CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results and discussion of the gathered data during the conduct of

the study. The results are presented in the order of the variables in the statement of the problem.

Profile of the Participants

This section presents the profile of the selected participants of Barangay San Juan and

there were four (4) variables included, these are age, educational attainment, annual income, and

number of raised children.

Table 1 presents the frequency count and the percentage distribution of the selected

mothers when grouped according to their profile variable, as indicated from Part I (Profile of the

Participants) of the researcher-made questionnaire.

Table 1.
Profile of the Participants

BARANGAY SAN JUAN

VARIABLES f(n=130)
n %
Age
16-23 years old 10 7.69
24-31 years old 16 12.31
32-39 years old 28 21.54
40-47 years old 31 23.85
48-55 years old 20 15.38
56-63 years old 12 9.23
64-71 years old 10 7.69
72-79 years old 3 2.31
Educational Attainment
Elementary Graduate 5 3.85
High School Level 36 27.69
High School Graduate 19 14.61
College Undergraduate 28 21.54
College Graduate 40 30.77
Master's Degree 1 0.77
Doctorate 1 0.77
 Annual Income
< PhP 100,000.00 101 77.69
PhP 100,000.00 - 200,000.00 10 7.69
PhP 200,001.00 - 400,000.00 11 8.46
PhP 400,001.00 - 600,000.00 5 3.85
> PhP 600,000.00 3 2.31
Number of raised children
1 child 19 14.62
2 children 43 33.08
3 children 29 22.31
4 children 23 17.69
5 children 8 6.15
6 children 3 2.31
7 children 3 2.31
8 children 1 0.77
9 children 1 0.77

As shown in Table 1, 31 or 23.85% of the participants were at around 40-47 years old.

Then it was followed by 28 or 21.54% of the participants who were aged around 32-39 years old,

20 or 15.38% who were 48-55 years old, 16 or 12.31% who were 24-31 years old, then 12 or

9.23% who were 56-63 years old, 10 or 7.69% of the participants who were at around 16-23

years old which was also the same with those who were aged 64-71 years old, and lastly, 3 or

2.31% of the participants aged at around 72-79 years old.

In terms of their Educational Attainment, 40 or 30.77% of the participants were College

Graduates, followed by 36 or 27.69% who had High School Level as their highest educational

attainment, next were 28 or 21.54% who were College Undergraduates. What followed were 19

or 14.61% of the participants who were High School Graduates, next were 5 individuals or

3.85% who were Elementary Graduates, and lastly, there was 1 or 0.77% of the participants who

finished with a Master’s Degree which also applied to another 1 participant who finished with a

Doctorate.

As to their annual income, 101 participants or 77.69% of the population responded to

having an income of less than PhP 100,000.00 every year. This was followed by 11 participants
or 8.46% of the population whose annual incomes ranged from PhP 200,001.00 to 400,000.00,

then 10 or 7.69% who had an income of PhP 100,000.00 to 200,000.00 yearly, 5 or 3.85% who

gained at around PhP 400,001.00 to 600,000.00 in a year, and lastly, there were 3 participants or

2.31% of the population who declared of having a yearly income of more than PhP 600,001.00.

When it comes to their number of raised children, 43 or 33.08% of the participants had

raised 2 children. It was followed by 29 mothers or 22.31% who raised 3 children, then 23 or

17.69% who raised 4 children, 19 or 14.62% who raised only one child, 8 or 6.15% who raised 5

children, 3 or 2.31% of the participants who raised 6 children, which also applied to the

participants who raised 7 children, and lastly, 1 participant or 0.77% of the population responded

to having raised 8 children, which was also the same for the participant who had raised 9

children.

Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City.
This section presents the perception of the mothers in Brgy. San Juan on the influenza

vaccine for children for the following aspects, namely, its nature as a vaccine, route of adminis-

tration, cost and availability, effectiveness, and schedule for vaccination.

Tables 2-7 presents the results gathered from Part II, Perceptions about the Influenza

Vaccine, of the researcher-made questionnaire. The tables summarize the means and standard

deviations of the participants’ perceptions in terms of the five (5) aspects stated above.
Table 2.
Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City in
terms of its nature as a vaccine.
INDICATORS MEAN SD VI QD

1. I am aware that the Influenza Vaccine 2.85 0.91 Agree High Perception
is actually composed of antigenic
material (viruses).
2. I am knowledgeable on the different 2.88 0.85 Agree High Perception
types of Influenza Vaccine.
3. I am well-informed that Influenza 2.83 0.86 Agree High Perception
Vaccines differ yearly, according to
strains.
MEAN 2.85 0.70 Agree High Perception

Table 2 shows the mean and the standard deviation of the responses of the participants to

the first three questions regarding nature of the influenza vaccine as presented in the researcher-

made questionnaire. Based on the results, it implies that the perceptions of the mothers toward

the influenza vaccine based on its nature are high.

As shown in the table, all three indicators revealed a positive result, with the first

indicator having a mean of 2.85 and standard deviation of 0.91, followed by the second one

having an average of 2.88 and standard deviation of 0.85, and lastly, the third indicator with a

mean of 2.83 and standard deviation of 0.86. All three were interpreted as Agree, with a

qualitative description of High Perception.

In total, the first variable, nature as a vaccine, has an general mean of 2.85 and standard

deviation 0.70 which is verbally interpreted as Agree and qualitatively described as High

Perception. Since all three indicators had these results, they reveal that the majority of the
participants already have prior knowledge and are already well-aware of the nature of the

Influenza Vaccine to a high extent. They are highly aware of the idea that the Influenza Vaccine

is composed of antigenic material, are of different types, and is different every year due to

different strains of the virus. (ELABORATE and connect to RRL)

Table 3.
Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City in
terms of its route of administration.
INDICATORS MEAN SD VI QD

1. I am aware that the Influenza Vaccine 2.98 0.86 Agree High Perception
can be administered to a child through
injection at the muscles.
2. I am aware that the Influenza Vaccine 2.03 0.94 Disagree Low Perception
can also be administered to a child
through the nose.
MEAN 2.51 0.70 Agree High Perception

The perceptions of the mothers about the influenza vaccine route of administration along

with the mean and standard deviation of their responses are presented above in Table 3. The

results suggest that their perceptions with respect to the said variable are also high.

The table shows that the next set of indicators had contrasting results. The first indicator,

“I am aware that the Influenza Vaccine can be administered to a child through injection at the

muscles” has a mean of 2.98 and standard deviation of 0.86, which is verbally interpreted as

Agree and qualitatively described as High Perception. However, the second indicator, “I am

aware that the Influenza Vaccine can also be administered to a child through the nose” has a
mean of 2.03 and standard deviation of 0.94, which is verbally interpreted as Disagree and

qualitatively described as Low Perception.

As a whole, the second variable, route of administration, has an over-all mean of 2.51 and

standard deviation 0.70 which is verbally interpreted as Agree and qualitatively described as

High Perception. The participants agree that they are aware of the Influenza Vaccine being

administered through Intramuscular injection but lack the idea that it can also be administered

with an Intranasal spray as stated in a concept by World Health Organization (2018)

(ELABORATE and connect to RRL). Despite the contrasting results of the two indicators, both

can suggest that a large number of the respondents of the study have sufficient knowledge

regarding the way on how the influenza vaccine is administered to a child.

Table 4.
Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City in
terms of its cost and availability.
INDICATORS MEAN SD VI QD

1. I am aware that the Influenza Vaccine 2.59 0.97 Agree High Perception
has a cost depending on the institute
that provides it.
2. I can afford the Influenza Vaccine. 2.47 0.95 Disagree Low Perception
3. I believe that it is practical to get the 2.74 0.86 Agree High Perception
Influenza Vaccine.
4. I perceive the Influenza Vaccine to be 2.72 0.96 Agree High Perception
easily accessible in our city.
5. I believe that the hospitals and other 2.78 0.95 Agree High Perception
health institutions in Surigao City
already have available shots for the
Influenza Vaccine.
6. I know that Influenza Vaccines are 2.76 0.97 Agree High Perception
available all year round.
 7. I know that there are certain programs 2.95 0.88 Agree High Perception
by the government that help provide
accessible and affordable shots for
Influenza Vaccine.
MEAN 2.72 0.69 Agree High Perception

The means and the standard deviations of the respondents’ perceptions on the cost and

availability of the influenza vaccine are presented above in Table 4. The results from the seven

indicators also manifest a high perception of the respondents in terms of the third variable.

As reflected in the table, six out of seven indicators showed positive results, with the first

indicator having a mean of 2.59 and standard deviation of 0.97, then the third one having an

average of 2.74 and standard deviation of 0.86, and the fourth with a mean of 2.72 and standard

deviation of 0.96. Moreover, the fifth indicator resulted with 2.78 and 0.95 as the mean and

standard deviation, respectively, then the sixth one having a mean of 2.76 and standard deviation

of 0.97, and lastly, the seventh indicator having a mean of 2.95 and 0.88 as its standard

deviation. All six indictors were interpreted as Agree, with a qualitative description of High

Perception. On the other hand, only the second indicator, “I can afford the Influenza Vaccine”

has a mean of only 2.47 and standard deviation of 0.95, yielding a negative result and was

interpreted as Disagree and qualitatively described as Low Perception.

Overall, the third variable being investigated has a general mean of 2.72 and standard

deviation of 0.69 which is verbally interpreted as Agree and qualitatively described as High

Perception. In other words, the mothers generally agree that they are aware of the Influenza

Vaccine having a cost and that they believe it is practical, accessible, available in the city all year
round, and is provided by the government through its programs. On the contrary, a great number

of participants disagreed of having the capacity to afford the influenza vaccine.

According to Martinez (2017), cost is one of the factors that influence perceptions and

knowledge toward the influenza vaccine. Since the mothers in Brgy. San Juan have high

opinions, knowledge, and beliefs on its cost and availability, then the results above support the

findings cited by the author. (ELABORATE)

Table 5.
Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City in
terms of its effectiveness.
INDICATORS MEAN SD VI QD

1. I believe that the Influenza Vaccine is 2.94 0.83 Agree High Perception
very effective in preventing Influenza
(Flu).
2. I believe that the Influenza Vaccine is 2.94 0.84 Agree High Perception
safe for my child.
3. I believe that the Influenza Vaccine can 2.96 0.81 Agree High Perception
help develop long-lasting immunity for
my child.
4. I know that when the Influenza Vaccine 3.02 0.87 Agree High Perception
is administered to my child, the body
produces antibodies to build immunity
against the virus.
5. I am well-informed that there can be 2.84 0.93 Agree High Perception
side effects when the Influenza Vaccine
is administered to my child.
6. With its effectiveness, I believe that 2.88 0.87 Agree High Perception
getting the Influenza Vaccine for my
child is important for her over-all
health.
MEAN 2.93 0.70 Agree High Perception
 Presented in Table 5 are the numerical data resulting from the answers of the participants

to a set of 6 questions in the researcher-made questionnaire and the means and the standard

deviations of these responses. The results suggest a high perception of the mothers toward the

influenza vaccine based on its effectiveness.

The table displays all six indicators for the variable of effectiveness yielding results that

were common and positive at the same time. The first and second indicators both have the same

mean of 2.94 but have standard deviations of 0.83 and 0.84, respectively, followed by the third

indicator having a mean of 2.96 and standard deviation of 0.81. The fourth indicator had a result

of 3.02 and 0.87, the fifth yielding 2.84 and 0.93, and the sixth indicator with 2.88 and 0.87 as

their means and standard deviations, respectively. All six indicators were interpreted as Agree,

with a qualitative description of High Perception.

Thus, the fourth investigated variable, effectiveness, has a general mean of 2.93 and

standard deviation 0.70 which is verbally interpreted as Agree and qualitatively described as

High Perception. With all six indicators having these results, it is implied that the majority of the

participants have positively high beliefs and awareness on the effectiveness of the influenza

vaccine.

According to Hammond, et al. (2016), common reasons why influenza vaccines are

considered helpful is the belief that vaccination prevents influenza and can lower the chance of

acquiring influenza. Considering the fact that the participants agreed that they believe the

Influenza Vaccine is very effective, safe, and can develop long-lasting immunity, the results in

the table coincide with the authors’ statements.

Table 6.
Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City in
terms of its schedule for vaccination.
INDICATORS MEAN SD VI QD

1. I am aware that there are desirable 2.93 0.87 Agree High Perception
times when the Influenza Vaccine is
best administered.
2. I believe that the best time to get the 2.73 0.88 Agree High Perception
Influenza Vaccine is before the start of
the rainy seasons.
3. I am well-informed about the 2.72 0.93 Agree High Perception
government’s suggested schedule for
Influenza Vaccine Administration.
4. I know that the first dose for the 2.76 0.96 Agree High Perception
Influenza Vaccine for a child should be
during 6 months from birth.
5. I am aware that it is recommended for 2.87 0.88 Agree High Perception
the Influenza Vaccine to be
administered every season and annually
to a child.
6. I believe that it is important for a child 2.99 0.88 Agree High Perception
to be administered with the Influenza
Vaccine every year.
7. I believe that following the 3.03 0.89 Agree High Perception
recommended schedule for influenza
vaccine administration can improve my
child’s health.
MEAN 2.86 0.70 Agree High Perception

Table 6 presents the means and the standard deviations of the participants’ responses to

the last set of 7 questions in the researcher-made questionnaire. The gathered data suggest a high

perception of the mothers toward the influenza vaccine based on its schedule for vaccination.
 The results presented in the table show that the participants agree to all seven indicators

for the variable of schedule for vaccination, which were “I am aware that there are desirable

times when the Influenza Vaccine is best administered” as the first indicator with a mean of 2.93

and standard deviation of 0.87, followed by “I believe that the best time to get the Influenza

Vaccine is before the start of the rainy seasons” having a mean of 2.73 and standard deviation of

0.88, next is “I am well-informed about the government’s suggested schedule for Influenza

Vaccine Administration” with a mean of 2.72 and standard deviation of 0.93. The fourth

indicator, “I know that the first dose for the Influenza Vaccine for a child should be during 6

months from birth” had a result of 2.76 and 0.96, the next “I am aware that it is recommended for

the Influenza Vaccine to be administered every season and annually to a child” yielding 2.87 and

0.88, the sixth indicator “I believe that it is important for a child to be administered with the

Influenza Vaccine every year” with 2.99 and 0.88, and the last indicator “I believe that following

the recommended schedule for influenza vaccine administration can improve my child’s health”

having 3.03 and 0.89 as their means and standard deviations, respectively. All seven indicators

were interpreted as Agree, with a qualitative description of High Perception.

With the gathered data, the fifth and last variable being investigated has an over-all mean

of 2.86 and standard deviation 0.70 which is verbally interpreted as Agree and qualitatively

described as High Perception. The participants agreed that they are aware of the desirable times

for the administration of the Influenza Vaccine and the correct sequence and schedule for

vaccination as suggested by the government. It also shows that they believe of the benefits

derived by a child whenever the schedule for vaccination is followed. Thus, with all seven

indicators having nearly identical results, it is implied that the majority of the participants have
positively high beliefs and awareness on the influenza vaccine in terms of its schedule for

vaccination.

Table 7.
Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City.
VARIABLES MEAN SD VI QD

Nature as a vaccine 2.85 0.70 Agree High Perception

Route of administration 2.51 0.70 Agree High Perception
Cost and Availability 2.72 0.69 Agree High Perception
Effectiveness 2.93 0.70 Agree High Perception
Schedule for vaccination 2.86 0.70 Agree High Perception
GRAND MEAN 2.77 0.70 Agree High Perception

Table 7 presents the over-all mean and standard deviation of the gathered data among the

mothers in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City based on the five variables being investigated.

The data from all five variables have almost identical over-all standard deviations of

0.70, except for cost and availability with a standard deviation of 0.69. The table shows that for

all variables, most of the participants Agree, with the first variable, nature as a vaccine, having a

mean of 2.85, then route of administration with a mean of 2.51, while cost and availability

having 2.72 as its mean, next is effectiveness with the highest mean of 2.93, and last is schedule

for vaccination resulting to a mean of 2.86.

The grand mean and standard deviation are 2.77 and 0.70, respectively, with a verbal

interpretation of Agree suggesting that the mothers in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City generally

have high perceptions on the influenza vaccine in terms of its nature as a vaccine, route of

administration, cost and availability, effectiveness, and schedule for vaccination.

Table 8. Significant Difference on the Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children
in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City when grouped according to Age.
Profile Perceptions on the SS - df - MS - F- p-
Decision
Variable Influenza Vaccine Effect Effect Effect value value
Nature 29.76 52 0.57 1.3123 0.1377 Do not reject Ho
Route of Administration 22.18 52 0.43 0.7857 0.8216 Do not reject Ho
Age Cost and Availability 31.93 52 0.61 1.5574 0.0381 Reject Ho
Effectiveness 21.91 52 0.42 0.7753 0.8346 Do not reject Ho
Schedule for vaccination 26.69 52 0.51 1.0760 0.3804 Do not reject Ho

As shown in table 8, it was noted that there is a significant difference in the perceptions

on the influenza vaccine for children in terms of its cost and availability when the participants

are grouped according to their age. The rest of the variables have no significant difference, with

P- value of 0.1377, 0.8216, 0.8346, and 0.3804. As reflected in the table, the variable for cost

and availability has a p value of 0.0381, which is the only one that indicates to reject the null

hypothesis. It is evident that there is a significant difference since the age of the mothers and

their jobs or livelihood could possibly affect their perception on the vaccine’s availability or

whether they could afford it with its cost.

Thus, the findings presented in the table above contradicts the findings of Müller, et al.

(2018), who reported that young mothers don’t have the full knowledge on immunization target

diseases, because in the case of Brgy. San Juan, there is no significant difference in the mothers’

perception with respect to its nature as a vaccine and effectiveness when they are grouped

according to their age.

Table 9. Significant Difference on the Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for Children
in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City when grouped according to Educational Attainment.
Profile Perceptions on the SS - df – MS – F- p-
Decision
Variable Influenza Vaccine Effect Effect Effect value value
Nature 9.24 6 1.54 3.5002 0.0031 Reject Ho
Route of Administration 4.91 6 0.82 1.7051 0.1253 Do not reject Ho
Educational Cost and Availability 5.52 6 0.92 1.9944 0.0714 Do not reject Ho
Attainment
Effectiveness 4.43 6 0.74 1.5313 0.1734 Do not reject Ho
Schedule for vaccination 3.81 6 0.63 1.3094 0.2579 Do not reject Ho

Based on the data presented on Table 9, there is a significant difference on the mothers’

perception on the influenza vaccine for children with respect to its nature as a vaccine while the

other variables have no significant difference when the participants are grouped according to

their educational attainment, each gaining the P- value of 0.1253, 0.0714, 0.1734, 0.2579 while

for the variable of nature, it yielded with 0.0031, indicating to reject the null hypothesis.

The mothers’ perceptions would differ with their educational attainment since the

background knowledge and information that they have might be able to possibly affect their

perception on whether they would vaccinate their children or not. This supports a concept by

Vannice, et al. (2011), which states that mothers attending secondary or higher educational status

are significantly associated with good knowledge of immunization.

Table 10. Significant Difference on the Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for
Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City when grouped according to Annual Income.
Profile Perceptions on the SS – df - MS – F- p-
Decision
Variable Influenza Vaccine Effect Effect Effect value value
Nature 3.48 4 0.87 1.8144 0.1302 Do not reject Ho
Route of Administration 3.44 4 0.86 1.7747 0.1381 Do not reject Ho
Annual Cost and Availability 5.96 4 1.49 3.3051 0.0130 Reject Ho
Income
Effectiveness 1.62 4 0.41 0.8150 0.5179 Do not reject Ho
Schedule for vaccination 2.76 4 0.69 1.4216 0.2306 Do not reject Ho
 Table 10 shows that the majority of the variables on the mothers’ perception on the

influenza vaccine has no significant difference in terms of its nature, route of administration,

effectiveness, and schedule when the participants are grouped according to their annual income

with P-values of 0.1302, 0.1381, 0.5179, and 0.2306 which all indicates to not reject the null

hypothesis. The only exception is the variable for its cost and availability with P-value of 0.0130

which indicates to reject the null hypothesis.

The results manifest a significant difference between the mothers’ perceptions because

the participants’ individual income garnered from a job, business, or livelihood would affect

their perception on whether they could meet up the cost and availability of the vaccine. This goes

in line with the conclusions of Martinez (2017) who concluded cost as one of the factors

influencing the perceptions of influenza vaccination, and Oyefara (2014) who associated

mothers’ immunization uptake with wealth assessment, stating that “90.9% of women who

assessed themselves to be average on wealth assessment compared with 45.3% of the poor had

fully immunized their children.”

Table 11. Significant Difference on the Mothers’ Perception on the Influenza Vaccine for
Children in Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City when grouped according to Number of raised children.
Profile Perceptions on the SS - df - MS – F- p-
Decision
Variable Influenza Vaccine Effect Effect Effect value value
Nature 1.97 8 0.25 0.4866 0.8637 Do not reject Ho
Route of Administration 3.93 8 0.49 0.9908 0.4467 Do not reject Ho
Number of
raised Cost and Availability 4.01 8 0.50 1.0407 0.4095 Do not reject Ho
children Effectiveness 2.28 8 0.29 0.5610 0.8080 Do not reject Ho
Schedule for vaccination 3.37 8 0.42 0.8478 0.5627 Do not reject Ho
 Table 11 completely shows that there is no significant difference on the mothers’

perception on the influenza vaccine in its nature, route of administration, cost and availability,

effectiveness, and schedule regardless to the participants’ number of raised children, each having

a p-value of 0.8637 for the first variable, the nature of vaccine, 0.4467 for the route of

administration, 0.4095 for the cost and availability, 0.8080 for the effectiveness of the vaccine

and a P-value of 0.5627 for the last variable which is the schedule. This suggests that the number

of raised children does not affect the perception of mothes on the Influenza Vaccine with regards

to the five variables.