Environmental

protection

Environmental protection is the practice

of protecting the natural environment by
individuals, organisations and
governments.[1] Its objectives are to
conserve natural resources and the
existing natural environment and, where
possible, to repair damage and reverse
trends.[2]

Due to the pressures of overconsumption,

population growth and technology, the
biophysical environment is being
degraded, sometimes permanently. This
has been recognized, and governments
have begun placing restraints on activities
that cause environmental degradation.
Since the 1960s, environmental
movements have created more awareness
of the various environmental problems.
There is disagreement on the extent of the
environmental impact of human activity
and even scientific dishonesty occurs, so
protection measures are occasionally
debated.

Approaches with regards to

environmental protection
Times are ever changing. Having said, it is
crucial for societies, countries and
organizations to avoid resistance and
adapt to the needs of all living species and
resources. Key concepts of conservation
pertain to sustainability of resources and
species, the longevity of individual product
usage and the concerned domino effects
that reckless usage of resources is
creating. Sustainable developments,
ecological restorations alongside animals
welfare are not only all important aspects
when discussing conservation and change
but it also provides a valid reason as a
topic of concern and awareness. By
educating current and upcoming
generations, and equipping them with the
necessary knowledge and tools, change to
help replenish the environment and a
healthier living style as a society is bound
to reap great results.
Voluntary environmental
agreements

In the industrial countries, voluntary

environmental agreements often provide a
platform for companies to be recognized
for moving beyond the minimum
regulatory standards and thus support the
development of best environmental
practice. For instance, in India,
Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) has
been working for environmental and forest
protection since 1998. A group of Green
Volunteers get a goal of Green India Clean
India concept. CA Gajendra Kumar Jain a
Chartered Accountant, is the founder of
Environment Improvement Trust in Sojat
city a small village of State of Rajasthan in
India [3] In developing countries, such as
Latin America, these agreements are more
commonly used to remedy significant
levels of non-compliance with mandatory
regulation.[4] The challenges that exist with
these agreements lie in establishing
baseline data, targets, monitoring and
reporting. Due to the difficulties inherent in
evaluating effectiveness, their use is often
questioned and, indeed, the whole
environment may well be adversely
affected as a result. The key advantage of
their use in developing countries is that
their use helps to build environmental
management capacity.[4]

Ecosystems approach

An ecosystems approach to resource

management and environmental
protection aims to consider the complex
interrelationships of an entire ecosystem
in decision making rather than simply
responding to specific issues and
challenges. Ideally the decision-making
processes under such an approach would
be a collaborative approach to planning
and decision making that involves a broad
range of stakeholders across all relevant
governmental departments, as well as
representatives of industry, environmental
groups and community. This approach
ideally supports a better exchange of
information, development of conflict-
resolution strategies and improved
regional conservation. Religions also play
an important role in the conservation of
the environment.[5]

International environmental
agreements
Kyoto Protocol Commitment map 2010

Many of the earth's resources are

especially vulnerable because they are
influenced by human impacts across many
countries. As a result of this, many
attempts are made by countries to develop
agreements that are signed by multiple
governments to prevent damage or
manage the impacts of human activity on
natural resources. This can include
agreements that impact factors such as
climate, oceans, rivers and air pollution.
These international environmental
agreements are sometimes legally binding
documents that have legal implications
when they are not followed and, at other
times, are more agreements in principle or
are for use as codes of conduct. These
agreements have a long history with some
multinational agreements being in place
from as early as 1910 in Europe, America
and Africa.[6] Some of the most well-
known international agreements include
the Kyoto Protocol.

Government
Discussion concerning environmental
protection often focuses on the role of
government, legislation, and law
enforcement. However, in its broadest
sense, environmental protection may be
seen to be the responsibility of all the
people and not simply that of government.
Decisions that impact the environment will
ideally involve a broad range of
stakeholders including industry,
indigenous groups, environmental group
and community representatives. Gradually,
environmental decision-making processes
are evolving to reflect this broad base of
stakeholders and are becoming more
collaborative in many countries.[7]

Many constitutions acknowledge the

fundamental right to environmental
protection and many international treaties
acknowledge the right to live in a healthy
environment.[8] Also, many countries have
organizations and agencies devoted to
environmental protection. There are
international environmental protection
organizations, such as the United Nations
Environment Programme.

Although environmental protection is not

simply the responsibility of government
protection acts , most people view these
agencies as being of prime importance in
establishing and maintaining basic
standards that protect both the
environment and the people interacting
with it.

Tanzania

Tanzania is recognised as having some of

the greatest biodiversity of any African
country. Almost 40% of the land has been
established into a network of protected
areas, including several national parks.[9]
The concerns for the natural environment
include damage to ecosystems and loss
of habitat resulting from population
growth, expansion of subsistence
agriculture, pollution, timber extraction and
significant use of timber as fuel.[10]
Zebras at the Serengeti savana plains in Tanzania

History of environmental protection

Environmental protection in Tanzania

began during the German occupation of
East Africa (1884-1919) — colonial
conservation laws for the protection of
game and forests were enacted, whereby
restrictions were placed upon traditional
indigenous activities such as hunting,
firewood collecting and cattle grazing.[11]
In year 1948, Serengeti was officially
established the first national park for wild
cats in East Africa. Since 1983, there has
been a more broad-reaching effort to
manage environmental issues at a
national level, through the establishment
of the National Environment Management
Council (NEMC) and the development of
an environmental act. In 1998 Environment
Improvement Trust (EIT) start working for
environment & forest protection in India
from a small city Sojat. Founder of
Environment Improvement Trust is CA
Gajendra Kumar Jain working with
volunteers.[12]

Government protection
Division of the biosphere is the main
government body that oversees
protection. It does this through the
formulation of policy, coordinating and
monitoring environmental issues,
environmental planning and policy-
oriented environmental research.The
National Environment Management
Council (NEMC) is an institution that was
initiated when the National Environment
Management Act was first introduced in
year 1983. This council has the role to
advise governments and the international
community on a range of environmental
issues. The NEMC the following purposes:
provide technical advice; coordinate
technical activities; develop enforcement
guidelines and procedures; assess,
monitor and evaluate activities that impact
the environment; promote and assist
environmental information and
communication; and seek advancement of
scientific knowledge.[13]

The National Environment Policy of 1997

acts as a framework for environmental
decision making in Tanzania. The policy
objectives are to achieve the following:

Ensure sustainable and equitable use of

resources without degrading the
environment or risking health or safety.
Prevent and control degradation of land,
water, vegetation and air
Conserve and enhance natural and man-
made heritage, including biological
diversity of unique ecosystems
Improve condition and productivity of
degraded areas
Raise awareness and understanding of
the link between environment and
development
Promote individual and community
participation
Promote international cooperation[13]
Use ecofriendly resources.
Tanzania is a signatory to a significant
number of international conventions
including the Rio Declaration on
Development and Environment 1992 and
the Convention on Biological Diversity
1996. The Environmental Management
Act, 2004, is the first comprehensive legal
and institutional framework to guide
environmental-management decisions.
The policy tools that are parts of the act
includes the use of: environmental-impact
assessments, strategics environmentals
assessments and taxation on pollution for
specific industries and products. The
effectiveness of shifing of this act will only
become clear over time as concerns
regarding its implementation become
apparent based on the fact that,
historically, there has been a lack of
capacity to enforce environmental laws
and a lack of working tools to bring
environmental-protection objectives into
practice.

China

The Longwanqun National Forest Park is a nationally

protected nature area in Huinan County, Jilin, China
Formal environmental protection in China
House was first stimulated by the 1972
United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden.
Following this, they began establishing
environmental protection agencies and
putting controls on some of its industrial
waste. China was one of the first
developing countries to implement a
sustainable development strategy. In 1983
the State Council announced that
environmental protection would be one of
China's basic national policies and in 1984
the National Environmental Protection
Agency (NEPA) was established. Following
severe flooding of the Yangtze River basin
in 1998, NEPA was upgraded to the State
Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)
meaning that environmental protection
was now being implemented at a
ministerial level. In 2008, SEPA became
known by its current name of Ministry of
Environmental Protection of the People's
Republic of China (MEP).[14]
 Voluntary Public
Command-and-control Economic incentives
instruments participation

Concentration-based
Environmental
pollution discharge Pollution levy fee Clean-up campaign
labeling system
controls

Environmental
Mass-based controls on
Non-compliance fines ISO 14000 system awareness
total provincial discharge
campaign

Environmental impact Cleaner

Discharge permit system Air pollution index
assessments (EIA) production

Three synchronization Water quality

Sulfur emission fee NGOs
program disclosure

Administrative
Deadline transmission
permission
trading
hearing

Centralized pollution Subsidies for energy

control saving products

Regulation on refuse
Two compliance policy credit to high-polluting
firms

Environmental
compensation fee
Pollution control instruments in China

Environmental pollution and ecological

degradation has resulted in economic
losses for China. In 2005, economic losses
(mainly from air pollution) were calculated
at 7.7% of China's GDP. This grew to 10.3%
by 2002 and the economic loss from water
pollution (6.1%) began to exceed that
caused by air pollution.[15] China has been
one of the top performing countries in
terms of GDP growth (9.64% in the past
ten years).[15] However, the high economic
growth has put immense pressure on its
environment and the environmental
challenges that China faces are greater
than most countries. In 2010 China was
ranked 121st out of 163 countries on the
Environmental Performance Index.

China has taken initiatives to increase its

protection of the environment and combat
environmental degradation:

China's investment in renewable energy

grew 18% in 2007 to $15.6 billion,
accounting for ~10% of the global
investment in this area;[16]
In 2008, spending on the environment
was 1.49% of GDP, up 3.4 times from
2000;[16]
The discharge of CO (carbon monoxide)
and SO2 (sulfur dioxide) decreased by
6.61% and 8.95% in 2008 compared with
that in 2005;[16]
China's protected nature reserves have
increased substantially. In 1978 there
were only 34 compared with 2,538 in
 2010. The protected nature reserve
system now occupies 15.5% of the
country; this is higher than the world
average.[16]

Rapid growth in GDP has been China's

main goal during the past three decades
with a dominant development model of
inefficient resource use and high pollution
to achieve high GDP. For China to develop
sustainably, environmental protection
should be treated as an integral part of its
economic policies.[17]

Quote from Shengxian Zhou, head of MEP

(2009): "Good economic policy is good
environmental policy and the nature of
environmental problem is the economic
structure, production form and develop
model."[16]

European Union

Environmental protection has become an

important task for the institutions of the
European Community after the Maastricht
Treaty for the European Union ratification
by all of its member states. The EU is
active in the field of environmental policy,
issuing directives such as those on
environmental impact assessment and on
access to environmental information for
citizens in the member states.
Ireland

The Environmental Protection Agency,

Ireland (EPA) The EPA has a wide range of
functions to protect the environment, with
its primary responsibilities including:[18]

Environmental licensing
Enforcement of environmental law
Environmental planning, education and
guidance
Monitoring, analysing and reporting on
the environment
Regulating Ireland's greenhouse gas
emissions
 Environmental research development
Strategic environmental assessment
Waste management
Radiological protection

Middle East

The Middle Eastern countries become part

of the joint Islamic environmental action,
which was initiated in 2002 in Jeddah.
Under the Islamic Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, the member
states join the Islamic Environment
Ministers Conference in every two years,
focusing on the importance of
environment protection and sustainable
development. The Arab countries are also
awarded the title of best environment
management in the Islamic world.[19]

In August 2019, the Sultanate of Oman

won the award for 2018-19 in Saudi
Arabia, citing its project ‘Verifying the Age
and Growth of Spotted Small Spots in the
Northwest Coast of the Sea of Oman’.[20]

Russia

In Russia, environmental protection is

considered an integral part of national
safety. There is an authorized state body,
the Federal Ministry of Natural Resources
and Ecology. However, there are a lot of
environmental issues in Russia.

Latin America

Top 5 Countries by biological diversity

The United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP) has identified 17
megadiverse countries. The list includes
six Latin American countries: Brazil,
Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and
Venezuela. Mexico and Brazil stand out
among the rest because they have the
largest area, population and number of
species. These countries represent a
major concern for environmental
protection because they have high rates of
deforestation, ecosystems loss, pollution,
and population growth.

Brazil
Panorama of the Iguazu falls in Brazil

Brazil has the largest amount of the

world's tropical forests, 4,105,401 km2
(48.1% of Brazil), concentrated in the
Amazon region.[21] Brazil is home to vast
biological diversity, first among the
megadiverse countries of the world,
having between 15%-20% of the 1.5 million
globally described species.[22]

The organization in charge of environment

protection is the Brazilian Ministry of the
Environment (in Portuguese: Ministério do
Meio Ambiente, MMA).[23] It was first
created in year 1973 with the name
Special Secretariat for the Environment
(Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente),
changing names several times, and
adopting the final name in year 1999. The
Ministry is responsible for addressing the
following issues:

A national policy for the environment

and for water resources;
A policy for the preservation,
conservation and sustainable use of
ecosystems, biodiversity and forests;
 Proposing strategies, mechanisms,
economic and social instruments for
improving environmental quality, and
sustainable use of natural resources;
Policies for integrating production and
the environment;
Environmental policies and programs for
the Legal Amazon;
Ecological and economic territorial
zoning.

In 2011, protected areas of the Amazon

covered 2,197,485 km2 (an area larger
than Greenland), with conservation units,
like national parks, accounting for just over
half (50.6%) and indigenous territories
representing the remaining 49.4%.[24]

Mexico

With over 200,000 different species,

Mexico is home to 10–12% of the world's
biodiversity, ranking first in reptile
biodiversity and second in mammals[25]—
one estimate indicates that over 50% of all
animal and plant species live in Mexico.[26]

The history of environmental policy in

Mexico started in the 1940s with the
enactment of the Law of Conservation of
Soil and Water (in Spanish: Ley de
Conservación de Suelo y Agua). Three
decades later, at the beginning of the
1970s, the Law to Prevent and Control
Environmental Pollution was created (Ley
para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación
Ambiental).

In year 1972 was the first direct response

from the federal government to address
eminent health effects from environmental
issues. It established the administrative
organization of the Secretariat for the
Improvement of the Environment
(Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del
Ambiente) in the Department of Health
and Welfare.
The axolotl is an endemic species from the central
part of Mexico

The Secretariat of Environment and

Natural Resources (Secretaría del Medio
Ambiente y Recursos Naturales,
SEMARNAT[27]) is Mexico's environment
ministry. The Ministry is responsible for
addressing the following issues:

Promote the protection, restoration, and

conservation of ecosystems, natural
resources, goods, and environmental
services and facilitate their use and
sustainable development.
Develop and implement a national policy
on natural resources
Promote environmental management
within the national territory, in
coordination with all levels of
government and the private sector.
Evaluate and provide determination to
the environmental impact statements
for development projects and prevention
of ecological damage
Implement national policies on climate
change and protection of the ozone
layer.
 Direct work and studies on national
meteorological, climatological,
hydrological, and geohydrological
systems, and participate in international
conventions on these subjects.
Regulate and monitor the conservation
of waterways

In November 2000 there were 127

protected areas; currently there are 174,
covering an area of 25,384,818 hectares,
increasing federally protected areas from
8.6% to 12.85% its land area.[28]

Oceania
Australia

The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest

barrier reef in the world

In 2008, there was 98,487,116 ha of

terrestrial protected area, covering 12.8%
of the land area of Australia.[29] The 2002
figures of 10.1% of terrestrial area and
64,615,554 ha of protected marine area[30]
were found to poorly represent about half
of Australia's 85 bioregions.[31]
Environmental protection in Australia
could be seen as starting with the
formation of the first National Park, Royal
National Park, in 1879.[32] More
progressive environmental protection had
it start in the 1960s and 1970s with major
international programs such as the United
Nations Conference on the Human
Environment in 1972, the Environment
Committee of the OECD in 1970, and the
United Nations Environment Programme
of 1972.[33] These events laid the
foundations by increasing public
awareness and support for regulation.
State environmental legislation was
irregular and deficient until the Australian
Environment Council (AEC) and Council of
Nature Conservation Ministers (CONCOM)
were established in 1972 and 1974,
creating a forum to assist in coordinating
environmental and conservation policies
between states and neighbouring
countries.[34] These councils have since
been replaced by the Australian and New
Zealand Environment and Conservation
Council (ANZECC) in 1991 and finally the
Environment Protection and Heritage
Council (EPHC) in 2001.[35]

At a national level, the Environment

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
Act 1999 is the primary environmental
protection legislation for the
Commonwealth of Australia. It concerns
matters of national and international
environmental significance regarding flora,
fauna, ecological communities and
cultural heritage.[36] It also has jurisdiction
over any activity conducted by the
Commonwealth, or affecting it, that has
significant environmental impact.[37] The
act covers eight main areas:[38]

National Heritage Sites

World Heritage Sites
RAMSAR wetlands
Nationally endangered or threatened
species and ecological communities
 Nuclear activities and actions
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Migratory species
Commonwealth Marine areas

There are several Commonwealth

protected lands due to partnerships with
traditional native owners, such as Kakadu
National Park, extraordinary biodiversity
such as Christmas Island National Park, or
managed cooperatively due to cross-state
location, such as the Australian Alps
National Parks and Reserves.[39]

At a state level, the bulk of environmental

protection issues are left to the
responsibility of the state or territory.[34][37]
Each state in Australia has its own
environmental protection legislation and
corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction
is similar and covers point-source
pollution, such as from industry or
commercial activities, land/water use, and
waste management. Most protected lands
are managed by states and territories[39]
with state legislative acts creating
different degrees and definitions of
protected areas such as wilderness,
national land and marine parks, state
forests, and conservation areas. States
also create regulation to limit and provide
general protection from air, water, and
sound pollution.

At a local level, each city or regional

council has responsibility over issues not
covered by state or national legislation.
This includes non-point source, or diffuse
pollution, such as sediment pollution from
construction sites.

Australia ranks second place on the UN

2010 Human Development Index[40] and
one of the lowest debt to GDP ratios of the
developed economies.[41] This could be
seen as coming at the cost of the
environment, with Australia being the
world leader in coal exportation[42] and
species extinctions.[43][44] Some have been
motivated to proclaim it is Australia's
responsibility to set the example of
environmental reform for the rest of the
world to follow.[45][46]

New Zealand

At a national level, the Ministry for the

Environment is responsible for
environmental policy and the Department
of Conservation addresses conservation
issues. At a regional level the regional
councils administer the legislation and
address regional environmental issues.
Switzerland

The environmental protection in

Switzerland is mainly based on the
measures to be taken against global
warming. The pollution in Switzerland is
mainly the pollution caused by vehicles
and the litteration by tourists.

United States

Yosemite National Park in California, one of the first

protected areas in the United States.
Since 1969, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has been working to protect the
environment and human health.[47]

The Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) is an independent public body under
the aegis of the Department of
Communications, Climate Action &
Environment established under the
Environmental Protection Agency Act,
1992.

All US states have their own state-level

departments of environmental
protection,[48] which may issue regulations
more stringent than the federal ones.

In January 2010, EPA Administrator Lisa P.

Jackson published via the official EPA blog
her "Seven Priorities for EPA's Future",
which were (in the order originally
listed):[49]

Taking action on climate change

Improving air quality
Assuring the safety of chemicals
Cleaning up [US] communities
Protecting America's waters
Expanding the conversation on
environmentalism and working for
 environmental justice
Building strong state and tribal
partnerships

As of 2019, it is unclear whether these still

represent the agency's active priorities, as
Jackson departed in February 2013, and
the page has not been updated in the
interim.

India

The Constitution of India has a number of

provisions demarcating the responsibility
of the Central and State governments
towards Environmental Protection. The
state's responsibility with regard to
environmental protection has been laid
down under article 48-A of our constitution
which stated that " The states shall
endeavor to protect and improve the
environment and to safe guard the forest
and wildlife of the country".[50]

Environmental protection has been made a

fundamental duty of every citizen of India
under article 51-A (g) of the constitution
which says "It shall be the duty of every
citizen of India to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have
compassion for living creatures".[51]
Article 21 of the constitution is a
fundamental right, which states that "No
person shall be deprived of his life or
personal liberty except according to
procedure established by law".[52]

In literature
There are many works of literature that
contain the themes of environmental
protection but some have been
fundamental to its evolution. Several
pieces such as A Sand County Almanac by
Aldo Leopold, Tragedy of the commons by
Garrett Hardin, and Silent Spring by Rachel
Carson have become classics due to their
far reaching influences.

The subject of environmental protection is

present in fiction as well as non-fictional
literature. Books such as Antarctica and
Blockade have environmental protection
as subjects whereas The Lorax has
become a popular metaphor for
environmental protection. "The Limits of
Trooghaft"[53] by Desmond Stewart is a
short story that provides insight into
human attitudes towards animals. Another
book called "The Martian Chronicles" by
Ray Bradbury investigates issues such as
bombs, wars, government control, and
what effects these can have on the
environment.

See also
Biodiversity
Carbon offset
Conservation biology
Conservation movement
Earth Day
Ecology movement
Environmentalism
Environmental globalization
Environmental governance
Environmental law
Environmental movement
Environmental organizations
Environmental personhood
Environmental racism
Green party
Green politics
Green solutions
List of environmental organizations
List of environmental issues
List of environmental topics
List of international environmental
agreements
Natural capital
Natural resource management
 Participation (decision making)
Public information and participation
Renewable resource
Sustainability
Sustainable development

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