SAGABAEN, Richard Allan C.

CE120-0/A1
SW1
I.
1. What is the importance of surveying in Civil Engineering? Cite examples to
support claim.
 In civil engineering, surveying is an important discipline that is
associated with many facilities, including roads, railways, residential
areas, bridges and dams. It creates the legal geographical boundaries
and offers data for computer databases. The planning and design of
civil engineering projects such as the construction of highways,
tunnels and bridges are based upon surveying measurements. In
addition, during execution, any project is constructed along points and
lines established by surveying.
Reference: https://ekimgenetics.wordpress.com/2017/12/14/importance- of-
surveying-in-civil-engineering/
 2. What are other methods for measuring distance aside from pacing and using
tape?
 Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of
determining the length between two points, using phase changes, that
occur as electromagnetic energy waves travels from one end of line to
the other end.
 Tacheometric surveying- is a method of angular surveying in which
the horizontal distance from the instrument to the staff stations are
determined from instrumental observations only.
References: https://civilseek.com/tacheometric-surveying/ ,
https://theconstructor.org/surveying/electronic-distance-measurement-
instrument/6576/
II.
1. A line is recorded as 472.90m long. It is measured with a 0.65 kg tape
which is 30.005m long at 20°C under a 50 N pull supported at both ends.
During measurement, the temperature is 5°C and the tape suspended
under a 75N pull. The line is measured on 3% grade. E=200 GPa, cross
sectional area of the tape is 3mm2 and the coefficient of linear expansion
is 0.0000116m/°C. Determine the actual tape length during measurement
and the true horizontal distance.

ℎ 1 ℎ
= =
𝐿 33 472.3
ℎ = 14.33𝑚
−(14.33)2
𝐶𝑔 = = −0.217𝑚
2 ∗ 472.9
75 − 50
𝐶𝑝 = ∗ 472.9 = +0.025𝑚
(3𝑥10−6 )(200𝑥103 )
𝐶𝑡 = (0.0000116)(5 − 20) ∗ 472.9 = −0.082𝑚
−(0.066)2 (30.005)3
𝐶𝑠 = = −0.065𝑚
24 ∗ 75
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 30.005(1 − 0.217 + 0.029 − 0.082 − 0.065)
= 19.95𝑚

472.9
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 19.95 ∗ = 314.43𝑚
30.005
2. The sides of a square lot having an area of 2.25 hectares using a 100 m
tape that was 0.04m too short. Compute the error in the area in sq.m.

(𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)2 ∗ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)2 ∗ 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

(99.962 ) ∗ 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (100)2 ∗ (2.25 ∗ 104 )
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 22518.01081𝑚2
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 22518.01081 − 22500.00
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 18.01081𝑚2
3. Under a standard pull of 8 kg, the steel tape is 40 m long. A normal
tension of 18 kg makes the elongation of the tape offset the effect of sag.
If the tape weighs 0.025 kg/m, and E = 2*10^6 kg/cm2 , determine its
cross-sectional area in sq.cm
0.025𝑘𝑔
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐸 = 2 ∗ 106 , 𝑊 = , 𝑃𝑛 = 18𝑘𝑔, 𝑃𝑠 = 8𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑛 = 0.204𝑊√
(𝑃𝑛 − 𝑃𝑠 )
0.204(0.025)(40)√𝑥(2𝑥106 )
18 =
√18 − 8
𝐴 = 0.038𝑐𝑚2
4. A line 100m long was paced by a surveyor for four times with the
following data: 142, 145, 145.5 and 146. Then another line was paced for
four times again with the following results, 893, 893.5, 891, and 895.5.
Determine the pace factor of the surveyor and the distance of the new
line.
142 + 145 + 145.5 + 146
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 = = 144.628 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
4
100𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
144.628 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.691
𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
893 + 893.5 + 891 + 895.5
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 893.25
4
𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (0.691 ) (893.25 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)
𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 617.236𝑚
5. A line was measured with a 50 m tape. There were 2 tallies, 8 pins, and
the distance from the last pin to the end of the line is 2.25 m. Find the
length of the line in meters.
𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 10 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∗ 50𝑚 = 500𝑚
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∗ 50𝑚 = 50𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2(500𝑚) + 8(50𝑚) + 2.25𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1402.25𝑚
6. The correct distance between two points is 220.45m. Using a 100 m tape
which is “x” m too long, the length to be laid on the ground should be
220.406 m. What is the value of “x”?
𝑇𝐿 = 220.45𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 220.406𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑇𝐿 − 𝐶
220.45𝑚
220.406𝑚 = 220.45𝑚 − 𝑥 ( )
100𝑚
𝑥 = 0.02𝑚