Ecrin v4.30 – Doc v4.30.

08 - © KAPPA 1988-2015 External Models catalog - 1/12

External Models catalog

The external models can be connected to Ecrin, in the Settings Panel by selecting,
Interpretation, tab External Models and specifying the folder which contains the External Model
files. Three files correspond to each model: the *.dll application file, the *.bmp schematic file,
the *.chm help file.

The following catalog gives a brief description of the existing models and the name of the
model as it appears in the Saphir/Topaze Model dialog.

Two Layers, radial composite:

The characteristic parameters of the two

layers system change at a certain distance
from the well as in the radial composite
model.

(model name: 2K Radial Composite)

Two Double-porosity layers:

The model consists of two double porosity

layers with communication.

(model name: 2K with 2-porosity layers)

Double-porosity, radial composite:

The characteristic double-porosity parameters

values change at a certain distance from the
well as in the radial composite model.

(model name: 2Phi Radial Composite)

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Double porosity with Matrix Blocks Skin:

In addition to the standard 2-porosity model

this model considers a possible skin effect at
the surface of the matrix blocks.

(model name: 2-Phi Skin@Matrix Blocks)

Three layers with crossflow:

At any point in the reservoir the interlayer

crossflow between two of the three layers is
proportional to the pressure difference
between these two layers.

(model name: 3K (3 layers with crossflow))

Triple-porosity:

The pore space is divided into two distinct

media: the matrix, with high storativity and
low permeability, and the fissures with high
permeability and low storativity. Two different
matrix blocks sizes are considered.

(model name: Triple-porosity)

Four layers with crossflow:

The reservoir consists of four homogeneous

layers. Each layer can flow into the well, and
there is flow between the layers in the
reservoir.

(model name: 4-K (4 layers with crossflow))

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Four layers in a limited reservoir:

The reservoir consists of four homogeneous

layers. Each layer can flow into the well, and
there is flow between the layers in the
reservoir. The reservoir can be infinite or
limited by a no flow or a constant pressure
circular limit.

(model name: 4-K in closed reservoir)

Finite Conductivity Fault:

This analytical model proposes the solution for

the pressure behavior at a well near a non-
intersecting finite conductivity fault or
fracture.

(model name : Finite conductivity fault)

Horizontal well in anisotropic formation

[OBSOLETE: now a standard model in
Ecrin]:
The well drain is horizontal, the reservoir
model can be either homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
The horizontal permeability is anisotropic and
the permeability kx, along the well axis, can
be different from the permeability ky,
perpendicular to the well axis.

(model name: Horizontal well considering

areal anisotropy)

Fractured horizontal well [OBSOLETE:

now a standard model in Ecrin]:
The well drain is strictly horizontal, the
vertical or slanted section is not perforated
and there is no flow towards the end of the
borehole. The horizontal drain of the well
crosses perpendicularly vertical identical
fractures at equal distance.

(model name: horiz well eq. Spaced frac)

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Horizontal well with different fractures:

The well drain is strictly horizontal, the
vertical or slanted section is not perforated.
The horizontal drain of the well crosses
perpendicularly vertical fractures at equal
distance and each one can be individually
described by its length, skin and conductivity.

(model name: multi-fractured horizontal well)

Interference Close to a Sealing Fault:

This specific model allows considering the
pressure disturbance due to the production
change at the active well but also due to the
influence of a linear sealing fault close to the
wells.
The reservoir can have a homogeneous or a
double porosity (transient or PSS) behavior.

(model name: interference test, single fault)

Linear composite with semi-permeable

fault:

The reservoir is split in two parts by a linear

semi-permeable fault, both sides are
homogeneous but their mobility and diffusivity
values change at the fault.

(model name: Linear composite)

Multi Lateral Drain model [OBSOLETE:

replaced by the multi-branched vertical
well]:
The well consists of multiple drain holes, each
drain is strictly horizontal, the vertical or
slanted section is not perforated and there is
no flow towards the end of the borehole. The
radial drain holes may be drilled at several
elevations and directions.

(model name : multilateral well)

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Well in a reservoir pinchout:

The upper and lower limits of the reservoir in

this model are two planes intersecting along a
horizontal straight line, at an angle Theta.

(model name: Well in a reservoir pinchout)

Radial Composite, 3 zones, circle:

The pore space is divided into three
heterogeneous regions presenting a radial
symmetry around the (vertical) wellbore.
Mobility and diffusivity of the first region are
defined by the time and pressure matches,
parameters of the two other zones are defined
through their respective mobility and
diffusivity ratios. The circular outer limit can
be no-flow or constant pressure.

(model name as above)

Radial Composite, 3 zones, infinite:

The pore space is divided into three
heterogeneous regions presenting a radial
symmetry around the (vertical) wellbore.
Mobility and diffusivity of the first region are
defined by the time and pressure matches,
parameters of the two other zones are defined
through their respective mobility and
diffusivity ratios.

(model name as above)

Radial Composite, 4 zones, circle:

The pore space is divided into four
heterogeneous regions presenting a radial
symmetry around the (vertical) wellbore.
Mobility and diffusivity of the first region are
defined by the time and pressure matches,
parameters of the three other zones are
defined through their respective mobility and
diffusivity ratios. The circular outer limit can
be no-flow or constant pressure.

(model name as above)

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Radial Composite, 4 zones, infinite:

The pore space is divided into four
heterogeneous regions presenting a radial
symmetry around the (vertical) wellbore.
Mobility and diffusivity of the first region are
defined by the time and pressure matches,
parameters of the three other zones are
defined through their respective mobility and
diffusivity ratios.

(model name as above)

Limited Height Fracture:

The model covers rectangular fractures of
limited (or full) height with uniform flux or
infinite or finite conductivity. The formation
can be anisotropic and the upper and lower
formation boundaries can be closed or kept at
constant pressure in any combination.
Skin effect can be assigned at the wellbore
(Wellbore Skin) or on the fracture surface
(Fracture Skin) for cases with finite
conductivity. The first is always additive, the
latter additive for high conductivities but will
have a more severe impact on the total skin if
the conductivity is low.

(model name as above)

Multi-zone linear composite:

This model simulates the behavior of a well
producing from a reservoir made up of
multiple rectangular compartments, with
each compartment characterized by its
mobility (M) and diffusivity (D) ratios, and
the connection between compartments
characterized by a leakage factor (following
Yaxley’s definition). The well may be
located anywhere in any of the
compartments, and all outer boundaries are
assumed to be sealing except for the
extreme left and extreme right boundaries
that can be open, sealing or kept at
constant pressure.

(model name as above)

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Finite Conductivity Horizontal Well:

The well drain is strictly horizontal, the

vertical or slanted section is not perforated
and there is no flow towards the end of the
borehole.
The formation can be anisotropic and the top
and bottom of the pay zone can be closed or
kept at constant pressure in any combination.
The model allows us to consider pressure
drop along the horizontal drain, which cannot
be neglected when the pressure gradient
within the wellbore becomes important, such
as in heavy oil situations.

(model name as above)

Multi Layered Slanted Well:

The model simulates the behavior of a slanted

well drain crossing multiple layers. The
reservoir model is a multilayer system with
crossflow and there is no flow towards the end
of the borehole.
The angle can be set from 0° to 90° for a
totally horizontal well and the distance of the
mid-perf from the bottom (Zw) allows to
locate the well anywhere in the layered
formation.
The individual layer parameters are defined by
a fraction.
The interlayer crossflow is determined by a
Lambda value, that can be automatically
calculated.

(model name as above)

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Triple Porosity Double Permeability Model:

The model corresponds to a classical case

met in carbonates: in addition to the fissure
system crossing the matrix, a vugg system
results from carbonate dissolution create a
vugular porosity connected to both the
fissures and the matrix system.
The analytical model consists in three
porosity (matrix, fissures and vuggs) and two
permeabilities (fissures and vuggs).
The well is only connected to the permeable
systems (fissures and vuggs) which will drain
the hydrocarbon from the three porosity
systems.

Triple Porosity and Limited Entry Model:

The model corresponds to a classical case

met in carbonates: in addition to the fissure
system crossing the matrix, a vugg system
results from carbonate dissolution create a
vugular porosity connected to both the
fissures and the matrix system.
The analytical model consists in three porosity
(matrix, fissures and vugs).
The well is partially penetrating in the
formation (hw in h) and it is only connected
to the permeable systems, fissures and vugs.

Fractal Reservoir Model:

The fractal theory allows to build systems

where various scale elements are generated
and can be connected.
The objective of this model is to describe
naturally fractured formation where are
present from large to small and from high to
low conductivity interconnected fracture
systems.
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Partially sealing fault with changing

thickness:

The reservoir consists of two homogeneous

regions with identical properties but different
pay zones separated by a partially sealing
fault. The fluid flows into a vertical well from
the first region, and subsequently the fluid in
the second region flows through the leaky
fault towards the well.

Multi-segmented well:

The well model can follow complex

trajectories and be perforated at different
intervals along the wellbore. The reservoir
model can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous.

Multi-branched horizontal well:

The well model is strictly horizontal and

consists of a mother well with one or more
pairs of perforated branches. The branches
are assumed to be symmetrical and located
at equal intervals along the wellbore. The
reservoir model is homogeneous.

Multi-branched vertical well:

The well model is strictly vertical and consists

of a mother well with one or more pairs of
perforated branches. The branches are
assumed to be symmetrical and located at
equal intervals down the wellbore. The
reservoir model is homogeneous.
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Multi segmented horizontal well:

The well model is strictly horizontal with

perforations at different intervals along the
wellbore. The reservoir model can be
homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Horizontal Fracture:

The well crosses a horizontal circular

fracture. The fracture type can be uniform
flux, infinite conductivity, and finite
conductivity. The formation can be
anisotropic and the upper and lower
formation boundaries can be closed or kept
at constant pressure in any combination.
The skin effect can be assigned on the
fracture surface (Fracture Skin) at the
wellbore (Wellbore Skin) and the Outer
boundary can be infinite or circle (constant
pressure or no flow).

SRV Bounded Model For Fractured

Horizontal Well:

The well is strictly horizontal and intersected

by vertical fractures. The drain is not
perforated, and production to the fractures is
modeled as linear flow only. Finite
conductivity can eventually be accounted for
in the fractures. Production beyond the SRV
(which is defined as the volume delimited by
the fractures) is ignored.

(model name: Simple SRV bounded MF

horizontal well)
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Trilinear Model For Fractured Horizontal

Well:
x = xe

The well is strictly horizontal and intersected

by vertical fractures. The drain is not Outer zone

perforated, and production to the fractures is

modeled as linear flow only. x = xF

Finite conductivity can eventually be

Fracture
accounted for in the fractures. Production Inner zone
beyond the SRV (which is defined as the
volume delimited by the fractures) is handled x=0
as linear flow towards the well. y=0 y = ye

(model name: Tri-Linear MFHW)

Dually Fractured Reservoir:

Dual fracture models provide an alternative

to dual porosity models for the
representation of naturally fractured
reservoirs. A major component of the
fracture system is a network of
microfractures that respond later than the
macrofractures due to lower permeability in
the microfractures.

(model name : dually fractured reservoir)

Partially Sealing Fault Double Porosity:

The model presents a solution of pressure

transient response of a naturally fractured
reservoir with partially communicating faults.

(model name: partially sealing fault double

porosity).
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General Multi-Linear MFHW Model :

This model is an extension of the Trilinear

model for fractured horizontal wells, in which
the reservoir is subdivided into up to nine
composite regions instead of three. The same
linear flow assumptions as for the Trilinear
model apply.

(model name: Multi-Linear MFHW)