and  no  separation 
occurs. 
The  blades  are  made  of  aero  foil  section  based  on  aero  foil  theory,  since  the  diffusing  flow is less stable 
and rapid diffusion causes the fluid breakaway from the wall of diverging passages. 
3.  The  blades  are  relatively  small  and have to be made to withstand high temperatures without shattering, 
creep-distorting or melting. 
They  deal  with  relatively  cold  air  so  they  do  not need such complex internal shapes, exotic metallurgy or 
complex tip-sealing. 
4. 
 
46. Draw the inlet and exit velocity diagrams for axial flow compressor and derive the expression for 
work input? (751) Ans. 
Work Input The work done on the compressor per kg of air per stage is given as, W = ( Cwo – Cwi)Cb 
Applying the Steady Flow Equation (S.F.E.E) and assuming process to be adiabatic , the work of 
compression can be written as, W =Cp (T02 – T01) Where T02 = Exit stagnation temperature of air 
T01 = Inlet stagnation temperature of air Equating the equations W = ( Cwo – Cwi)Cb = Cp (T03 
– T01) = Cp (T02 – T01) Therefore (T02 – T01) = = ( Cwo – Cwi) Cb/Cp 
 
Q47. State the Function of Stator and Rotor blades in Axial flow compressor. (752) Ans :- Axial Flow 
Compressors The basic components of an axial flow compressor are a rotor and stator, the former 
carrying the moving blades and the latter the stationary rows of blades. The stationary blades convert the 
kinetic energy of the fluid into pressure energy, and also redirect the flow into an angle suitable for entry 
to the next row of moving blades.. For a compressor, a row of rotor blades followed by a row of stator 
blades is called a stage. Function 
The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also 
known as stators or vanes, convert the increased rotational kinetic energy into static pressure through 
diffusion and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage. The 
diffusing action in stator converts absolute kinetic head of the fluid into rise in pressure. The relative 
kinetic head in the energy equation is a term that exists only because of the rotation of the rotor. The rotor 
reduces the relative kinetic head of the fluid and adds it to the absolute kinetic head of the fluid i.e., the 
impact of the rotor on the fluid particles increases its velocity (absolute) and thereby reduces the relative 
velocity between the fluid and the rotor. In short, the rotor increases the absolute velocity of the fluid and 
the stator converts this into pressure rise. 
Fig. 2 Flow through Stages 
 
Q 49) Explain surging, choking and stalling in rotary and axial flow compressor ?(754) Ans. SURGING: 
The Standard operating curve of a dynamic compressor will look like 
It  means,  maximum discharge pressure is obtained at minimum flow and vice versa for a particular speed. 
Now  surge  is  the  operating  point,  where  Maximum  head  and  minimum  flow  capacity  is  reached.  Now 
principle  of  working  of  a  compressor is -Imparting Kinetic Energy to the fluid in impeller and conversion 
of  this  energy  into  pressure  energy  by  decreasing  speed  in  Diffuser.  So,  if  maximum  head  capacity  is 
reached,  then  pressure  in  diffuser  will  be  greater  than  pressure  at  impeller  outlet.  This  will  prevent  fluid 
from  moving  further  at  impeller  outlet  and  causes  the  fluid  in  diffuser  to  flow  back,  i.e.  flow  reversal 
takes  place.  This  can  be  deteriorating  as  it  has  potential  to  damage  the  bearings  and  other  rotating  parts, 
and  also  cause  high  vibrations.  This  can  be  rectified  by  providing  an  anti  surge  valve,  which  takes  fluid 
from discharge and directs it to suction so that flow is increased and surge is controlled. 
In above graph, the line joining minimum flow points for each speed is called Surge Line, and compressor 
must operate to the right side of it. CHOKING : Consider the following operating curve: 
 
Stonewall or choke point for a centrifugal compressor occurs when the resistance to flow in the 
compressor discharge line drops significantly below the normal levels. Due to low resistance, compressor 
discharge sees very low back pressure. As suggested by the compressor maps for a fixed rpm value, 
compressor output increases as the back pressure at compressor discharge drops down. This leads to 
increased gas velocity in the centrifugal compressor. The increase in gas velocity can occur until it can 
reach its maximum at sonic velocity. When the gas velocity in any of the compressor parts reaches close 
to sonic velocity, this is said to be the choke point or stonewall for compressor operation. The gas velocity 
and gas flow rate cannot go beyond this value at the choke point. 3) STALLING: Stalling is an important 
phenomenon that affects the performance of the compressor. An analysis is made of rotating stall in 
compressors of many stages, finding conditions under which a flow distortion can occur which is steady 
in a travelling reference frame, even though upstream total and downstream static pressure are constant. 
In the compressor, a pressure-rise hysteresis is assumed. It is a situation of separation of airflow at the 
aerofoil blades of the compressor. This phenomenon depending upon the blade-profile leads to reduced 
compression and drop in engine power. There are three types of stalling : Positive stalling Flow 
separation occur on the suction side of the blade. Negative stalling Flow separation occur on the pressure 
side of the blade. Negative stall is negligible compared to the positive stall because flow separation is 
least likely to occur on the pressure side of the blade. In a multi-stage compressor, at the high pressure 
stages, axial velocity is very small. Stalling value decreases with a small deviation from the design point 
causing stall near the hub and tip regions whose size increases with decreasing flow rates. They grow 
larger at very low flow rate and affect the entire blade height. Delivery pressure significantly drops with 
large stalling which can lead to flow reversal. The stage efficiency drops with higher losses. Rotating 
stalling. Non-uniformity of air flow in the rotor blades may disturb local air flow in the compressor 
without upsetting it. The compressor continues to work normally but with reduced compression. Thus, 
rotating stall decreases the effectiveness of the compressor. 
 
In  a  rotor  with  blades  moving  say  towards  right.  Let  some  blades  receives  flow  at  higher  incidence,  this 
blade will stop positively. It creates obstruction in the passage between the blade to its left and itself. Thus 
the  left  blade  will  receive  the  flow  at higher incidence and the blade to its right with decreased incidence. 
The  left  blade  will  experience  more  stall  while  the blade to its ri\ght will experience lesser stall. Towards 
the  right  stalling  will  decrease  whereas it will increase towards its left. Movement of the rotating stall can 
be observed depending upon the chosen reference frame. 
NOTE : The answer for surging and choking of rotator and axial flow compressor is one and the same for 
both & Stalling only occurs in axial flow compressor 
 
Q.50. State and explain various losses in axial and centrifugal compressors. (755) Ans . Losses in axial 
flow compressor are as follows: 1. Skin friction losses: The pressure losses are caused due to viscous 
friction that arise in the boundary layers of vanes and flow passage walls in the annulus. Separation eddies 
and boundary layer accounts most of the losses which are difficult to assess. 2. Profile losses: It represents 
the pressure losses due to skin friction on the blade surface. It can be obtained from experimental cascade 
testing which is expressed as drag coefficient. It mainly depends on Reynolds number and the angle of 
incidence. 3. Secondary flow losses: These pressure losses are associated with secondary flow produced 
by the combined effect of curvature and boundary layer as a result of finite blade spacing. The secondary 
flow is produced due to viscous effect. It modifies the main flow pattern of stream and the flow gets 
deflected. The losses are greatly influenced by tip clearance and this should not exceed more than 2 
percentage of blade height. The additional drag coefficient arising due to secondary losses as estimated by 
cartev are given by the equation, C 
DS Losses =0.018C 
in centrifugal L 2 
compressor are as follows: 1. Channel losses : These losses are due to skin friction 
and turbulence in the flow passage formed by the impeller blades. Frictional losses are proportional to 
square of velocity. 2. Exit losses in diffuser : These represent the loss of head equivalent to non 
–conversion of kinetic energy of fluid between entrance and exit of diffuser. These losses are also 
proportional to square of velocity. 3. Inlet losses : These losses are due to the fact that the angle of 
incidence of fluid on the impeller blades varies with the discharge rates and it does not coincide with the 
angle of entrance of the blade if the compressor is not operating at designed conditions. It results into loss 
of kinetic energy since a component of relative velocity at inlet is lost. 
 
Q53: a centrifugal pump is making noise during operation. What are the probable causes and suitable 
remedies for this problem?( 758 ) Ans: 
Sr no. fault Other symptoms Cause Remedies 
1 No output 1) suction and delivery gauges read zero. 2) Suction gauge reads zero but delivery gauge 
normal. 
1. Pump has lost its water due to air lock in suction pipe, air leaks in suction pipe, air leaks in stuffing 
boxes, or level of water dropped below strainers. 2. Speed too low to overcome the total head, or choke in 
delivery pipe. 
1) stop and reprime remake Pipe joints tighten glands or repack lengthen suction pipe to lower strainer. 2. 
Increase speed. Clear choke in delivery pipe. 
2 Poor output: it should be noted that unless a flow meter is provided, the pump attendant has very little to 
inform him that the output of the pump is not normal. 
1. Surging in delivery pressure gauge. 2. Suction gauge shows high vacuum, vibration and noise. 3. 
Suction gauge shows low vacuum. 4. Pump not running up to speed. 
1) Air leak in suction pipe or stuffing boxes, or air entering strainer. 2. Choked strainer, foot valve or 
suction pipe. Vibration and noise caused by cavitations. 3. Impeller partly choked. 4. Partial chokes in 
delivery pipe. 5. Engine or motor defective. 6. Voltage low. 7.belt slipping 
1. As above 2. Clean strainer, foot valve or suction pipe. 3. Clean impeller. 4.clear choke in delivery pipe 
5. Replace or overhaul. 6. Check and rectify 7.tighten belt 
 
Q54. State difference between open, closed impeller semi closed impeller( 759 ) 
Ans: 
 
Q55) State in detail classification of impeller (760) Ans:- It is wheel or rotor which is provided with a 
series of curved vanes. It is mounted on a shaft which is coupled to an electric motor it is responsible for 
imparting the centrifugal head to the liquid The impeller is classified as follows:- Closed impeller 
Semi-open impeller Open impeller 
Comparison for all types of impeller The open impeller has a series of vanes attached to a central unit. 
This is done for the mounting on the shaft. However, this design is more sensitive to wear and tear of the 
blades. The closed impeller has a side wall on the either sides (top and bottom) of the vanes. Closed 
impellers are the most commonly used impellers in the industry since they can deal with volatile and 
explosive fluids. The closed impeller is initially really efficient, but with time, loses its efficiency as the 
clearance of the wear ring increases, whereas the efficiency of an open impeller can be maintained 
through clearance adjustment. The pump had to be disassembled when it has a closed impeller to check 
the status of the wear rings. In an open impeller, no pump disassembling is necessary. An open impeller is 
less likely to get clogged and even if it does, it is easier to clean whereas in a closed impeller, if stringy 
material or solids are pumped, the impeller can clog and it becomes really difficult to clean them. The 
internal parts of a closed impeller are hidden hence it is difficult to cast and inspect for flaws whereas in 
an open impeller, all the parts are visible. It thus becomes easy to inspect for damage. The design of a 
closed impeller is more complicated and expensive since the additional wear rings are needed while the 
open impeller is less costly to build. You cannot easily modify a closed impeller so as to improve its 
performance. While the vanes can be easily cut to improve the capacity in an open impeller. In a closed 
impeller, speed choices are limited. But you have a wide range of specific speed, choice is an open 
impeller. The semi open impeller gives the average effect. 
 
 
Q56. What are the different vanes used in centrifugal pump? Explain all of them with a neat sketch. (761) 
Ans. Vane shapes are of three types as follows: (a)BACKWARD VANES (φ<90°): 
In these vanes, the outlet tip of vane is curved in the direction opposite to motion of impeller as 
shown in figure. Therefore, angle φ becomes less than 90°. For backward vanes, cot φ is positive (since 
φ<90°), the Euler`s head will keep on decreasing with the Increase in discharge rate Q. (b)RADIAL 
VANES (φ=90°): For radial vanes (φ=90°), cotφ=0, therefore the Euler`s head remains constant 
irrespective of discharge rates. Radial vane pumps are designed to optimize performance at low pump 
specific speeds, when the application calls for relatively high heads at low flow rates. Improved 
performance results from the pumps ability to produce up to 50% higher output head for a given impeller 
diameter due to the straight radial vanes and a fixed diffuser outlet. (c)FORWARD VANES (φ>90°): 
The outlet tip angle of vane is in the direction of motion of impeller and it makes an obtuse angle with the 
tangent to the rotor.For A less than 90o (forward curved vanes) it is unstable owing to unrestricted power 
growth. Large losses result from high outflow velocity. 
 
Q57: Derive Euler’s energy transfer equation in centrifugal pump.( 762) 
SOLUTION: 
Fig 1: Sectional view of a Centrifugal pump 
Basic Concept: Conservation of Momentum Momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity. 
Newton's second law of motion states that the resultant external force acting on a body in any direction is 
equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body in that direction: Fx=F1x-F2x=m* dvx/dt since for 
fluid flow m = Ro* Q* dt Fx== Ro* Q *dvx = Ro* Q* (dv1x - dv2x ) (for the component in y - direction, 
the same formula applies) A bend of constant diameter (NB 225 mm) deflects the flow through an angle 
of 45°; this bend is installed in a pipeline system with a nominal discharge of 100 l/s . Neglecting friction, 
the pressure at both ends of the bend is 1 m water column. Figure 3 shows the bend cut out of the system 
and all external forces (here only pressure and momentum, gravity forces neglected) are acting on the 
bend. Vectorial addition of these forces gives the resultant force acting on the bend. To keep it in place, a 
concrete thrust block may be poured around the bend or, if the pipeline is rigid enough, the resultant force 
may be anchored at another place. F1,pressure,x= h* Ro* g* A1 = 1.0*1000*9.81*0.225^2 *pi/4 =390N 
v1x = I v2* I= Q/A = 0. 1/(0.225^2 *pi /4) = 2.52 m/s F1,momentum,x = m*v/dt =Ro *Q*v = 
1000*0.1*2.52 = 252 N F1x = 642 N The values of the forces at the outlet section are equal to those at the 
inlet, but their vectors are different: F2,y = 642 * sin45°= 454 N Fres,y=454N F2,x = -642 * cos 45° = - 
454 N Fres,x = 642 - 454 = 188 N Fres =sqrt(Fres,y^2 +Fres,x^2) = 491 N at 67.5° 
Fig 2 : Velocity vector diagrams for a centrifugal pump 
Derivation of the Euler Equation 
 
The same principle of conservation of momentum as shown in the previous section is applied to the 
impeller of a centrifugal pump. All forces acting on two sections of the flow path (here inner and outer 
periphery of the impeller) are considered. For the circular system, the forces due to pressure for both the 
outer and the inner periphery of the impeller as well as the radial components of the impulse forces 
(change of momentum due to velocities cm1 and cm 2) cancel each other out because for each vector, an 
equal force but of opposite direction acts on the opposite half of the impeller. Fig 3: Application of 
momentum equation on bend pipe 
Fig 4 : Derivation of the euler’s equation 
The water entering the impeller per second at the inner periphery possesses the tangential momentum 
Ro*Q*cu1; similarly the water leaving the impeller at the outer periphery possesses the momentum 
Ro*Q*cu2. If tangential momentum is multiplied by radius, a moment of momentum is obtained: 
Ro*Q*cu*r. The rate of change of moment of momentum between inner and outer periphery is equal to 
the torque applied on the pump shaft: T=Ro* Q* cu2* r2 -Ro* Q* cu1* r1 T = Ro* Q *( cu2* r2 cu1* r1 ) 
(Nm) Power = rate of energy transfer (for a linear system: force * distance moved in the direction of the 
force per unit time = force * velocity) and for rotating systems: P = torque * rotational speed P =Omega* 
T = Omega*Ro* Q *( cu2* r2 cu1* rl ) with Omega = 2*pi*n/60 P = Ro* Q *( cu2* u2 - cul* u1 ) since u 
= Omega* r which represents the energy transferred from the impeller to the liquid per unit time. Another 
expression for power is work done per second (rate of doing work). Since the pump is designed to lift a 
mass of fluid through the pump head H. the power of the machine can also be expressed by: P = g H m /dt 
and since m/dt = Q Ro we obtain P =Ro g Q H. Inserted above leads to the Euler Equation: P = Ro * g * 
Q * H = Ro * Q * ( cu2* u2 - cu1 *u1 ) EULER EQUATION: HE = 1/g *( cu2* u2- cu1* u1 ) HE 
represents the ideal increase in total head (in m fluid column) of the fluid due to the action of the impeller; 
i.e., the increase of head when all losses are ignored. For real machines, a hydraulic efficiency is 
introduced to take account of the inevitable losses of the machine: Eta hydr =H /HE Pump 
 
Q58. Explain with the help of a head discharge curve, the interaction of centrifugal pump and the 
system.Also draw HQ curves for series and parallel operations of centrifugal pumps.(763) Ans. 
Manufacturer supplies the head discharge curve (H-Q) for their designed pump and operated 
under test conditions. 
However, this pump is required to operate under different conditions with regard to suction and 
discharge pipe lines, bends, number of valves, elbows, tees etc. 
Therefore,  the  pump  to  be  employed  under  actual  conditions  is  required  to  overcome  the  static 
head  and  the  friction  head  losses  in  suction  and  delivery  pipes  and  the  connected  fittings.  Usually  the 
static head is constant but the friction losses are proportional to the square of discharge. 
Hence, the user of the pump evaluates his system requirement and a curve is drawn as head 
discharge curve called system resistance curve or system characteristic curve as shown in figure. 
The pump characteristics curves as supplied by the manufacturer are superimposed on system 
characteristics curve as evaluated. 
The  interaction  of  the  two curves represents the operation point. The operation point on the pump 
characteristic curve should be in the vicinity of the maximum efficiency point of pump. It would represent 
the economical running of the pump. 
Also  it  is  necessary  that  the  pump  discharge  should  meet  the  limiting  discharge  of  the  system 
requirement  and  based  on  the  above  concept  and  the  other  considerations  the  best pump is selected from 
the manufacturer’s designed characteristic curves. 
Illustration 1: Interaction of centrifugal system and pump 
Illustration 2: pump in parallel 
 
Illustration 3. Pump in series 
 
Q59. Show by neat sketch the difference between the volute and diffuser pump. How will you show the 
different performance characteristics. (764) 1.Volute Pump: The cross-section is so designed to give a 
constant velocity in the volute of spiral shape. For this reason, it is called constant velocity volute. In such 
casing, the loss of energy is considerably reduced compared to a circular casing if required. The 
conversion of K.E. to P.E. is not possible. The efficiency of pump only increases slightly. Diffuser Pump: 
Its function is to guide the liquid leaving the impellor in the streamline diverging passages into the volute 
chamber from where it flows to delivery pipe. The pump with diffuser ring becomes reversed reaction 
turbine and therefore is commonly known as turbine pump. The guide vane passages formed have an 
increasing cross-sectional area which reduces the velocity of flow, so the K.E. is converted to P.E. 
2.Performance Characteristics: A centrifugal pump is designed to develop certain manometric head and 
discharge at a constant speed since the pumps are usually driven by A.C. motors. In some cases, it may be 
driven by an IC engine at a variable speed or the pump in actual practice may be needed to develop a 
certain head or discharge. Under these conditions, the behavior of the pump will be different than 
expected. Therefore, various tests on the pump under various conditions are conducted in order to predict 
the behavior and performance of the pump. The results are then plotted on a graph under different flow 
rates, head and speed. The curves obtained are known as characteristic curves. 
 
Q .60). How will the vane angles at the exit influence the head discharge characteristics? Also explain 
various performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump? (765) Ans: vane shapes in centrifugal pumps 
are of three types, 1). Backward vanes (φ<90 ): 2). Radial vanes (φ=90 ): 3). Forward vanes (φ>90 ): 
will · For backward vanes, cot φ is positive (since φ<90 ), the Euler’s with the increase in discharge rate 
q. Therefore, the energy transfer with head, backward h 
e 

keep on decreasing vanes is reduced. 

· For radial vanes (φ=90 ), cot φ=0, therefore the Euler’s head remains constant irrespective of 
discharge rates. 
· In case of forward vanes (φ>90 ) the Euler’s head keeps on increasing with increase in discharge rates. 
However, energy into pressure the absolute energy velocity cannot be v 2 
at carried exit of out impeller very effectively is also increased. in diffuser The section conversion of 
pump of this since kinetic the liquid has a tendency to break away from walls of diverging passages. 
·  However  in  case  the  diffusion  process  is  too  rapid  in  a  small  diffuser  section,  the  liquid  may 
reverse  its  direction  of  flow  due  to resultant high pressure gradient. It causes formation of eddies and loss 
of energy. 
· For reasons discussed above, the pumps are usually designed with backward vanes in the range 
of φ=20 to 35 except in cases where the impeller diameter and high head is the major consideration. 
· The theoretical head – discharge characteristics curves based on above discussion is shown in 
below figure 
· · These Since the curves power are required straight lines by the since, impeller, 
h 
e 

q 
P=ƥ g q h 
e 

=k-k 
1 

, it follows from the equation P=ƥ g q (k-k 

1 

q)=k 
2 

q-k 
3 

q2 
 
· It could be seen that with forward vanes, the input power required increases rapidly with increase in 
discharge rates and with backward vanes, the input power required increases gradually with increase in 
discharge rates. Various performance characteristics curves of centrifugal pump 
· Main characteristics curves: Main characteristics curves are obtained by test run at constant speed 
and discharge is varied by means of delivery valve. At is calculated. 
each discharge, the manometric head h 
m 

and the input power p are measured and overall efficiency η 

0 

Test The test curves run are is repeated plotted between by running h m 
vs. the q, pump p vs. at q another and η 0 
vs. constant q as shown speed. in A figure family for of constant speed. 
curves will be obtain 
at various constant speed n 
1 

, n 
2 

,....... As shown in figure below. 

 
· Operating characteristics curves The pumps are designed for maximum efficiency at a given speed 
called designed speed. Therefore the pumps are test run at designed speed as provided by the 
manufacturer of pump. The discharge is varied at as discussed in case of main characteristics curve and 
the head and power input are measured. The overall efficiency of pump is calculated. The performance 
curve thus obtained at designed speed curve are called operating characteristics curve as shown in the 
figure below. 
 
Q61. Explain the procedure of testing of centrifugal pump in laboratory. Which graphs you will plot to 
know the performance of pump? Draw sample graphs too?( 766) Answer: 1) Figure shows a schematic 
layout of a test setup for testing centrifugal pumps. 
2) It consists of a water storage tank of suitable capacity on which the pump along with motor and 
variable speed arrangement is fixed. The suction of the pump is connected through the suction line and 
the strainer cum foot valve arrangement to the storage tank. 3) The pump delivery is connected through a 
flow control valve to the measuring tank. 4) On the suction line, a vacuum gauge is fitted and a pressure 
gauge is fixed on the delivery line. Arrangement for priming the pump is provided using a priming cock 
and funnel on to the delivery line. 5) Meaning tank consists of level indicator glass tube and the scale to 
measure discharge. Below the measuring tank, the drain valve is fitted which allows to drain the water 
from measuring tank to storage tank. 6) The motor is connected through an energy motor which is fixed 
on the control panel. The motor speed is measured by the digital pickup indicator located on the control 
panel. The delivery head is measured by pressure gauge and the vacuum at pump suction is measured by 
vacuum gauge. 7) The pump is tested at constant speed by varying the discharge rates controlled by the 
flow control valve. The power input is measured by energy meter. The pump efficiency are calculated. 8) 
Various graphs are plotted for power, head and efficiency Vs the discharge. 9) Experiments are repeated 
at variable speed by keeping the constant valve opening. Head, discharge and power input are measured. 
Various performance curves are plotted. Types of performance Main Characteristic Curves: Main 
characteristic curves are obtained by the test run at constant speed and the discharge is varied by means of 
delivery valve. At each discharge, the manometric head Hm and input power P are measured and the 
overall efficiency n. is calculated. The test run is repeated by running the pump at another constant speed. 
A family of curves will be obtained at various constant speeds N1, N2. As shown. 
 
 
Q.62. In pumping installation it was observed that pump is not developing sufficient power. What are the 
different probable causes and remedies for this problem? (767) Ans. 
Following table shows the causes for insufficient power developed and its remedies: 
Sr. No Causes Remedies 
1 Pump may not be properly primed Reprime the pump by filling water in the 
pump 
2 
Total  head  against  which  the  pump  is  working  may  be  much  higher  than  that  for  which  the  pump  is 
designed 
Check the head with accurate gauges; reduce the head or change the pump 
3 Impeller may be clogged Clean the impeller 
4 Too high suction lift Reduce the suction lift 
5 Some parts may be damaged due to 
excessive wear and tear 
Replace the worn and damaged parts 
6 Leakage of air into the pump Plug and repair the leakage 
 
Q 63. Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive the same in terms of head ‘H’, discharge ‘Q’ 
and speed ‘N’(768) Ans: The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is the speed of a pump that is identical 
to a pump in respect to shape, size, geometry, gate opening, etc. but operating at 1m head and delivering 
1m3/s water. Let, Q = discharge Hm = manometric head N = speed Ns = Specific speed Vf = flow 
velocity D = impeller diameter B = width of the impeller We know that: B ∝ D Discharge, Q = Area * 
Velocity of Flow = (πDB)* Vf 
Q ∝πD2 * Vf ∝ D2 * Vf (. .. B ∝ D) ........ (i) Tangential velocity of impeller, 
u = πDN/60 ∝ DN .........(ii) Also, u ∝ Vf∝√Hm .........(iii) Equating Equations (ii) and (iii) 
DN ∝√Hm i.e. D = √Hm / N .........(iv) On substituting the values of Vf and D from equations 
(iii) and (iv) respectively in equation (i) we get, 
Q ∝ (√Hm / N)2 * √Hm ∝Hm3/2 / N2 Q = K * Hm3/2 / N2 .......(v) Where, K is a constant of 
proportionality. By Definition: If Hm = 1 m, Q = 1 m3/s, N becomes equal to Ns. ... 1 = K * Hm3/2 / Ns2 
= K /Ns 2 i.e. K = Ns2 ........(vi) Substituting the value of K from the Equation (vi) in (v) Q = Ns2 * 
Hm3/2 / N2; or, Ns2 = N2 * Q / Hm3/2 
Therefore, 
 
Q64. How centrifugal pump does develop pressure energy to flowing fluid across it? (769) Ans. 
Centrifugal pump works on a principle that when a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate along the 
impeller for the central axis of rotation, it impresses a centrifugal head. It causes the water to move 
radially outward at higher velocity and causes the water to rise to a higher level. The motion of water is 
restricted by casing of pump resulting into pressure build up. In addition the change in the angular 
momentum of liquid during its flow results into increase in pressure head. 
The step involved in the following are: 1. The delivery valve is closed 2. The priming of pump is carried 
out 3. The pump shaft and impellor is now rotated with the help of an external source of power like a 
motor or any other prime mover 4. The speed of impeller should be sufficient to produce the centrifugal 
head such that it can initiate discharge from delivery pipe 5. Now the delivery valve is opened and the 
liquid is lifted and discharged through the delivery pipe due to its high pressure. Thus the liquid is 
continuously sucked form the sump to the impeller eye and it is delivered from the casing of pump 
through the delivery pipe 6. Before stopping the pump, it is necessary to close the delivery pipe otherwise 
the backflow of the liquid may take place from the high head reservoir 
Hence when the motion of the water is restricted by the casing pump it results into pressure build up. The 
change in the angular momentum of liquid during its flow results into increase in pressure head. 
 
Q65. Represent the rotary compressor cycle on (T-S) diagram and explain the various processes involved. 
(770) Ans. Air is drawn from surrounding air at stagnation conditions into inlet casing and then it enters 
at eye of impeller with some velocity where it is compressed. The air leaves the impeller and enters into 
diffuser when the partial recovery of velocity head is carried out and their leaves the diffuser into 
collector called volute or scroll with very small velocity. Point 01 represents the condition of ambient air 
(static air with velocity, C=0) at conditions of P01, T01. Air is drawn by the impeller and during the 
isentropic process (01-1), the velocity increases to C1 on the expense of its pressure energy in the 
convergent nozzle of inlet casing. The losses in inlet casing have been neglected. Point 1 represents the 
static conditions of air at inlet to the impeller as P1, T1 and velocity C1. Air is compressed in the impeller 
and in the impeller and its pressure and temperature rises on the expense of external work. Process (1-2') 
represents reversible adiabatic compression and process (1-2) actual compression process with friction. 
Point 2 represents the static conditions of air at inlet to the impeller as P1, T1 and velocity C1. Air is 
compressed in the impeller and its pressure and temperature rises on the expense of external work. 
Process (1-2') represent reversible adiabatic compression and process (1-2) actual compression process 
with friction. Point 2 represents the state of air just at the exit of impeller given as P2, T2 and velocity C2. 
Pressure P02 corresponds to delivery pressure if the total kinetic energy (C22/2) is converted into 
pressure energy in the diffuser. From impeller the air enters into the fixed diffuser blades where its kinetic 
energy is converted into pressure energy by diffusion process. Since diffusion process is not isentropic, 
the final delivery pressure corresponds to pressure P3 and having K.E. (C22/2) entering into collector 
P03<P02 since diffusion process is irreversible. Point 03 represents the condition of air at discharge at 
P03, T03 with negligible velocity. The process (01-1) represents the isentropic process in inlet casing 
with increase in velocity C1 and decrease to static pressure P1. Process (1-2') represents the ideal 
isentropic compression and process (1-2) as actual compression process in impeller blade. The condition 
of air leaving the impeller is at P2, T2 and velocity C2. Thus air enters into diffuser where the K.E. is 
converted into pressure energy completely in an ideal diffusion process (2-02). Thus the state at exit of 
compressor is at P02, T02 with negligible velocity at exit (C2≃0).