POWER PLANT & BATTERY

Every Equipments require the power or

source to operate and the present scenario the
two types of source of supply is available these
are:

1) A.C. Supply – Alternate Current supply

2)D.C.Supply –Direct Current Supply

A.C.Supply are two types:

a) Single Phase-230V. 50HZ.

b)Three Phase-440V. 50HZ R,Y,B
 Introduction
Every telecom system require electrical
power for its working. For this purpose
Battery and power plant are installed along
with every telecom installations.
 POWER PLANT & BATTERY
In Telecommunication system D.C. power is
used due to following reasons:
a) Harmonics of A.C. may affects the
speech signals.
b) Transistors & ICs etc beings
unidirectional devices thus D.C. has
become necessary.
c) Used Arranging standby source easier
than A.C.
d) Relays more sensitive to D.C.
e) Not hazardous to human life
POWER PLANT & BATTERY
A.C.to D.C. Conversion- previously motor
Generator were used for conversion from
A.C.to D.C. of -50Volt

Now a days static rectifiers using due to

several reasons one of them they can be
paralleled automatically to meet the
exchange load during the peak hours.
 Float Working
• Parallel working float scheme- In this scheme
two Battery sets (24 cells of each set)are
connected parallel to output of the rectifier.
• The output of rectifier is 53.5V hence floating
voltage of each cell is 2.25,hence always 90% of
Battery capacity will be available for emergency
usage.
• For operation of te scheme POWER PLANT is
designed by TRC
 Classification of Power Plant
• Float rectifier
• Battery charger
• Switching Controller
• Capacity classification
• 5 to12 Amp
• 25/50 Amp
• Above 50 Amp
• Now a days SMPS P/P
 Working of rectifier
• A rectifier is an electrical device that converts
alternating current (AC)440V, which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current
(DC)51.5Vwithout AC ripples, which is in only
one direction, a process known as rectification.
Rectifiers have many uses including as
components of power supplies and as detectors
of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid
state diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers, vacuum
tube diodes
• The Steps are as1)Step-down 2)Rectification 3)
Filtering 4) regulation
 Rectification
• Half wave
• Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the
input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave
rectification converts both polarities of the
input waveform to DC (direct current), and is
more efficient. However, in a circuit with a
non-center tapped transformer, four diodes
are required instead of the one needed for
half-wave rectification. Four diodes arranged
this way are called a diode bridge or bridge
 Bridge Rectifier

• Bridge Rectifier
• A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a
bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration,
both with individual diodes wired as shown and
with single component bridges where the diode
bridge is wired internally.
 Filter
• Electronic filters are electronic circuits which
perform signal processing functions, specifically
to remove unwanted frequency components
from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or
both. passive or active
• analog or digital
• high-pass, low-pass, band pass, band-reject
(band reject; notch), or all-pass
• combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and
capacitors (C).
 Regulation
• Regulation is the mechanism by which the
output of a float rectifier kept constant at 51.5+_
0.5Virrespective input voltage variation of +_
12% output load variation of 5% to105% and
input frequency variation of +_ 4%
• Requirement Due to Battery which are floated
across its output.
• Methods By transductor, By SCR,SMPS
 SMPS
• A switched-mode power supply (switching-
mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher)
is an electronic power supply that incorporates a
switching regulator in order to be highly efficient in
the conversion of electrical power.
• Like other types of power supplies, an SMPS
transfers power from a source like the electrical
power grid to a load (e.g., a personal computer)
while converting voltage and current
characteristics.
• An SMPS is usually employed to efficiently
provide a regulated output voltage, typically at a
level different from the input voltage.
 SMPS
• Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor
of a switching mode supply switches very quickly
(typically between 50 kHz and 1 MHz) between
full-on and full-off states, which minimizes wasted
energy.
• Voltage regulation is provided by varying the ratio
of on to off time. In contrast, a linear power supply
must dissipate the excess voltage to regulate the
output. This higher efficiency is the chief
advantage of a switched-mode power supply
Applications:

• Triumph-HP is the best choice for applications

where no maintenance and minimal space
requirement are of utmost importance.
• Telecommunications
• Switch Gear
• Process Control Systems
• Railway Signaling & Communication
• Renewable Energy
SMPS Interior View
 Principal of Switching Regulator
A pulse train drives the base of switch or ass
transistor. when the voltage to the base is high
the transistor saturates ,when the voltage is low,
the transistor turn off here transistor work as
switch.
thus transistor ON load current drawn through
transistor choke ,when OFF the load current
maintained stored in choke L.
The current flows through earth Diode, choke ,load
&earth. Hence diode is called Retrieval Diode
Duty cycle of Transistor(D) = On Time/(On time+ off
Time)
Output Voltage= Input voltage*D
 SMPS Details
– A- bridge rectifier
– B - input filter capacitors
– between B and C - Heatsink of high-voltage
transistors
– C - transformer
– between C and D - Heatsink of low-voltage,
high-current rectifiers
– D - output filter coil
– E - output filter capacitors
 Advantages
• The main advantage of this method is greater
efficiency because the switching transistor
dissipates little power when it is outside of its
active region (i.e., when the transistor acts like a
switch and either has a negligible voltage drop
across it or a negligible current through it).
• Other advantages include smaller size and
lighter weight (from the elimination of low
frequency transformers which have a high
weight) and lower heat generation due to higher
efficiency.
 Disadvantages
Disadvantages
• Greater complexity, the generation of high-
amplitude, high-frequency energy that the low-
pass filter must block to avoid electromagnetic
interference (EMI), and a ripple voltage at the
switching frequency and the harmonic
frequencies thereof.
• Very low cost SMPSs may couple electrical
switching noise back onto the mains power line,
causing interference with A/V equipment
connected to the same phase. Non-power-
factor-corrected SMPSs also cause harmonic
distortion.
Classification of SMPS:
SMPSs can be classified into four types
according to the input and output waveforms

SMPS

AC IN- DC in,
DC OUT DC out

Voltage Current Voltage Current

Converter Converter Converter Converter
 Specification
• Input voltage:– 320V to 480V 3 Phase RMS
• Frequency- 45 to 65HZ
• Output Voltage:
• Float mode = -54+_0.5 V adj. -46 to 56V DC
• In charge Mode = -55.2+_0.5V DC
• Input power factor >0.95 lagging with 25% to
100% load at nominal input
 Power Plant
• AC Termination Block
• AC Contractor
• Double wound mains step-down transformer
• Rectifying elements
• Output Voltage regulation &load limiting
arrangements
• Filter for smoothing the DC output
• Determination &protective arrangement( various
alarm ,link panel resistance
• Supervisory & alarm arrangement
 Power-plant
Check the voltage & Current:-
The voltmeter read the voltage -54.5V & ammeter
will read according the load to FR.
Alarms provided:-
• Mains fail
• Phase fail
• Output fail
• Smoothing filter fuse fail etc.
 Switch-controller (Cubical)
• All the alarms circuit &supervisory controlled
provided on this panel and output of FR & BC
terminated and forwarded to Load or equipment.
• Auto-paralleling & Sequential switching.
• Priority/Non-Priority Setting
• A)Switch on /switch-off command
• Switch-on/ switch-off operation
• Voltage Droop command
• Voltage Droop setting
 Battery Charger
• Battery charger is a device used to put energy
into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by
forcing an electric current through it.
• The charge current depends upon the
technology and capacity of the battery being
charged.
• Simple charger
• Trickle Charger
• Time based charger
 Battery Charger Function
• To initial charge battery set initial charging
Capacity 14% of AH capacity.
• To normal charge the battery sets at 10 hrs.
• To charge the sick cell.
• In telecom secondary cell are used in 24 cells
combination formed battery some are using 25
cell and one weak as pilot.
 Method of charging
Basic Charging Methods:-
• Constant Voltage A constant voltage charger is
basically a DC power supply which in its simplest
form may consist of a step down transformer from
the mains with a rectifier to provide the DC voltage
to charge the battery. Such simple designs are
often found in cheap car battery chargers.
The lead-acid cells used for cars and backup
power systems typically use constant voltage
chargers. In addition, lithium-ion cells often use
constant voltage systems, although these usually
are more complex with added circuitry to protect
both the batteries and the user safety.
 Method of charging
• Constant Current Constant current chargers vary
the voltage they apply to the battery to maintain a
constant current flow, switching off when the
voltage reaches the level of a full charge. This
design is usually used for nickel-cadmium and
nickel-metal hydride cells or batteries.
• Taper Current This is charging from a crude
unregulated constant voltage source. It is not a
controlled charge as in
 Method of charging
• Float charge. The battery and the load are
permanently connected in parallel across the DC
charging source and held at a constant voltage
below the battery's upper voltage limit. Used for
emergency power back up systems. Mainly used
with lead acid batteries.
 VRLA Battery
• A VRLA battery (valve-regulated lead-acid battery)
is the designation for low-maintenance lead-acid
rechargeable batteries. Because of their
construction, VRLA batteries do not require regular
addition of water to the cells.[1] VRLA batteries are
commonly further classified as:
• These batteries are often colloquially called sealed
lead-acid batteries, but they always include a safety
pressure relief valve. As opposed to vented (also
called flooded) batteries, a VRLA cannot spill its
electrolyte if it is inverted. Because AGM VRLA
batteries use much less electrolyte (battery acid)
than traditional lead-acid batteries, they are also
occasionally referred to as an "acid-starved"
design, it is called MF Battery also.
 Pictorial View of VRLA
• Storage Battery Systems Inc. now offers a VRLA tubular
grid Gel-Type battery well tailored for the
telecommunications industry
 Advantages of VRLA Batteries
• Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries - 2V Cells
• Triumph HP is a premium design Valve Regulated
Lead Acid Battery. The battery works on Gas
Recombination Principle with AGM technology and
heavy duty Lead Calcium Grids.
Available in a wide range : 80Ah to 5800Ah
 Advantages of VRLA Batteries
Benefits
• Does not require water top-up throughout its life
• No corrosive fumes and hence no special battery
rooms are required
• Stackable design minimizes space requirements
• Designed for high integrity & long life
• Application specific designs
• Customized layouts for optimum space utilization
• Safe-Explosion-proof, leak-proof & flame-retardant
material
• Consistent performance over life time
• Improved aesthetics
• Easy installation
 APPLICATION
• Applications:
• Triumph-HP is the best choice for applications
where no maintenance and minimal space
requirement are of utmost importance.
• Telecommunications
• Switch Gear
• Process Control Systems
• Railway Signaling & Communication
• Renewable Energy