IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO.

3, MAY 2000 495

An Improved Control Algorithm of Shunt Active

Filter for Voltage Regulation, Harmonic Elimination,
Power-Factor Correction, and Balancing of Nonlinear
Loads
Ambrish Chandra, Senior Member, IEEE, Bhim Singh, B. N. Singh, Member, IEEE, and
Kamal Al-Haddad, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper deals with an implementation of a

new control algorithm for a three-phase shunt active filter to
regulate load terminal voltage, eliminate harmonics, correct
supply power-factor, and balance the nonlinear unbalanced loads.
A three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based
current controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) with a dc bus
capacitor is used as an active filter (AF). The control algorithm
of the AF uses two closed loop PI controllers. The dc bus voltage
of the AF and three-phase supply voltages are used as feed back
signals in the PI controllers. The control algorithm of the AF pro-
vides three-phase reference supply currents. A carrier wave pulse
width modulation (PWM) current controller is employed over the
reference and sensed supply currents to generate gating pulses
of IGBT’s of the AF. Test results are presented and discussed Fig. 1. Fundamental building block of the active filter.
to demonstrate the voltage regulation, harmonic elimination,
power-factor correction and load balancing capabilities of the AF
system.
Index Terms—Active filter, harmonic compensation, load bal-
ancing, power-factor correction, voltage regulation.

I. INTRODUCTION

S OLID state control of ac power using thyristors and other

semiconductor devices is in an extensive use in a number of
applications such as adjustable speed drives (ASD’s), furnaces,
computers power supplies, and asynchronous ac–dc–ac links.
These power converters behave as nonlinear loads to ac supply
system and cause harmonic injection, lower power-factor, poor
voltage regulation, and utilization of ac network. Moreover, in
a three-phase ac system some load unbalancing may be present
due to the use of some typical loads such as traction and fur-
naces. Single-phase loads on a three-phase supply system result
in an unbalance in system voltage and supply current. The un-
balance in the voltage affects the performance of other loads,

Manuscript received November 11, 1998; revised January 18, 1999. This
work was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council
of Canada. Recommended by Associate Editor, F. D. Tan.
A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad are with the Department of Electrical En-
gineering. Ecole de Technologie Supérieure GREPCI, Montreal, Quebec H3C
1K3, Canada.
B. Singh is with the Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of
Technology Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 India.
B. N. Singh is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8993(00)03394-9. Fig. 2. Control scheme of the active filter.

0885-8993/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE

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 496 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY 2000

capacitor is used as the shunt AF. An indirect current control

technique [28] is employed to obtain PWM switching signals for
the devices used in the CC-VSI working as an AF. Three-phase
reference supply currents are derived using sensed ac voltages
(at PCC) and dc bus voltage of the AF as feedback signals. Two
proportional plus integral (PI) controllers are used to estimate
the amplitudes of in-phase and quadrature components of ref-
erence supply currents. The control algorithm of the AF is im-
plemented on a TMS320C31 DSP system. Test results during
steady state and transient operating conditions of the AF are
presented and discussed in detail to demonstrate voltage reg-
ulation/power-factor correction, harmonic elimination and load
balancing capabilities of the AF system.

II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND CONTROL SCHEME

Fig. 1 shows the fundamental building block of the shunt AF.

The AF system is made of a standard three-phase IGBT based
VSI bridge with the input ac inductors ( , ) and a dc bus
capacitor ( ) to obtain a self-supporting dc bus for an effec-
tive current control. A three-phase ac mains with line impedance
( , ) is feeding power to a three-phase diode bridge recti-
fier with a resistive-inductive load. A provision is made with a
switch to open an ac line of the load to realize an unbalanced
Fig. 3. Digital signal processing (DSP) system hardware of the active filter.
nonlinear load. The values of circuit parameters of the system
are given in the Appendix.
mainly the cage induction motors. In the past, a number of at- Fig. 2 shows the control scheme of the AF. Three-phase volt-
tempts have been made [1]–[28] on harmonic elimination, load ages at PCC along with dc bus voltage of the AF are used for
balancing and power factor correction. implementation of control scheme. In real time implementa-
Several texts [2], [6], [9], [10], [21], [22] have appeared on tion of the AF a band pass filter plays an important role. The
electric power quality and many solutions have been suggested three-phase voltages ( , , and ) are sensed at PCC (Fig. 1)
to improve the power quality. A number of compensators have using potential transformers and conditioned in a band pass filter
been reported only for load balancing [2], [3], [5], [7], [11], to meet the range of ADC channels and to filter out any dis-
[13], [19], [20] using lossless passive elements (L and C) and tortion. The three-phase voltages ( , , and ) are inputs
active elements (solid state CSI and VSI). Similarly, several at- and three-phase filtered voltages ( , , and ) are out-
tempts have been made only for harmonic elimination [1], [4], puts from band pass filter. The voltages ( , , and ) here
[6], [8]–[10], [12], [14]–[28] using passive, active and hybrid in after are termed as the supply voltages. In real time con-
filters to improve the performance and to reduce the size of an trol of the AF, a self-supporting dc bus of the AF is realized
active filter. Many control techniques such as instantaneous re- using a PI controller over the sensed ( ) and reference ( )
active power theory [4], notch filters [16], flux based controller values of dc bus voltage of the AF. The PI voltage controller on
[17], power balance theory [18]–[20], sliding mode controllers the dc bus voltage of the AF provides the amplitude of
[14], [15] etc. have been used to improve the performance of the in-phase components ( , and ) of reference supply
active and hybrid filters. Most of these control algorithms need a currents. The three-phase unit current vectors ( , , and
number of transformations and are difficult to implement. Apart ) are derived in-phase with the supply voltages ( , ,
from the problems of harmonics, poor power-factor and unbal- and ). Another PI controller is used over the reference
ance, there is some voltage drop at the point of common cou- and sensed ( ) values of peak supply voltage. The output of
pling (PCC) due to reactive power burden of nonlinear loads. this PI controller is considered as an amplitude of quadra-
This paper presents an implementation of a simple and new ture components ( , and ) of reference supply cur-
control algorithm of a shunt active filter (AF) for ac voltage rents. The three-phase quadrature unit current vectors ( ,
regulation at load terminals (at PCC), harmonic elimination, , and ) are derived from in-phase unit current vectors
power-factor correction and load balancing of nonlinear loads. ( , , and ). The multiplication of in-phase ampli-
The control algorithm of the AF is made flexible and it can be tude with in-phase unit current vectors ( , , and
modified for power-factor correction (unity), harmonic elimina- ) results in the in-phase components ( , , and ) of
tion and load balancing of nonlinear loads. The proposed con- three-phase reference supply currents ( , , and ). Simi-
trol algorithm inherently provides a self-supporting dc bus of larly, multiplication of quadrature amplitude with quadra-
the AF. An insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based cur- ture unit current vectors ( , , and ) results in the
rent controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) with a dc bus quadrature components ( , , and )

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CHANDRA et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL ALGORITHM OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER 497

Fig. 4. Performance of the AF system under switch IN and steady state conditions with a three-phase nonlinear load.

Fig. 5. Steady state response of the AF for voltage regulation and harmonic elimination with a three-phase nonlinear load.

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 498 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY 2000

Fig. 6. Steady state response of the AF for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, and load balancing with a single-phase nonlinear load.

of three-phase reference supply currents ( , , and ). Alge-
braic sum of in-phase ( , , and ) and quadrature (
, and ) components results in the three-phase reference
supply currents ( , , and ). For regulation of voltage at
PCC the three-phase reference supply currents have two compo-
nents. The first component is in-phase with the voltage at PCC
to feed active power to the load and the losses of the AF. The
second component is at quadrature with the voltage at PCC to
feed reactive power of load and to compensate the line voltage
drop by reactive power injection at the PCC. For power-factor
correction to the unity, harmonic elimination and balancing of
nonlinear load, the quadrature component of reference supply
currents is set to zero by assigning a zero value to the quantity
. For the voltage regulation at PCC, the supply currents
should lead the supply voltages while for the power factor con-
trol to the unity, the supply currents should be in phase with
the supply voltages. Since these two conditions, namely, voltage
regulation at PCC and power-factor control to unity can not be
achieved simultaneously [2], therefore, the control algorithm
of the AF is made flexible to achieve either voltage regula-
, tion, harmonics compensation, load balancing or power-factor
correction to unity, harmonics compensation, load balancing.
With three-phase supply voltages ( , , and ) and dc bus
voltage ( ) as feedback signals, the control algorithm of the
AF provides the three-phase reference supply currents ( , ,
and ) as output signals. A carrier wave PWM current con-
troller is used over reference supply currents ( , , and )
and sensed supply currents ( , , and ) to generate gating
signals to the IGBT’s used in the VSI bridge working as the AF.
In response to gating pulses to the AF, it regulates the voltage
at PCC, eliminates harmonics, correct the power-factor at PCC
and balances the unbalanced nonlinear load while maintaining
a self-supporting dc bus of the AF. A deadbeat time of 8 s is
set between upper and lower devices of a leg of VSI to avoid
shoot through fault. An over current protection of devices of the
AF is provided at gate drive level of each IGBT to ensure a safe
operation of the VSI. The carrier frequency of PWM controller
is set at 6.4 kHz.

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CHANDRA et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL ALGORITHM OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
Fig. 7. Switch IN response of the AF for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination with a three-phase nonlinear load.
III. DSP HARDWARE AND CONTROL ALGORITHM
In this section, the details of hardware interfacing with DSP
system and basic equations of control algorithm are given.
A. Description of DSP System Hardware
Fig. 3 shows the DSP system hardware of the AF. The DSP
system [29] consists of a TSM320C31 digital signal processor,
eight channels of 12 bit analog to digital converter (ADC), eight
channels of 12-bit digital to analog converter (DAC), three
hardware interrupts and three timer interrupts. The DSP system
is serially interfaced to an IBM-PC. In PC the control algorithm
is developed in C language and converted in assembly language
codes using optimizing compiler. These assembly language
codes are down loaded into the DSP board through serial port.
The three-phase supply voltages ( , , and ) and dc
bus voltage ( ) of the AF are input signals to the DSP board
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499
through its ADC interface. The dc bus voltage of the AF is
sensed using an isolation amplifier (AD202) and scaled to feed
to ADC channel. The synchronization of ac mains with the con-
trol algorithm in DSP system is obtained using one digital signal
(hardware interrupt). This signal is generated using compara-
tors and logic gates over the three-phase ac supply voltages.
The three-phase ac supply voltages result in six zero crossing
signals at 60 of intervals. Therefore, the digital signal contin-
uously interrupts the DSP system at 60 time intervals of fre-
quency of ac supply system. Using four analog signals and one
hardware interrupt signal, the control algorithm of the AF is im-
plemented in real time. The control algorithm of the AF gen-
erates three-phase reference supply currents. The three-phase
reference supply currents ( , , and ) are input signals to
DAC’s of DSP. The outputs of DAC’s are fed to a carrier wave
PWM current controller. In PWM current controller the error
signals of the reference ( , , and ) and sensed ( , ,
and ) supply currents (sensed using LEM hall-effect current
 500 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY 2000

Fig. 8. Switch IN response of the AF for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination and load balancing with a single-phase nonlinear load.

sensors) are compared with a carrier signals resulting in gating The error signal, , is processed in PI controller and output
pulses for the IGBT’s of the AF. at th sampling instant is expressed as

B. Basic Equations of Control Algorithm of the AF

The three-phase reference supply currents are computed (2)
using three-phase supply voltages and dc bus voltage of the AF.
These reference supply currents consist of two components, one where and are proportional and integral gains of
in-phase and another in quadrature with the supply voltages. the dc bus voltage PI controller. The quantities, and
1) Computation of In-Phase Components of Reference are the output of the voltage controller and voltage
Supply Currents: The amplitude of in-phase component error, respectively, at th sampling instant. The output
of reference supply currents is computed using PI controller of PI controller is taken as amplitude of in-phase
over the average value of dc bus voltage ( ) of the AF and component of the reference supply currents.
its reference counterpart . Comparison of average and Three-phase in-phase components of the reference supply
reference values of dc bus voltage of the AF results in a voltage currents are computed using their amplitude and in-phase
error, which is expressed as, , at th sampling instant unit current vectors derived in-phase with the supply voltages

(1) and (3)

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CHANDRA et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL ALGORITHM OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER 501

Fig. 9. Dynamic response of the AF for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, and load balancing under the load change from three-phase to single-phase.

Fig. 10. Dynamic response of the AF for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, and load balancing under the load change from single-phase to three-phase.

where , , and are in-phase unit current vectors and PI controller over the average value of amplitude ( ) of
derived as supply voltage and its reference counterpart . Comparison
of average and reference values of amplitude of the supply
and (4) voltage results in a voltage error, which is expressed as, ,
at th sampling instant
where is the amplitude of supply voltage and it is computed
as (6)

(5) The error signal, , is processed in PI controller and

output at th sampling instant is expressed as
2) Computation of Quadrature Components of Reference
Supply Currents: The amplitude of quadrature compo-
nent of reference supply currents is computed using an another (7)

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 502 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY 2000

Fig. 11. Steady state response of the AF for power-factor correction, harmonic elimination with a three-phase nonlinear load.

where and are proportional and integral gain con-
stants of ac voltage PI controller. The quantities, and
are the output of voltage controller and voltage error,
respectively, at ( )th sampling instant. The output
of PI controller is taken as amplitude of quadrature com-
ponent of the reference supply currents. Three-phase quadrature
components of the reference supply currents are computed using
their amplitude and quadrature unit current vectors as
and
where , , and are quadrature unit current vectors
and these are derived from in-phase unit current vectors as
3) Computation of Total Reference Supply Currents: Three-
phase instantaneous reference supply currents are computed by
adding in-phase and quadrature components expressed in (3)
and (8)
(10)
For ac voltage regulation along with harmonic elimination
and load balancing these reference supply currents are used
(8) directly. However, for power-factor correction along with
harmonic elimination and load balancing, amplitude of
quadrature components ( , , and ) is set to zero and
in this condition the in-phase components ( , , and )
become the total reference supply currents ( , , and ).
However, by giving a proper weight-age to two components of
reference supply currents a reasonably good compromise may
(9) be achieved.

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CHANDRA et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL ALGORITHM OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
Fig. 12. Steady state response of the AF for power-factor correction, harmonic elimination, and load balancing with a single-phase nonlinear load.
The three-phase reference supply currents ( , , and )
are inputs to 12 bit DAC’s of DSP and outputs of DAC’s are fed
to PWM current controller along with sensed supply currents
( , , and ). The PWM current controller generates gating
signals for IGBT’s of the AF.
IV. PERFORMANCE OF THE AF SYSTEM
A number of tests have been carried out on the developed
prototype model of the AF system for voltage regulation and
power-factor correction along with load balancing and harmonic
elimination. Test results on the AF are presented in Figs. 4–14
and Tables I and II, demonstrating its steady state and transient
performance. From these results, the following observations are
made.
A. Effect of the AF on Power Quality
To demonstrate voltage regulation capability of the AF, an
inductor ( and , values are given in the Appendix) is intro-
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503
duced in each phase in series with the line connecting ac mains
with the AF and load. This causes a voltage drop and distortion
in the voltage waveforms ( , , and ) at PCC as shown in
Fig. 4 for the phase a ( ). Fig. 4(a) shows “switch-in” response
of the AF, whereas, Fig. 4(b) shows steady state response of the
AF with a three-phase nonlinear load. In Fig. 4(a), all the quan-
tities are shown for phase “ ” only and top to bottom waveforms
are the mains voltage ( ), load voltage at the PCC ( ),
supply voltage ( ) obtained from load voltage ( ) using a
band pass filter and supply current ( ). It is to mention here
that the supply voltage ( ) is recorded in the results pertaining
to all other operating conditions of the AF system. It is observed
from Fig. 4 that the load terminal voltage ( ) is quite distorted
and has a THD of 18.3% without AF, however, its THD reduces
to 4.3% when the AF is switched in. A comparative reduction
in different harmonics present in load terminal voltage ( ) are
given in Table I. Similarly, THD in supply currents also reduces
to 4.2% from 27.4% when the AF is “switched-in.” Table II
 504
Fig. 13. Switch IN response of the AF for power-factor correction and harmonic elimination with a three-phase nonlinear load.
presents various harmonics in the supply current for the cases
with and without compensation. The high frequency switching
ripples which are observed in the load voltage ( ) are filtered
out with the help of a band pass filter and output of band pass
filter is voltage signal fed to DSP system. The results shown
in Fig. 4 and Tables I and II confirm that the AF system is able
to improve the quality of power and reduces THD in the voltage
(4.3% THD) and current (4.2% THD) at PCC.
B. Steady State Performance of the AF for Voltage Regulation,
Harmonic Elimination, and Load Balancing
Fig. 5 shows the steady state response of the AF for ac voltage
regulation and harmonic elimination with a three-phase non-
linear load. The AF system regulates ac load terminal voltage
at its reference value and reduces THD in the supply current to
4.2% from 27.4% THD in load current. The dc bus voltage of the
AF is also regulated at its reference value and thus a self-sup-
porting dc bus is obtained. The supply currents ( , , and
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY 2000
) are sinusoidal, balanced and slightly leading with respect to
supply voltages ( , , and ) which is necessary to com-
pensate line impedance drop. Fig. 6 shows the steady state re-
sponse of the AF for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination
and load balancing with a single-phase nonlinear load. The AF
regulates the ac load terminal voltage, eliminates harmonics and
balances a single-phase load resulting in three-phase balanced,
sinusoidal and slightly leading power-factor supply currents.
C. Dynamic Response of the AF for Voltage Regulation,
Harmonic Elimination, and Load Balancing
Fig. 7 shows the “switch-in” response of the AF for voltage
regulation, harmonic elimination and load balancing with a
three-phase nonlinear load. It is observed that the ac load
terminal voltage is raised from 37.48 V (rms) to its reference
value set at 40 V (rms). With the AF system switched in, the
supply currents become sinusoidal within a fraction of a cycle
of ac mains. The dc bus voltage reaches to its steady state
CHANDRA et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL ALGORITHM OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
Fig. 14. Switch IN response of the AF for power-factor correction, harmonic elimination, and load balancing with a single-phase nonlinear load.
value almost instantaneously due to fast dynamic response of
the AF system. Fig. 8 shows the “switch-in” response of the
AF with a single-phase nonlinear load. The supply currents
become sinusoidal and balanced almost instantaneously which
confirms fast response of the AF. The ac load terminal voltage
and dc bus voltage of the AF reach to their respective desired
values within a cycle of the ac mains.
Fig. 9 shows the dynamic response of the AF for a load
change from three-phase to single-phase. The ac load terminal
voltage remains unaffected and the supply currents are reduced
in amplitude but remain sinusoidal, balanced and slightly
leading with respect to supply voltages. Similarly, Fig. 10
shows the dynamic response of the AF when a single-phase
nonlinear load is changed to a three-phase. The three-phase
supply currents are observed with an increased amplitude but
remain sinusoidal, balanced and slightly leading with respect to
supply voltage which is necessary to regulate ac load terminal
voltage.
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505
D. Steady State Performance of the AF for Power-Factor
Correction, Harmonic Elimination, and Load Balancing
Fig. 11 shows the steady state response of the AF with a
three-phase nonlinear load for power-factor correction and har-
monic elimination. The AF is able to reduce harmonics in the
supply currents (THD 4.0% from 27.4%) and it improves the
supply power-factor to unity. The supply currents are balanced,
sinusoidal and in-phase with the voltages. Fig. 12 shows the
steady state response of the AF with a single-phase nonlinear
load. It is observed that the AF is able to balance a nonlinear
single-phase load resulting in sinusoidal, balanced and unity
power-factor supply currents. The control algorithm also pro-
vides a self-supporting dc bus of the AF.
E. Dynamic Performance of the AF for Power-Factor
Correction, Harmonic Elimination, and Load Balancing
Fig. 13 shows “switch-in” response of the AF with a three-
phase nonlinear load for power-factor correction and harmonic
 506
TABLE I
CONTENT OF HARMONICS IN LOAD
VOLTAGE (EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS)
TABLE II
CONTENT OF HARMONICS IN SUPPLY CURRENTS (EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS)
elimination. The AF system offers an instantaneous response
and moment it is turned on it starts filtering the nonsinusoidal
load currents resulting in balanced, sinusoidal and unity power-
factor supply currents. The dc bus voltage of the AF is main-
tained at its reference value and thus a self-supporting dc bus
is obtained. Fig. 14 shows “switch-in” response of the AF with
a single-phase nonlinear load. The supply currents become bal-
anced, sinusoidal and in phase with the supply voltages resulting
in unity power-factor of ac mains. The phase “a” current of the
AF is same as the supply current because there is no load on this
phase. The dc bus voltage of the AF is regulated at its reference
value.
The proposed control algorithm of the AF is found suitable
to regulate ac load voltage, to correct the power-factor of ac
mains to unity and harmonic reduction in the supply currents
and terminal voltages along with load balancing. The proposed
AF with an indirect current control technique applied over the
sensed and reference supply currents reduces real time compu-
tation effort and requires a less number of current sensors. These
aspects enhance the response of the AF due to processing of less
number of signals and reduce the overall cost of the system.
V. CONCLUSIONS
An improved control algorithm of the AF system has been im-
plemented on a DSP system for voltage regulation/power-factor
correction, harmonic elimination and load balancing of non-
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY 2000
linear loads. Dynamic and steady state performances of the AF
system have been observed under different operating conditions
of the load. The performance of the AF system has been found
to be excellent. The AF system has been found capable of im-
proving the power quality, voltage profile, power-factor correc-
tion, harmonic elimination and balancing the nonlinear loads.
The proposed control algorithm of the AF has an inherent prop-
erty to provide a self-supporting dc bus and requires less number
of current sensors resulting in an over all cost reduction. It has
been found that for voltage regulation and power-factor correc-
tion to unity are two different things and can not be achieved
simultaneously. However, a proper weight-age to in-phase and
quadrature components of the supply current can provide a rea-
sonably good level of performance and voltage at PCC can be
regulated with a leading power-factor near to unity. It has been
found that the AF system reduces harmonics in the voltage at
PCC and the supply currents well below the mark of 5% speci-
fied in IEEE-519 standard.
APPENDIX
A. System Parameters
(rms/phase) V, Hz, ,
mH, F, , mH,
and , mH.
B. PI Controllers Gain Constants
1) DC Bus Voltage PI Controller:
.
2) AC Voltage PI Controller:
.
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Ambrish Chandra (SM’87) was born in India
in 1955. He received the B.E. degree from the
University of Roorkee, India, in 1977, the M.Tech.
degree from I.I.T., New Delhi, India, in 1980, and
the Ph.D. degree from the University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alta., Canada, in 1987.
He worked as a Lecturer and later as a Reader
at the University of Roorkee. He is a Professor in
the Electrical Engineering Department, Ecole de
Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Que., Canada.
His main research interests are power quality, active
filters, reactive power compensation, and FACTS.
Authorized licensed use limited to: NED UNIV OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on April 14,2010 at 05:41:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
507
Bhim Singh was born in Rahamapur, U.P., India
in 1956. He received the B.E. degree from the
University of Roorkee, India, in 1977 and the
M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees from the Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, in 1979 and 1983,
respectively.
In 1983, he started working as a Lecturer and,
in 1988 became a Reader in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Roorkee.
In December 1990, he started as an Assistant
Professor, became an Associate Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT, in 1994, and a Professor in 1997.
His field of interest includes CAD, power electronics, active filters, static VAR
compensation, analysis, and digital control of electrical machines.
Dr. Singh is a Fellow of IE(I) and IETE and a Life Member of ISTE, SSI, and
NIQR.
B. N. Singh (M’98) was born in 1968. He received
the B.E. degree from M.M.M. Engineering College,
Gorakhpur, India, in 1989, the M.E. degree from the
University of Roorkee, India, in 1991, and the Ph.D.
degree from Indian Institute of Technology, New
Delhi, in 1996.
In September 1996, he joined the Department
of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie
Supérieure, Montréal, P.Q., Canada, as a Postdoc-
toral Fellow, where he worked in the area of active
filters, UPFC, and FACTS. In February 1999, he
joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia
University, Montreal, as a Research Fellow, where he worked in the area of
power supplies for telecommunication system. Recently, he joined the Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tulane University, New
Orleans, LA, as an Assistant Professor. His main research interests are power
supplies, power electronics, power systems, electrical machines, and drives.
Kamal Al-Haddad (S’82–M’88–SM’92) was born
in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1954. He received the B.Sc.A.
and the M.Sc.A. degrees from the Université du
Québec à Trois-Rivières, P.Q., Canada, in 1982 and
1984, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the
Institut National Polytechnique, Toulouse, France,
in 1988.
From June 1987 to June 1990, he was a Professor
in the Engineering Department, Université du
Québec, Trois-Rivières. In June 1990, he joined
the teaching staff as a Professor in the Electrical
Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du
Québec, Montreal, P.Q. His fields of interest are static power converters,
harmonics, and reactive power control, switch mode and resonant converters,
including the modeling, control, and development of industrial prototypes for
various applications.
Dr. Al-Haddad is a member of the Order of Engineering of Québec and the
Canadian Institute of Engineers.