CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Protecting our oceans is one of the 17 Global Goals that make up the

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) create a framework to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal

ecosystem from land-based pollution, as well as address the impacts of the ocean

acidification. Enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-based

resources through international law will also help mitigate some of the challenges

our ocean is facing (Wood, 2016).

Marine environments all over the world are contaminated with plastics.

According to Sinha (2014), those plastic products have become an integral part

of our daily life as a basic need. It is produced on a massive scale worldwide, and

its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally (Otabil, 2014).

The Royal Society (2005) said that "The oceans cover over two-thirds of the

Earth's surface. They play a vital role in global biogeochemical cycles, contribute

enormously to the planet's biodiversity and provide a livelihood for millions of

people." Fishing is the principal livelihood of over 200 million people (World

Wildlife).

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 The United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of

Marine Pollution (GESAMP, 1991)), estimated that land-based sources account

for up to 80 percent of the world’s marine pollution, 60 to 95 percent of the waste

being plastic debris. Clean Water Action (2017) stated that plastic debris injures

and kills fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Marine plastic pollution has

impacted at least 267 species worldwide, including 86 percent of all sea turtle

species, 44 percent of all seabird species and 43 percent of all marine mammal

species. It includes fatalities as a result of ingestion, starvation, suffocation,

infection, drowning, and entanglement.

According to the report by the International Group Ocean Conservancy

and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment that the Philippines was

ranked as the third top source of plastic leaking into oceans in a February 2015

study. The country generates 2.7 million metric tonnes of plastic garbage each

year, a 20 percent or 521,000 tonnes of which ends up in the ocean.

Ranada (2013) stated that the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR) reports that the amount of trash found in our seawaters is

rising every year, studies show that the Philippines is a top contributor of sea

wastes with around 28 percent to 75 percent tonnes of plastic waste.

In Barangay Tambacan, Iligan City, wastes are scattered everywhere near

the shorelines which causes their seas to be polluted and hazardous for marine

life. This study is driven by the desire of the researchers to provide a solution to

2
the alarming problem of the large mass of floating garbage that can be seen in

our oceans especially in our local seas. The researchers aim to make this study

helpful to the preservation of marine life and also to the residents who live near

in coastal areas. The researchers will design a model and develop an appropriate

technology that able to reduce the waste thrown in the seas and oceans to protect

marine life.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to protect marine life by designing a

model and develop an appropriate technology known as Solar-Power Driven Sea-

Garbage Collector within GPS-Guided Map for Marine Life Preservation

(SPoDriSGC). The prototype is a GPS-based that helps track and collects the

floating garbage on the coastal areas.

Specifically, the study seeks to:

1. Analyze the data and relevant information from theories about marine

life and determine the appropriate device to be made needed for the

development.

2. Design a model and develop an appropriate prototype based on the

gathered information of existing models, theories, indicators,

frameworks, among others.

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 3. Evaluate the efficiency of the prototype regarding its performance and

functionalities.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study would be significant to the following:

To the marine animals, the study will be of great significance because it will

help in protecting the preservation of marine animals and coastal ecosystems to

avoid devastating consequences that can wipe out entire species.

To the residents of Barangay Tambacan, the study will be of great significance

because it will not just help in making the environment clean but also it will

directly produce better impact to the health of the residents. It will prevent

diseases caused by the improper garbage disposal.

To the environment, the study will be of great significance because its primary

purpose is to clean the ocean by collecting its garbage which is most likely

plastics. Thus, it helps in making our environment, especially our oceans, plastic

free.

To the future researcher, this study will serve as a reference for researchers

who desire to develop the research further and to the researchers whose studies

are related to waste management.

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1.4 Conceptual Framework

The Conceptual Framework of this study covers the relevant information,

related studies, appropriate development tools, processes and the prototype.

On the Relevant Information, the researchers gathered information about

the world waste problem, waste after the flood, environmental problem issues

and legal/institutional framework.

On the Related Studies, the researchers gathered information, concepts,

and solutions concerning the prototype to be design and innovating those existing

ones.

On the Appropriate Development Tools, the researchers identified the

hardware, firmware, software, devices, tools, and equipment to be use in the

prototype.

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Figure 1-1 (Conceptual Diagram)

6
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study is limited in Iligan City specifically in Barangay Tambacan

near the seashore where their main source of living is fishing. The study covers

the creation of the design of an appropriate model and the prototype miniature for

Solar-Power Driven Sea-Garbage Collector within GPS-Guided Map for Marine

Life Preservation (SPoDriSGC) that will be used to track and collect the floating

garbage in the sea. The prototype will be battery operated. It has a solar panel for

charging purposes. The distance will only be limited to 400 square meters as

indicated in the GPS mapping system. The sea-garbage collector has its storage

for the collected waste. The prototype has a limit switch that was used in

avoidance for net and heavy objects that could not be lifted by the conveyor. The

prototype will be equipped with PIR sensor to avoid collision with humans.

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1.6 Definition of Terms

Coastal Areas. Coastal areas refer to as the interface or transition areas between

land and sea, including large inland lakes (Natural Resources Management and

Environment Department). In this study, this is where mainly the prototype

should be applied.

Garbage. Garbage consists of unwanted things or waste material such as used

paper, empty tins and bottles, and waste food (Collins Dictionary). In this study,

it refers to wastes that end up in sea water.

Marine Pollution. The introduction by man directly, or indirectly, of substances

or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects such as:

hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the

quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities (United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea).

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter shows the relevant literature and related studies from both

foreign and local studies that give concepts and ideas in providing solutions to

the problems as well as the development of the research.

2.1 Related Literatures

This section presents the related literature that will provide relevant

information such as theories, models, concepts and specific data.

2.1.1 Plastic Pollution in the World’s Ocean

Once in the ocean, plastic does not go away. It breaks down into small

pieces that are ingested by sea life and transferred up the food chain, carrying

chemical pollutants from prey to predator. A recent study conservatively

estimated that 5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing 268,940 tonnes are

currently floating in the world’s oceans. Because plastics moved with wind and

currents, very few areas in the sea may have escaped plastic pollution. The North

Pacific gyre contains the most, with nearly 2 trillion pieces of plastic weighing

over 96,000 tonnes (Gourmelon, 2015). (See Figure 2-1)

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 Figure 2-1 (Plastic Pollution in the World’s Ocean, 2014)

According to Gourmelon the environmental and social benefits of plastics

must be weighed against the problems that its durability and incredible volume

worldwide constitute as a waste stream. Plastics help to reduce food waste by

keeping products fresh longer, allow for the manufacture of healthcare

equipment, reduce packaging mass compared with other materials, improve

transportation efficiency, and have an enormous potential for renewable energy

technologies. But plastic litter, gyres of plastics in the oceans, and toxic additives

in plastic products such as colorings, flame retardants, and plasticizers are raising

awareness and strengthening consumer demand for more-sustainable materials.

Along with reducing unnecessary plastic consumption, finding more

environmentally friendly packaging alternatives, and improving product and

10
packaging design to use less plastic, many challenges associated with plastics

could be addressed by developing management of the material across its

lifecycle. Businesses and consumers could increase their participation in the

collection to move plastic waste toward a recycling or recovery supply chain.

Companies could switch to recycled plastics, using joint ventures to

ensure supply. They could also investigate options for using bioplastics—plastics

that are partly or wholly biobased, biodegradable, or both—although the benefits

and impacts of these products are currently unknown. Governments must

regulate the plastic supply chain to encourage recycling, and consortia must

coordinate and monitor the supply chain and provide guidelines for plastic waste

processing, especially in developing economies. As the economy and population

growth, global demand for plastic is expected to continue to grow especially in

Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and China.

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2.1.2 The Problem of Marine Plastic Pollution

Most marine debris 80 percent comes from trash and debris in urban

runoff from land-based sources. Key components of land-based sources include

litter, trash and debris from construction, ports and marinas, commercial and

industrial facilities, and trash blown out of garbage containers, trucks, and

landfills. Ocean-based sources, such as, overboard discharges from ships and

discarded fishing gear, account for the other 20 percent.

Food containers and packaging are the largest component of the

municipal solid waste stream (80 million tonnes or 31.7 percent). These items,

together with plastic bags, also represent the largest component of marine debris

that is, barring items less than 5mm such as pre-production plastic pellets,

fragments, and polystyrene pieces. Packaging and single use disposable products

are not only ubiquitous in marine debris, they represent an unsustainable use of

precious resources (oil, trees, energy sources, water).

The quantity of marine debris is increasing in oceans world-wide.

Researchers at the Algalita Marine Research Foundation documented an increase

in plastic debris in the Central Pacific Gyre five-fold between 1997 and 2007,

where the baseline in 1997 showed plastic pieces outnumbered plankton on the

ocean surface

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 In the ocean, plastic debris injures and kills fish, seabirds and marine

mammals. Marine plastic pollution has impacted at least 267 species worldwide,

including 86 percent of all sea turtle species, 44 percent of all seabird species and

43 percent of all marine mammal species. It includes fatalities as a result of

ingestion, starvation, suffocation, infection, drowning, and entanglement.

Seabirds that feed on the ocean surface are especially prone to ingesting

plastic debris that floats. Adults feed these items to their chicks resulting in

detrimental effects on chick growth and survival. Approximately 98 percent of

chicks sampled contained plastic and the quantity of plastic being ingested was

increasing over time.

Because persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment attach to

the surface of plastic debris, floating plastics in the oceans have been found to

accumulate pollutants and transport them through ocean currents. Floating and

migrating plastic debris has also been found to transport invasive marine

species. Increasingly, research shows that marine life that ingests plastics coated

with pollutants can absorb these pollutants their bodies.

Plastic debris is polluting the human food chain. In a 2008 Pacific Gyre

voyage, Algalita researchers began finding that fish are ingesting plastic

fragments and debris. Of the 672 fish caught during that voyage, 35 percent had

ingested plastic pieces.

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 The plastics industry, through the leadership of the American Chemical

Council (ACC), spends millions of dollars each year to convince policy makers

and Californians that solutions to plastic pollution lie in anti-litter campaigns that

attribute the responsibility for marine debris on individual behavior. Yet they

have devoted little funding to public education and much more on promoting

policies that support increased use of plastics.

While increased public education to prevent littering is important, proper

management of litter fails to address the unsustainable consumption of resources

involved in producing packaging and single use disposable goods.

Furthermore, as the amount of disposable packaging and products

continues to increase, controlling litter through public education and cleanup of

streets and waterways requires significant and sustained funding. Preventing the

generation of disposable products as much as possible reduces the amount of

money needed for controlling and managing trash and litter. Prevention is both

cost-effective and better for the environment.

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2.1.3 2017 International Coastal Cleanup

Hundreds of thousands of volunteers from across the world headed to

their coastal beaches and marshes to remove trash and marine debris as part of

the 2017 International Coastal Cleanup. In the 2017 International Coastal

Cleanup Report, organizers write that over 500,000 people participated last year

alone. In the end, 13,840,398 items were removed and catalogued. Citizens and

environmental groups choose sites for cleanups, selecting them on the Coastal

Cleanup Map and submitting data sheets on the items they collected.

Figure 2-2 (Top Ten Items Collected)

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 Cigarette butts are the most common item reported, with over 1.8 million

individual cigarette remnants found. (SUMPAYI NI BADAT)

Now in its 31st year, the International Coastal Cleanup is the largest

volunteer effort in the world, inspiring many to become coastal stewards

throughout the year, not just on the annual cleanup day. The enormous database

created on marine debris is used by scientists and land managers to learn about

common trash items and where they end up along our coastlines, as well as to

devise strategies on how to prevent marine debris from entering our waterways in

the first place. According to the Ocean Conservancy, “Scientists have identified

that by improving waste management and collection in the 20 countries where

the mismatch between plastic consumption and mismanaged waste is greatest, we

can reduce by 2025 the amount of plastic entering the ocean by more than 40

percent.”

Removing plastic from the marine environment is critical for wildlife

survival. According to the report, “over 690 species (from the smallest of

plankton to the largest of whales) have been documented to be negatively

impacted by marine debris.” For example, plastic bags are mistaken for food by

sea turtles and other species, and derelict fishing gear accidentally entangles

16
wildlife long after the materials have been discarded by commercial or

recreational anglers.

Cleanups of coastal environment remain an important mechanism for

removing plastics and other trash from our beaches and marshes, but must be

coupled with an overall reduction of the plastic stream entering the marine

environment in the first place.

2.1.4 From entanglement to invasions of alien species: the harm caused by

marine litter

Marine litter is a threat to the marine ecosystem, human health and

economic activities. A new report by the Commission Joint Research Centre

(JRC) sheds light on the many effects of litter in our oceans, and highlights the

severity and scale of the issue. The report confirms that plastic items have the

highest direct and indirect damaging impact.

Millions of animals that live in the oceans are debilitated, mutilated and

killed by marine litter every year. Marine litter can be transported by ocean

currents over long distances, and is found in all marine environments, even in

remote areas in the open oceans and the deep sea.

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2.1.4A Marine litter dominated by plastic

Records show that marine litter is dominated by plastic items, both in

shallow and deeper waters. The top ten items recorded by the 2013 International

Coastal Cleanup initiative were, in descending order: cigarette butts, plastic food

wrappers, plastic beverage bottles, plastic bottle caps, straws and stirrers, plastic

grocery bags, glass beverage bottles, other plastic bags, paper bags and beverage

cans. Seven of these items are made of plastics. Past studies estimate that over

80% of recorded incidents involving marine species were associated with plastic

litter.

2.1.4B Entanglement and ingestion

The most visible effect of pollution on marine organisms is the

entanglement of wildlife in marine litter. In 80% of reported cases, such

entanglement leads to the death of the animal.

The second direct effect is ingestion by marine animals of litter items,

including paper, processed wood and synthetic materials. It is clear that marine

animals frequently encounter plastic debris, and that ingestion is a widespread

phenomenon among all groups of marine organisms. Ingested plastic may affect

the animal's health and capacity to move, or lead to rapid death when the stomach

or intestines of the animal are blocked or severely damaged.

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2.1.4C Invasion of alien species

The invasion of our waters by non-indigenous species is one of the

greatest drivers of biodiversity loss, posing a threat to the integrity and

functioning of ecosystems. Marine litter can act as an enabler of this loss: non-

indigenous invasive species often use litter in the ocean as a habitat in which to

hide, as a platform on which to settle or as a transport medium for moving into

new territories.

This is not a new phenomenon, as natural debris (dead wood, ash, etc.)

have enabled species to move around for millions of years, but the movement of

alien species on litter items is potentially a new problem, because of the

proliferation of floating, mostly plastic particles. The estimated 250 billion

micro-plastic particles floating in the Mediterranean Sea are all potential carriers

of non-indigenous invasive species. Plastic litter offers an excellent transport

mechanism for alien species because of its longevity at sea and its surface, which

is easy to attach to. Even if the introduction of large litter items into the marine

environment ceased, the abundance of micro-plastics would continue to increase

because of the fragmentation of the existing plastic items.

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2.1.4D Socioeconomic impact

Marine litter affects ecosystem services, which has important implications

for human welfare through losses to economic sectors such as tourism, fisheries,

aquaculture, navigation and energy. As litter can be transported over long

distances, it may generate significant costs in areas far from its point of origin

and become a burden to sectors that are not responsible for its generation.

It is estimated that the annual damage of marine litter to the EU fishing

sector is approximately 61.7 million in terms of reduced catch revenue and the

costs of removing litter from fishing gear, fixing broken gear and propellers, and

rescue services (Acoleyen et al., 2013).

A study carried out in the UK revealed that, in over 71 percent of the

surveyed harbours and marinas, users had had problems with broken propellers,

anchors, rudders and blocked intake pipes and valves caused by marine litter

(Mouat et al., 2010). The annual cost of removing litter reported by 34 harbours

in the UK was approximately 273,000 with an average cost of 8,000 per harbour

per year.

Litter also has obvious impacts on the aesthetic value and use of beaches

and other coastal tourist areas. Apart from the negative aesthetic effects on

tourism services, it is also expensive to remove litter from coasts. Based on a

study carried out in the Netherlands, the total cost of removing beach litter

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reported by the 32 municipalities located in the seven countries of the Adriatic-

Ionian macro-region was estimated at 6,724,530 per year, with an average of

216,920 per year per municipality (Vlachogianni, 2016). On average, the

municipalities spent some 5 percent of their budget on marine litter clean-up

operations.

2.1.5 Why Philippines is the world’s 3rd biggest dumper of plastics in the
ocean?

Figure 2-3 (A volunteer says 'no' to plastic pollution during a clean-up drive in
Manila Bay)

Irresponsible garbage hauling companies and the presence of open dump

sites near rivers are two reasons why the Philippines is among the world's top

ocean polluters, according to a new study (Ranada, 2015). The Philippines has

21
among the highest trash collection rates in Southeast Asia, yet it's the world's

third-biggest source of plastic leaking into the ocean.

A new report on plastic pollution by International Group Ocean

Conservancy and McKinsey Center for Business and Environment looks into this

alarming discrepancy. There are five world's biggest contributors to plastic

pollution in the world's oceans. China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and

Vietnam contribute over half of all plastics that end up in the seas, according to

the study (INFOGRAPHIC: Plastic in our seas: Why you should care). What do

these five countries have in common? They are all benefiting from economic

growth, reduced poverty, and improved quality of life. But this new-found

economic power has led to exploding demand for consumer products that have

not yet been met with a commensurate waste-management infrastructure as

stated in the report.

The Philippines was ranked the 3rd top source of plastic leaking into

oceans in a February 2015 study. The country generates 2.7 million metric tonnes

of plastic garbage each year, a 20 percent or 521,000 tonnes of which ends up in

the ocean. The country reported one of the highest garbage collection rates in the

region with a national average of 85 percent and nearly 90 percent in some dense

urban areas.

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2.1.5A Irresponsible Trash Haulers

The study found that 74 percent of the plastics leaking into the ocean

from the Philippines come from garbage that has already been collected by

haulers and garbage trucks. This amounts to 386,000 tonnes of plastic trash. Only

26 percent or 135,000 tonnes of plastics in seas comes from garbage that is not

collected (Antonio, 2015).

The study attributed the leakage of collected garbage to two factors:

illegal dumping by garbage-hauling companies and open dumpsites located near

waterways.

Based on interviews with local government officials and environmental

groups, the study found that waste leakage in the Philippines often happens while

the garbage transport from the collection site (households, village material

recovery facilities) to the dump sites.

Some private garbage hauling companies unload their trucks on their way

to disposal sites to cut costs. Waste is usually dumped at the roadside, at informal

deposit sites, or directly into waterways in locations where it is convenient to do

so, based on the report. This saves the haulers time and money. The reduced

garbage load can even lower fuel consumption (Ranada, 2015).

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2.1.5B Open Dumpsites

The second primary source of leaked garbage after collection is open

dumpsites which are typically near waterways. Based on the study, the fact that

the Philippines is an archipelagic country and with an elaborate network of rivers

does not help matters (Ranada, 2015).

The study names explicitly as an example the open dump of Dagupan

City in Pangasinan which is located right on the coastline. The decision by local

governments to put dump sites near waterways is often due to financial

considerations. According to the study, land adjacent to rivers tends to be

cheaper than in other parts of the country, and waste will intermittently be carried

away by heavy rains or currents, refreshing the capacity of the dump site to

receive more waste. Open dump sites are illegal in the country under

the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. But there are still around

600 of them in the country.

Sanitary landfills as the only type of disposal site allowed by the law,

number only around 70. Sanitary landfills are a type of disposal site in which

garbage is isolated from the environment, usually by being buried in a large hole

lined with thick plastic or a layer of clay. It also often involves a network of

pipes to prevent liquids generated by the garbage from leaking into the ground.

But sanitary landfills are costly to construct. Local governments in the

24
Philippines often lack either the political will or the budget to build such

facilities.

The National Solid Waste Management Commission, the agency tasked

with overseeing waste management in the country, also lacks funding. The

agency’s executive director, Eli Ildefonso said that all they can do is remind all

mayors to close open dump sites. Then if they do not comply, they will be

reported to the Ombudsman.

2.1.5C Plugging the Leaks

How can the Philippines plug the two sources of plastic leaks? To fix the

first problem, illegal dumping by waste haulers, the Philippines should first make

the process of procuring garbage hauling services more transparent. In many

cases, contracts are distributed at the sole discretion of local government

officials, leaving room for corruption (Antonio, 2015).

A more transparent procurement process "fosters competition between

bidders and is based on clearly laid-out performance criteria." Such a system

should penalize illegal practices by the haulers through dumping fines or even

cancellation of contracts. The haulers can be monitored carefully through GPS

tracking of garbage trucks to ensure the trucks complete their designated route

with their full load of waste. To reduce leaks from open dump sites, the study

25
still recommends full closure or physical sealing of open dump sites near

waterways and the establishment of more sanitary landfills.

But given the cost and difficulty posed by these solutions, the study also

suggests simpler, faster and cheaper solutions for the short term. These include

creating a perimeter around the dump and its access road to help limit the size of

the dump. The perimeter can be made of old tires, concrete rubble, or even

discarded appliances.

Using a bulldozer, excavator, or front-end loader, garbage can also be

compacted and periodically covered with soil to form layers that will not easily

escape into waterways. Such equipment, along with one or more dump trucks,

basic fencing, and a small guardhouse or office can be procured for $300,000 to

500,000 (P14 million to 23 million) per dump site, depending on the size of the

dump. Just addressing the two primary sources of plastic leaks could reduce the

country's total leakage by 26 percent (Ranada, 2015).

2.1.6 Environmental Problem Issues of Garbage in the Philippines

In the year 2008, most people never cared about where to put their trash.

Others do not throw in proper trash bins, others just drop the waste on the street,

and they contribute to garbage problems in the Philippines. Waste Management

Commission shows that there are 677 open dumpsites, 343 controlled dumps, and

21 landfills in the country. An additional 307 dump sites are subject to closure or

26
rehabilitation plans but without specific schedules for enforcement. About 215

other landfills are being proposed to be set up nationwide (Ng, 2011).

Figure 2-4 (Sea of Waste)

According to Mariga (2013), the more waste in the Philippines causes the

increase in global warming, high temperature, and less oxygen because of the air

pollution. The Philippines trash increased by 40 percent in 2010, and the ocean

found 1,355,236 items of waste. People from around the world gathered just to

help the Philippines.

The lists of the garbage in the ocean were plastic bags 679,957, paper

bags 253,013 and food wrappers 103,226. Also recovered were 38,394 pieces of

clothing and shoes, 55,814 tobacco-related items including cigarette butts 34,154,

27
lighters and wrappers, and 11,077 diapers. These can cause poison and toxic in

the ocean, and you may see these trash in some body of water like the Manila

Bay.

In 2006, garbage made of plastic increases up to 76 percent and 51

percent was plastic bags at Manila Bay. On September 27, 2009, Typhoon

Ondoy's flood caused millions of water to hit around in the Philippines, left

behind ten times the usual garbage accumulated in Metro Manila.

The trash collected by Ondoy blocked some sewage in the streets that

caused poor water drainage, mud, and more water. People are cleaning 24 hours

and are struggling in a different location since typhoon Ondoy happened.

Continuous heavy rain and the trash moves down from the mountain and to

where the garbage place is.

It was difficult to clean up after Ondoy because there was garbage

everywhere. And not only are that but there equipments, appliances and also

furnitures. These things became useless because they submerged in water, and

they are no longer working. On September 30, some areas are already clean, but

there are still trashes in some areas that people do not attend.

28
2.1.7 Legal/ Institutional Framework

2.1.7A International Laws

 Endangered Species Act (1973): A 1973 Federal law, amended in 19778

and 1982, to protect troubled species from extinction. The National

Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish Wildlife Service decides whether

to list species as threatened or endangered. Federal agencies must avoid

jeopardy to and aid the recovery of listed species. Similar responsibilities

apply to non-federal entities.

 Fish And Wildlife Coordination Act (1934): Provides the basic

authority for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s involvement in

evaluating impacts to fish and wildlife from proposed water resource

development projects. It requires that fish and wildlife resources receive

equal consideration to other project features. It also requires that federal

agencies that construct, license, or permit water resource development

projects must first consult with the fish and wildlife service (and the

National Marine Fisheries Service in some instances) and the state and

wildlife agencies regarding the impacts on fish and wildlife resources and

measures to mitigate these impacts.

29
  Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

(1976; amended 2006): Calls for assessment and consideration of

ecological, economic, and social impacts of fishing regulations on fishery

participants and fishing communities in marine fishery management

plans.

 Waste Disposal Act (1982): The Parliament voted a second amendment

to the Waste Disposal Act which, among other things, provided for a

certain easing in the supervision of the transportation of relatively

harmless waste material.

 Marine plastic pollution Research and Control Act (1987): This Act

implements the provisions of MARPOL’S Annex V into US LAW,

making it illegal to throw plastic into waters within 200 miles of the US

coastline (which constitutes the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone). It

also out lawed the dumping of garbage within three miles of shore.

2.1.7B National Laws

 Republic Act No. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000

 DENR Administrative Order No, 2001-34 - Implementing Rules and

Regulation of Republic Act No. 9003

 Presidential Decree No. 1152 – Philippine Environmental Code

30
  Presidential Decree No. 856 – Code Sanitation of the Philippines

 Presidential Decree No. 1160 – Vesting Authority of Barangay

Chairman To Enforce Pollution Control and Environmental Laws

2.1.7C Local Laws

 City Ordinance No. 00-3849 – An Ordinance Repealing and/ or

Modifying the Anti-Littering City Ordinance No. 1027 Series of 1973

 City Ordinance No. 1892, Series of 1973 – An Ordinance Prohibiting

the Scavenging of Trash and other Forms of Waste Refuse from the

Different Garbage Receptacles except the Dumping Sites

 City Ordinance No. 1027, Series of 1973 – An Ordinance Prohibiting

the throwing of paper, wrappers including ice drop wrappers, fruit

peelings, seed, and leaves, corn cob, or any similar dirty refuse, on the

street, sidewalks, public alleys, street canals, in plaza, parks, markets,

school grounds and other public places; as well as into rivers, creeks and

drainage canals in the City of Iligan.

 City Ordinance No. 43, Series of 1964 – An Ordinance Prohibiting the

placing, dumping and/ or throwing any garbage, dead animals, and/ or

bulky things or matters into the Baslayan Creek, Iligan River and canals

or other drainage systems. Solid Waste Management Plan Report for

Iligan City, Year 2000

31
  City Ordinance No. 09-5488. – The Omnibus Solid Waste Management

of Environmental Code.

2.2 Related Studies

This section contains relevant studies stated by foreign and local

researchers and inventors. Their studies and inventions provide insights about the

important terms, methods, and techniques that can apply to this study.

2.2.1 Solar Water Wheel Skimmer

Its inventor, John Kellet, has several names for it, including "trash mill."

On the Healthy Harbor website, it's called "Inner Harbor Waterwheel." (Healthy

Harbor's an initiative of the Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore, Inc.)

Figure 2-5 (Solar Water Wheel Skimmer)

32
 This solar-powered trash mill anchored in Baltimore's Inner Harbor at the

outfall of the Jones Falls Watershed where the waterwheel operates from the

current at the outfall or the backup solar PV array on board. A local architect

firm designed the rig to Kellett’s specs. It’s capable of collecting up to 50,000

pounds of trash per day.

CBF Baltimore Initiative director Terry Cummings reports that new MD

Department of the Environment regulations includes that Baltimore to reduce

polluted runoff coming from 4,000 paved or otherwise hardened acres of land

within the city by the end of 2018.

The Inner Harbor Water Wheel sits at the mouth of the Jones Falls River

where it empties into the Inner Harbor. This river is feed into by the entire Jones

Falls Watershed which encompasses 58-square miles of land where tiny streams

all lead to the Jones Falls River, which empties into the harbor. Any trash that

ends up on the street or ground instead of in trash cans or recycling bins ends up

in storm drains, heading down that river and eventually making its way to the

Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

The wheel works because the current of the river provides power to turn

the water wheel. The wheel lifts trash and debris from the water and deposits it in

a dumpster barge. When there isn't enough current to turn the wheel, a solar

33
panel array keeps the wheel moving. When the dumpster is full, a boat comes to

tow it away and replace it with a new one.

An entire watershed's trash and debris can prevent from reaching the

ocean. The waste collected by the water wheel taken to a waste-to-energy plant

where it is burned to produce electricity. The debris can't recycle because after

rainstorms the runoff also includes sewage making the trash hazardous material.

2.2.2 Elastec Omni-Catamaran Workboat

Keeping rivers and waterways clean is a central mission for Elastec

workboats. Its core competency is oil spill response equipment, and its products

played a crucial part in the responses to the Deepwater Horizon spill. Those

products now include a multitasking workboat.

The all-aluminum workboat can configure with various modules,

including a deck plate, litter basket, pump out station, washout pod, or A-frame

lifting pod. The blades can pop in and out of its 8- by 11-foot work platform to

tailor it to a whole range of tasks and missions, from aquatic weed control to

trash collection, supporting divers, buoy-handling, oil spill response or cargo

hauling.

34
 Figure 2-6 (Elastec Omni-Catamaran Workboat)

The marine-grade aluminum litter basket allows the Omni Cat, as it is

nicknamed, to serve as a trash collection boat to skim floating debris in harbors

and protected waterways.

2.2.3 Trash Hunter

Trash Hunter clean up floating debris from harbors, rivers and other

waterways plagued with this unsightly navigational hazard, rescuing waterways

and making them safe for public use and consumption. With their twin catamaran

hulls, Trash Hunters easily retrieve a wide variety of human-made and organic

35
floating debris including liter, old tires, leaves, timber, branches, and logs. The

Trash Hunter has also proven instrumental in small-scale oil recovery operations.

Figure 2-7 (A photo sample of Trash Hunter)

As unwanted debris collected, it is conveyed on board and stored in the

free storage hold area. Complete instrumentation and hydrostatic hydraulics

enable a single operator to manage all functions of the debris skimmer without

coming into direct contact with the refuse. The adjustable collection flares allow

the operator to clean out even tight corners.

Titan Series® Trash Hunters, the most extensive marine debris, and trash

skimmer offered worldwide. Engineered to withstand Sea State 4 conditions, the

Titan Series® Trash Hunters are the flagship of debris removal equipment. These

innovative vessels solve the marine problem in ports, cities and coastal areas

36
susceptible to harsher elements. Titan Series® Trash Hunters feature a state-of-

the-art water jet propulsion system, enabling them to transit greater distances at

higher speeds than their standard size counterparts.

2.2.4 Water Witch

Figure 2-8 (Water Witch Workboat)

Liverpool Water Witch is a 3rd generation family-run business

established in 1966, dedicated to building and designing innovative specialist

vessels for trash collection, debris removal, aquatic weed control and waterway

cleanup operations.

37
 Built from aluminum and designed for ease of operation and low cost of

ownership, this road-transportable vessel features a removable basket, which can

be lifted and tipped directly into a skip or shore side receptacle for disposal. The

boat can filter a water surface of 92 x 92 meters per hour. The filter system can

be adjusted to collect different sizes of flotsam.

A true multi-purpose, powerful workboat - the Water Witch provides

ultimate flexibility, maximum reliability, combined with essential maintenance

for quick and efficient marine pollution solutions.

The Water Witch workboat could be compared to a floating bulldozer and

features a sturdy front end loader which can lift up to 1000 kg and reach to 3.65m

below the waterline. About 100 of them are in use worldwide. A quick release

system ensures a range of loader attachments can easily fit in seconds.

Attachments available include dredge buckets, log grapples, weed cutters/rippers,

access platforms, cranes and more.

38
2.2.5 Trash & Debris Cleanup Vessel

Figure 2-9 (Trash & Debris Cleanup Vessel Mini Cat)

Mavi Deniz is a market leader/world's largest producer in the design and

manufacture of Trash & Debris Cleanup Vessel. Mavi Deniz debris and garbage

recovery vessels are safe and secure to use and offer a practical and cost-effective

solution for many shallow – marine pollution control applications.

Mavi Deniz introduced Mini Cat is a multi-purpose ecological vessel

designed and built by the group's technical team to handle environmental

problems of all kinds vessels can vacuum and collect floating solid and liquid

wastes. Trash & Debris Cleanup Vessel can obtain all kinds of floating and semi-

submerged pollutants include plastics materials, trashes, litter, bottles, cigarette,

woods, algae, solid debris, and organic matters. A turbine pulls a stream of water

39
through a tank with a mesh to filter out solid waste. Solid floating waste collected

in a pivoting basket/belt conveyor which automatically emptied into an on-deck

container. Mini Cat has been specially conceived to operate in narrow areas and

shallow waters where larger vessels, with the same technical abilities, would not

have access. Mini Cat has been specially designed to work in marina, lake, river,

bogs, dams, swamps, port areas, and canals, bays, along with the coasts, harbor

areas and nearby waters. Its attractive appearance makes it suitable for work in

tourist areas. The Mini Cat, which is an incredibly innovative vessel, works in

marinas, ports, canals, bays and along the coast carrying out the following

services :

Features

 Collection of solid floating waste and semi-submerged macro pollutants

(plastic, plants, cans, wood, algae, seaweed, etc.)

 Collection of liquid floating waste (oils & hydrocarbon) products.

 Collection & removal of foam and surface films.

 Garbage, Trash and Debris stores in container

40
2.2.6

41
 Chapter III

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

This section presents the technical description and relevant concepts of

the study needed to design and develop a prototype called Solar Power-Driven

Sea Garbage Collector within GPS-Guided Map for Marine Life Preservation.

3.1 Demographic Profile of Barangay Tambacan

Table below shows demographic profile of Barangay Tambacan as of 2011-2021.

Total Land Area 48.1716 Hectares

Number of Purok 24

Number of Households 2,799

Number of Population 14,714

Table 3-1 (Demographic Profile of Brgy. Tambacan)

The approximate estimation of waste generated by Barangay Tambacan is

4,199 kilogram per day, service population of 14,714 with number of household

of 2,000, assumed collection efficiency of 100 percent and 1 to 2 kilogram

weight per household collection at 0.204 kilogram per capita-person generation

estimated based on the waste characterization study of Dr. Engr. R. Cuizon and

Iligan City Solid Waste Management Board (ICSWMB) Staff-PILOT MRF.

42
3.2 Block diagram of SPoDriSGC

This section shows the idea of how the prototype works.

Figure 3-1 (SPoDriSGC Block Diagram)

43
3.2.1 Hardware Specifications

This section shows the different software with its features and

specifications in making the prototype SPoDriSGC.

A. GPS Receiver Module

Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver Module is a system that can

show the exact location of the SPoDriSGC by using signals from satellites. It has

a serial port, which connects to a microcontroller or a computer.

Figure 3-2 (GPS Receiver Module)

Features:

 NEO-7M-C onboard, with high-gain active antenna

 IPX interface, for connecting different active antennas

 Chargeable backup battery, keeps the ephemeris data when power down,

supports hot starts

44
Specifications:

 TTL level, compatible with 3.3V/5V systems

 Baud rate 9600 only

 Operating voltage: 2.7V-5.0V (VCC input)

 Operating current: 35mA

 TXD/RXD impedance: 510Ω

B. 2.4GHz TRANSCEIVER

A transceiver is a combination of transmitter and receiver in a single

package. The term applies to wireless communications between the boat and the

laptop.

Figure 3-3 (2.4GHz Transceiver)

Features:

 Transmitter with adjustable output power up to +7 dBm

 Low phase noise voltage controlled oscillator » Low VCO tuning

gradient for low noise frequency modulation

45
 Dual direct conversion receivers with adjustable gain » Excellent

transmit-to-receive isolation » Internal DAC for precise frequency control

» PLL for accurate frequency calibration » Standard serial programming

interface

 Low drop out DC voltage regulators » ESD protection » Operating

temperature range from -40º to +125° C

Specifications:

 Frequency – 2.4 -2.5GHz

 Low Operating Voltage – 1.9 – 3.6V

 High Rate – 2Mbps

 Control Interface – Hardware SPI port, MCU I/O ports

 Standard Pin DIP2.54MM Pitch Spacing Interface – For Embedded

applications

46
C. PIR SENSOR

The Passive Infrared Sensor is a device used to detect motion by receiving

infrared radiation.

Figure 3-4 (PIR Sensor)

Features:

 Rated voltage: 230V AC 50hz

 Load wattage: max. 100w

 Detection area: max. 10 meters radius

 Detection angle: 100° around

 Time delay: from 60±5 seconds

 Protection Class: IP44

D. MICROCONTROLLER - Arduino Uno R3

The microcontrollers are embedded to the boat, connected to the

hardware, interfaced to the laptop and transceiver, and thus control the direction

of the boat.

47
 Figure 3-5 (Microcontroller)

Figure 3-5 shows the Microcontroller board with its following features:

 A compact microcomputer designed to govern the operation of embedded

systems in motor vehicles, robots, transceivers and various other devices.

 A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory, and peripherals

Specifications:

 Power Input: 4.5V-5.5V, 5.0V Nominal

 External Power Input: 7.5V-12V

 Clock Frequency: 16MHz

 Programming Ports: Arduino & ICSP

 With Serial TX-RX disable switch

48
E. CONVEYOR

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment

that will fetch the sea garbage and carry it to the storage of the boat.

Figure 3-6 (Conveyor)

49
F. Servo Motor MG90S 180 degrees

Figure 3-7 (Tower Pro MG90S Micro Servo 180 degrees)

Figure 3-7 shows the components of the Digital Servo Motor that includes

the following features:

 Holds any position between 0 and 180 degrees.

 The digital servo motor controller directs operation of the servo motor by

sending velocity command signals to the amplifier, which drives the

servo motor.

 A rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of

angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.

 Positional rotation servo: It has physical stops placed in the gear

mechanism to prevent turning beyond these limits to protect the rotational

sensor.

 Used to operate remote-controlled or radio-controlled toy cars, toy boats

50
 and robots.

Specifications:

 Power Requirements: 4 to 6 VDC

 Communication: Pulse-width modulation

 Dimensions: 2.2 x 0.8 x 1.4 in (55.8x 19 x 36 mm)

 Operating Temp Range: +14 to +144°F (-10 to +50°C)

 Weight: 900grams

G. Limit Switch

Figure 3-8 (Limit Switch)

The following are its features:

 Limit switches automatically monitor and indicate whether the movement

limits of a particular device have been exceeded.

51
  Limit switches are commonly employed in a wide range of applications.

They are under a variety of operating conditions due to their ease of

installation.

H. DC MOTOR

Figure 3-9 (12V 200W 4500 RPM Straight DC Motor)

Figure 3-10 (12V 15 RPM High Torque Gear Box Electric Motor)

52
It features the following:

 DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct

current electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types

rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields.

 Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either

electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction of

current flow in part of the motor.

 A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a

variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field

windings.

Its specifications are:

 A DC motor’s general specifications usually include weight, shaft length

and shaft diameter as well as motor length and diameter.

 Nominal Voltage- 5x 1.2V NiMh

53
I. SEALED LEAD ACID 12V RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

This kind of battery will supply all the hardware in the boat.

Figure 3-11 (Sealed Lead Acid 12V Rechargeable Battery)

It features the following:

The battery is constructed by plates, separators, safety valves and

container. Since the electrolyte is held by a glass mat separator and plates, the

battery can be used in any direction and position without leakage.

12V Nominal Voltage

5 Ah, 5000 mAh Nominal Capacity

2042g (4.50lbs) Approximate Weight

54
J. 20 WATTS SOLAR PANEL

We use solar panel as a source of energy for generating electricity or

heating.

Figure 3-12 (20 Watts Solar Panel)

55
3.3 Firmware Development

The researchers show the flow of the software will be embedded into a

microcontroller and then a series of task will be performed. The series of tasks

are defined below:

Figure 3-13 (Firmware Development)

56
 The device start when there is an appropriate power applied to the device.

The system initializes the important modules followed by reading all data and

status of sensors and modules. If the device is in Rx mode or receiver mode the

system will read the sensors, otherwise, the device is in Tx or transmitter mode

and sends the location of the device. In receiver mode, the device first scans if

there is a presence of garbage in the device, if the condition is true the conveyor

rotates collecting the garbage otherwise switches off the conveyor to minimize

power. The overload sensor limits the capacity of the device if an overload is

detected the device will send a warning indicating the device is in need of

attention to overload. Lastly, the device reads the status of the container it runs

like the overload sensor and the process loops back to reading all the status of the

modules.

3.4 Mechanism of SPoDriSGC

This section shows the mechanisms of the Solar Power-Driven Sea

Garbage Collector within GPS-Guided Map for Marine Life Preservation

(SPoDriSGC). The SPoDriSGC is composed of 4 main parts namely: Input,

Process, Output, and Feedback.

57
 Figure 3-14 (Mechanisms of SPoDriSGC)

Solar Power-Driven Sea Garbage Collector within GPS-Guided Map for

Marine Life Preservation (SPoDriSGC) collects sea garbage automatically based

on input device (laptop). SPoDriSGC is controlled by the Arduino which serves

as the processor of all the functions of the device. GPS is used as a map locator

in tracking the device through the monitor (laptop). The 2.4GHz transceiver

serves as the wireless connection between the boat and the laptop. SPoDriSGC is

embedded with two types of sensors, namely, the limit switch and the PIR

sensor. The limit switch is a trigger switch of the conveyor and an overload

sensor. It means that when garbage is detected, the conveyor will automatically

start collecting the garbage. Furthermore, when load is beyond the capacity of the

conveyor, the buzzer will automatically activate. The PIR sensor is used to detect

58
body heat and movements, which enables the device to avoid hitting human and

animals.

The hardware design structure is shown below.

Figure 3-15 (Hardware Design of SPoDriSGC)

59
 CHAPTER IV

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents and discusses the methods, flowchart and different

phases of activities that will be performed by the researchers in order to obtain

the study design and development.

The researchers will utilize Applied Research methods, thus this is a

Research, Design, and Develop (RD&D) type of study. This study is one type of

research that is used to answer a specific question that has direct applications to

the world and have three levels of study.

The methodology flowchart that the researchers will use and follow

throughout the study is shown in Figure 4-1. The first phase is the Data

Gathering, Planning, and Analysis in which the researchers will gather (and

planning) enough data, facts and information in order to support the hypothesis

that the researches formulated and then will undergo planning and analyzing the

data that are gathered by the researchers. The next phase is the design and

development that the researchers will be design and develop the hardware and

firmware of the SPoDriSGC.

60
 Then researchers will integrate the firmware and hardware in the next

phase. If the integrated firmware and hardware are not working, troubleshooting

will be done and proceed to the testing phase again. If the prototype is working

properly according to its purpose, the next and the last part is evaluation of the

system. The Figure 4-1 presents the methods of the study.

Figure 4-1 (Methodology Flowchart)

61
4.1 Data Gathering, Planning, and Analysis

In this phase, the researchers will have to gather relevant studies and

necessary data, facts, theories, and other information by means of internet

research, journals, and academic research that will help in determining the

problem, setting the objectives, scopes and limitations and significance of the

study which will serve as an essential guide for the whole research process

including the designing and developing the prototype of SPoDriSGC. After all

the data, facts and information are gathered then the researchers will plan and

analyze to determine the problem.

4.2 Design and Development

In this phase, the researchers will design the appropriate model and

prototype of the system based on relevant data and information gathered in order

to achieve the objectives of the study. The firmware development and the

hardware development that the researchers will be using in creating the

appropriate prototype Development of Solar-Power Driven Sea-Garbage

Collector within GPS-Guided Map: A Sustainable Development Goals for Life

below Water (SPoDriSGC) will be included in this phase.

62
4.3 Integration and Testing

In this phase, the developed firmware and hardware of the researchers

will be integrated. Then, a series of test will be conducted to determine its

functionality; this includes troubleshooting of bugs and errors in the system until

the desired result is achieved. If the system prototype works properly, the

researchers will then come up to a final judgement or better outcome of the

problem.

4.4 Evaluation

In this phase, when system prototype has already been troubleshoot and is

already functional, a series of evaluation will be listed. This will be based on its

performance, functionality, cost-effectiveness, and effectiveness in collecting sea

garbage.

63
4.5 Research Timeline

The researcher will use Gantt Chart for the research timeline.

64
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the data gathered for analysis, interpretation, impact

and implications of the summarized test results of this study. It also discusses the

type(s) of testing performed on the system, the test data used, and the results of

the tests.

5.1 SPoDriSGC Hardware

The SPoDriSGC’s hardware has two parts: the main board of the boat and

the sensors.

5.1.1 Main Board of the Boat

The main board of the boat of SPoDriSGC includes the Microcontroller

(Arduino Uno R3), Transceiver, DC Motors, Sealed Lead Acid 12V

Rechargeable Battery and Servo Motor shown in Figure 5-1.

The components of the SPoDriSGC are embedded program using

Arduino software responsible for moving the boat, the rotation of the conveyor

using DC motors and movement of the rudder using servo motor. See Appendix

E-F

65
 Figure 5-1 (Main Board, Hardware and Connection of the Boat)

5.1.2 Sensors

The Limit Switch in the prototype is used as trigger switch of the

conveyor. It is also connected to the microcontroller. When the limit switch

detects garbage, the conveyor will automatically on.

The Passive Infrared Sensor in the prototype is connected and controlled

by the microcontroller. When a person hit the sensor, it detects a rapid change of

infrared energy and sends a signal causing the boat to change direction

automatically. We use PIR sensor in order to avoid the boat from hitting a

human.

66
 Figure 5-2 (Limit Switch and Passive Infrared Sensor)

5.2 SPoDriSGC Software

SPoDriSGC was coded with Code Blocks programming language using

Arduino Uno + microcontroller in order to perform the outputs with its

operations and functions. Figure 5-3 shows the screenshot of compiled codes in

the program. For the program structures, see Appendix A.

67
 Figure 5-3 (SPoDriSGC Compiled Program Screenshot)

5.3 Evaluation of Overall System

An evaluation of the system is conducted to ensure that the SPoDriSGC

achieved the objectives and the specifications defined by the researchers. Table

5-1 shows the different features of SPoDriSGC.

68
 FEATURES OPERATIONS
Initialization
User
Boat Direction
Boat Arm Collector
Boat Storage
Light Indicator
Solar Power

Table 5-1 (Features and Operations of the SPoDriSGC)

69
 CONVEYOR TEST RESULTS
EVALUATION OF THE
WEIGHT OF THE GARBAGE CONVEYOR THAT CAN CARRY
GARBAGE
5 grams Okay
10 grams Okay
25 grams Okay
50 grams Okay
100 grams Okay
250 grams Okay
275 grams Okay
300 grams Okay
350 grams Okay
375 grams Okay
400 grams Okay
450 grams Okay
500 grams Okay
550 grams Not Okay
530 grams Not Okay
510 grams Not Okay
505 grams Not Okay
501 grams Not Okay

Table 5-2 (Test Results of the Conveyor)

70
 Table 5-2 shows the functionality initiated of the conveyor based upon 18

different weight levels. It is shown, only carry garbage up that the conveyor can

to 500 grams.

PROTOTYPE TESTING RESULTS

SPECIFICATIONS EVALUATION

1. User – Boat Range 100 meters

2. Maximum weight of the storage
4.46 kilograms
that the weight sensor will trigger
3. Speed of the device 7 meters/26 seconds

4. Dimensions of the boat Long wide high

5. Maximum weight of the garbage
500 grams
that the conveyor can collect

Table 5-3 (Testing Results of the Prototype)

Table 5-3 shows the results of test conducted to check the efficiency of

the prototype. First, the maximum distance between the user and the boat is 100

meters. Second, the weight sensor is triggered when the garbage stores weighed

at a maximum of 4.46 kilograms. In terms of the speed capacity of the boat, it

can move 7 meters away per 26 seconds at a size of the boat computed at 20 x

9.5x 5.75 inches. As for the conveyor, it can lift garbage with a weight of 500

grams.

71
5.4 Evaluation of the SPoDriSGC

The resarchers conducted interview questions from 15 random

respondents in Barangay Tambacan. The researchers interview questions was

based in Rate Form for Demonstration from the study of Belotindos, Manna

Grace S., et al. (2016) entitled Remote Controlled Sea Garbage Collector: An

Ecological Solid Waste Management For Coastal Areas.

Before we give an interview to the respondents we first introduce to them

our device and its purpose. Second we demonstrate to them the prototype

functionalities and how it works. On Figure 5-4 shows the questions that were

asked to help the respondents rate the SPoDriSGC prototype and the respondents

rating to the device.

Figure 5-4 (Evaluation for the Demonstration of SPoDriSGC’s functionality by

Brgy. Tambacan Respondents)

72
 From the first question, “What is your overall impression of the prototype

design, information content and performance?” a total of 60% answered better

and 40% answered good.

From the second question, “How accurate do you find the systems

functionality in collecting floating garbage?” 30% answered very accurate and

70% answered accurate.

From the third question, “How efficient is the device to minimize the

floating garbage in the coastal area?” 70% answered very efficient while 30%

answered efficient.

From the 4th question, “Do you find the device helpful in your community

especially in coastal area purposes?” 90% answered very helpful while 10%

answered helpful.

73
 Figure 5-5 (Rating of SPoDriSGC by Brgy. Tambacan Respondents)

Legend for the rating of the prototype:

5 – Not helpful 8 – Neutral

6 – Somewhat helpful 9 – Helpful

7 – Could be helpful 10 – Very Helpful

Figure 5-5 shows the rating from the same random respondents from

Barangay Tambacan and asked them to give their ratings for the prototype.

74
 Figure 5-6 (Formula for getting the Percentage)

The researchers used the formula shown in Figure 5-6 to get the

percentage of the data gathered in Figure 5-5. The researchers have interviewed

10 random respondents from Barangay Tambacan to give their ratings for the

prototype.

Ten percent of the respondents found the device could be helpful. Twenty

percent found the device neutral. Sixty percent of the respondents found the

device helpful and ten percent very helpful when implemented.

75
 CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions

Based on data gathered by the researchers and the results and discussion,

the researchers have arrived on the following conclusions:

A. The main causes of the increasing amount of garbage in Barangay

Tambacan Iligan City are as follows:

1. The settling of the “Badjao” a native tribe from Zamboanga have set up

structures made from bamboo and nipa hut for their dwellings on the waters of

the coastal area so they just easily dumped their waste in the ocean.

2. The main sources of sea wastes comes from domestic, commercial, industrial,

municipal, agricultural, and household wastes.

B. The prototype SPoDriSGC for coastal areas that is aimed to minimize the

garbage for marine life preservation was efficient and fully functional after

conducting several tests based on its specifications, features and operations.

1. The prototype will not sink when tested on water.

2. The prototype automatically detects motion to avoid collision with humans.

76
3. The prototype could also neglect waves, considering the maximum weight

storage of the garbage.

4. The overall functionality and efficiency of the device is accurate. The device

was able to collect the floating sea garbage up to 500 grams and directly go to its

storage with a maximum of 30 kilograms.

6.2 Recommendations

The following are the researcher’s recommendations of this study for

future reference.

A. SPoDriSGC prototype implementation

1. The researchers must discuss and inform the users about the function of the

system, so that it will be easy to them to use, troubleshoot or repair the device if

it encounters mechanical dysfunction.

B. SPoDriSGC prototype for Deployment

1. The researchers suggest a stronger conveyor that can lift up nets and heavy

objects.

2. Wider range area of the mapping system to collect more waste in a great

distance.

77
C. SPoDriSGC prototype innovation

1. Garbage collector that will collect garbage that both is floating and sinking

garbage.

2. Garbage collector that has camera so the user can still monitor even when

something is blocking the user’s line of sight view.

3. Avoidance control system for net and heavy objects that could not be lifted by

the conveyor.

78
 REFERENCES

BOOKS AND THESES

Belotindos, Manna Grace S., et al. (2016). Remote Controlled Sea Garbage
Collector: An Ecological Solid Waste Management For Coastal Areas,
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City

Cinches, V. and Llorin, V. (2013).Philippine Seas, Green Peace, Philippines

GESAMP (Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution).

1991. The State of the Marine Environment. London: Blackwell
Scientific Publications

Hilles, A. and Dr.AbushbakThaer (2011). Society and Household Behaviour

Culture and Attitudes and Their Role in Solid Waste Management,
Institute of Water and Environment- Gaza City, Palestine

Solid Waste Management Program Steering Committee of Barangay Tambacan,

Iligan City. (2011). Philippine Regional Municipal Development Project
(PRMDP), AusAID Component: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
MASTER PLAN REPORT (2011-2021), Iligan City

United Nations Environment Programme. (2011). Waste: Investing in Energy

and Resource Efficiency

79
INTERNET

Action Clean Water (2017). The Problem of Marine Plastic Pollution. Retrieved
October 28, 2017, from http://www.cleanwater.org/problem-marine-
plastic-pollution

Antonio, A. (2015, October 17). The World's Biggest Plastics Dumpers.

Retrieved October 24, 2017, fromhttp://antonantonio.blogspot.hk/2015/10
/ the-worlds-biggest-plastics-dumpers.html

Chow, L. (2015, October 15). These 5 Countries Account for 60% of Plastic
Pollution in Oceans. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://www.
ecowatch.com/these-5-countries-account-for-60-of-plastic-pollution-in-
oceans-1882107531.html

Deniz, M. (2017). Trash & Debris Cleanup Vessel. Retrieved October 24, 2017,
from https://mavideniz.com.tr/our-production/vessels-boats/trash-debris-
cleanup-vessel/trash-debris-cleanup-vessel/

Gourmelon, G. (2015, January 27). Global Plastic Production Rises, Recycling

Lags. Retrieved October 23, 2017, from Worldwatch Institute: http://
vitalsigns.worldwatch.org/sites/default/files/vital_signs_trend_plastic_full
_pdf.pdf

Kukreja, R. (2016). What is Ocean Pollution?. Retrieved October 26, 2017 from
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facts.php

Mariga, J. D. (2013, September 05). Waste Management in the Philippines.

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waste-management-in-the-philippines-essay

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82
 APPENDIX A

SOLAR POWER-DRIVEN SEA GARBAGE COLLECTOR

USER GUIDE

83
 APPENDIX B

ACTUAL COST OF MATERIALS

The actual cost and materials of the study are listed below including the

components. These are subjected to change depending on the price variation of

materials and components.

UNIT PRICE COSTS

MATERIALS QUANTITY
(Php) (Php)
1. Arduino Uno R3 1pc 435.00 435.00

2. DC Motor 12V
15RPM High Torque 1pc 542.00 542.00
Gear Box
3. DC Motor 12V 1pc 850.00 850.00
4500RPM
4. GPS Receiver Module 1pc 533.22 533.22

5. Limit Switch 2pcs 51.00 102.00

6. PIR Sensor 1pc 420.00 420.00

7. Sealed Lead Acid 12V 1pc 950.00 950.00

Rechargeable Battery
8. Servo Motor MG90S 1pc 300.00 300.00
(180 degrees)
9. Solar Panel 20 Watts 1pc 1,150.00 1,150.00

10. Solar Wire 1meter 45.00 45.00

11. Transceiver 2.4GHz 1pc 105.62 105.62

12. Mini Boat 1pc 2,677.50 2,677.50

TOTAL COST 8,110.34

84
 APPENDIX C

LABOR MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTING THE MINI BOAT

The actual cost of labor materials of the study in constructing the

prototype which is the mini boat are listed below. These are subjected to change

depending on the price variation of materials and components.

UNIT PRICE COSTS

MATERIALS QUANTITY
(Php) (Php)
1. Bearing 4pcs 80.00 320.00

2. Chain 2pcs 120.00 240.00

3. Design Craft Gemilina 5pcs 47.00 235.00

4. Iron Pins 3/4” 1/4grams 30.00 30.00

5. Marine Epoxy (for 1pc 145.00 145.00

Plastics)
6. Marine Epoxy (for 3pcs 95.00 285.00
Steels)
7. Marine Epoxy (for 1pc 256.00 256.00
Woods)
8. Marine Plywood 1pc 450.00 450.00

9. Nails 1/2grams 34.00 34.00

10. Nails 1/4grams 15.50 15.50

11. Nylon Senen 2pcs 55.00 110.00

12. Paint (Blue and White) 2pcs 150.00 300.00

85
13. Pamo Thread 1pc 46.00 46.00

12. Sand Paper 3pcs 17.00 51.00

12. Screen 2pcs 65.00 130.00

13. Shafting 3ft 30.00 30.00

TOTAL COST 2,677.50

86
 APPENDIX D

GEOGRAPHIC AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BARANGAY

TAMBACAN (FROM BDP)

Barangay Tambacan is located in the South with approximately 1.90

kilometer from the city proper and part of the city’s commercial area. It is

bounded on the north by Barangay Poblacion; east by Barangay Mahayahay; on

the south and southeast by Barangay Tubod; and on the west and northwest by

coastline of Iligan Bay. It has a total land area of 48.1716 hectares.

The barangay has a three-river-system; Bucana, Centro and Bulog. The

swamps of the barangay interconnects with the Iligan River (Purok 1) and at

Bulog Creek between Purok 7A and Purok 8. A mangrove reforestation project is

on going implemented at Bucana beach, mouth of Iligan River at Purok 1 and

Purok 4.

There are no concrete studies conducted yet to support the residents’

observation that the barangay’s marine resources have been severely depleted.

The residents who engaged in fishing observed that species used to be abundant

in the area now come only periodically if not could no longer be found, including

coral reefs.

87
 However, the barangay being situated in the estuary of the city’s river

becomes the receiver of the wastes carried down from the upstream barangays.

Further, it was noted in the draft of the city’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan

(CLUP) that animal wastes containing zinc and copper are dumped in the rivers.

Thus, it becomes affected since one of the ends of the river flows is the Barangay

Tambacan. The settling of the “Badjao”, a native tribe from Zamboanga is one of

those considered as environmental hazard. They have set-up structures made

from bamboo and nipa hut for their dwellings on the waters of the coastal area of

the barangay. Fortunately there are still portion of the barangay left with “nipa”,

a variety of mangrove grown along the side of the river and at Bulog area.

88
 APPENDIX D cont’d

COASTAL AREAS OF BARANGAY TAMBACAN

89
 APPENDIX D cont’d

SOLAR POWER-DRIVEN SEA GARBAGE COLLECTOR SAMPLE

EVALUATION FORM

90
 APPENDIX E

PHOTO GALLERY

These are the compilation of pictures during prototype making, testing,

debugging, troubleshooting and interview.

91
APPENDIX E cont’d

92
 APPENDIX F

PROGRAM CODE FOR THE BOAT

93
APPENDIX F cont’d

94
 APPENDIX G

SPoDriSGC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

HARDWARE COMPONENTS SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

Arduino Uno R3 Arduino Uno Software version 1.5.8
DC Motor Code Blocks
GPS Receiver Module
Limit Switch

PIR Sensor

Sealed Lead Acid 12V Rechargeable

Battery
Servo Motor MG90S (180 degrees)

Transceiver 2.4GHz

95
 APPENDIX H

Research Synthesis Matrix

This section organizes the information in research into a coherent paper.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE: This study aims to research, design a model and

develop an appropriate prototype known as Solar Power-Driven Sea Garbage
Collector within GPS-Guided Map (SPoDriSGC) that helps lessen the sea
garbage scattered in the coastal areas for protecting marine life preservation.
Also, the study aims to assess the system in terms of its functionality, cost
benefits and its effectiveness.
 Analyze the  Design a model  Evaluate the
gathered data and develop an functionality
information appropriate and
SPECIFIC relevant to the prototype based efficiency of
OBJECTIVES study from the
the gathered prototype
information SPoDriSGC

 Action Clean  Deniz, M. (2017)

Water (2017)
 Gourmelon,  Treacy, M. (2014)
G. (2015)
 Mariga, J. D.  Williams, D. (2014)
(2013)
 Ng, C. H.
(2011)
 Otabil, G. A.
LITERATURES (2014)
 Ranada, P.
(2013)
 Sinha, S.
(2014)
 Stromberg, J.
(2013)
 Writes, C.
(2012)

96
 APPENDIX H cont’d

 Determine  Design a  Prototype testing,

the prototype cost efficiency and
problems, defining the data analysis
objectives, hardware and
scope and firmware
importance components and
of the study its functionalities,
as well as
METHODS determining the
project code and
programming
languages used to
complete the
process of
designing the
prototype

 Designed and developed the  The system is

SPoDriSGC hardware and software evaluated through
its speed, capacity,
RESULTS functionality and
efficient to use of
the users

97
 APPENDIX H cont’d

 The settling of the  The prototype will not

“Badjao” a native sink when tested on
tribe from Zamboanga water.
have set up structures
made from bamboo  The prototype
and nipa hut for their automatically detects
dwellings on the motion to avoid collision
waters of the coastal with humans.
area so they just
easily dumped their  The prototype could also
waste in the ocean neglect waves,
considering the
CONCLUSIONS  The main sources of maximum weight storage
sea wastes comes of the garbage
from domestic,
commercial,  The overall functionality
industrial, municipal, and efficiency of the
agricultural, and device is accurate. The
household wastes device was able to collect
the floating sea garbage
up to 500 grams and
directly go to its storage
with a maximum of 30
kilograms

SPoDriSGC prototype implementation, for deployment

RECOMMENDATIONS
and prototype innovation

98
 APPENDIX I

GRAMMARIAN’S CERTIFICATE

99