Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*Adapted from oral presentation at GEO-2012, 10th Middle East Geosciences Conference and Exhibition, Manama, Bahrain, March 4-7, 2012
**AAPG©2012 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.
1
Worldwide Geochemistry, LLC, Humble, TX (danjarvie@wwgeochem.com)
2
Geomark Research Rock Lab, Humble, TX
3
Wildcat Technologies, Humble, TX
Abstract
Unconventional shale resource systems can provide massive energy reserves for gas and oil if developed properly and soundly. Development
of these systems has evolved rapidly over the past decade in North America, although it took 30 years to reach such a level.
The key component of an unconventional system is the source rock itself. Thus, basic factors such as shale thickness, porosity, permeability,
mineralogy, rock mechanics, organic richness, kerogen type, and oil/water/gas saturation are important variables. An unconventional shale
resource system may be described as a continuous organic-rich source rock with low porosity and permeability with or without juxtaposed
(overlying, interbedded, or underlying) organic-lean tight rock units.
Unconventional thermogenic shale gas resource systems are divided into overlapping categories. There are highly productive organic and
silica-rich mudstones that are most often gas-window mature, but there are also some productive systems that are oil-window mature
producing high BTU gases. Systems dominated by a gas-window mature (>1.00%Roe), organic-rich mudstone typically have 30-80% of
their petroleum storage in organic porosity. Hybrid systems have both organic and matrix porosity and will usually be far more productive as
a result of higher storage capacity.
Unconventional shale oil resource systems, while dominantly clay and organic-rich mudstones have produced significant amounts of oil
(e.g., Barnett Shale in the oil window), systems with juxtaposed, organic-lean carbonates have proven more successful (e.g., Eagle Ford
Shale, Bakken Formation, and Niobrara Shale). There are also fractured shale oil resource systems and even high-porosity, high-
permeability shale systems, including the Miocene Monterey Shale in California, and fractured Upper Bakken Shale fields in the Williston
Basin, North Dakota. While silica content remains important for rock brittleness, the source of silica, whether biogenic or detrital, becomes
very important as biogenic silica will result in adsorption of oil to organic matter associated with the biogenic silica. In this case there is a
tight, albeit brittle rock, but there is also strong adsorption of oil components, especially polar constituents, such as the resin and asphaltene
fractions that have not yet been cracked to lighter hydrocarbons in the oil maturity window.
Selected Bibliography
Behar, F., V. Beaumont, and H.L. De B. Penteako, 2001, Rock-Eval 6 technology: Performances and developments: Revue de L’institut
Francais du Petrole, v. 56, p. 111-134.
Ertas, D., S.R. Kelemen, and T.C. Halsey, 2006, Petroleum Expulsion Part 1. Theory of Kerogen Swelling in Multicomponent Solvents:
Energy & Fuels, v. 20/1, p. 295-300.
Hunt, J.M., 1995, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2nd edition: W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 743 p.
Jarvie, D.M., R.J. Coskey, M.S. Johnson, and J.E. Leonard, 2011, The Geology and Area County RMAG's Bakken Geochemistry of the
Parshall Field Area, Mountrail County, North Dakota, in J.W. Robinsin, J.A. LeFever, and S.B. Gaswrith, (eds.), The Bakken-Three Forks
Petroleum System in the Williston Basin: RMAG, p. 229-281.
Jarvie, D.M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 1 – Shale oil resource systems, in J. Breyer, (ed.), Shale reservoirs – Giant
resources for the 21st century: AAPG Memoir 97, p. 1-19.
Jarvie, D.M., 2012, Components and Processes affecting producibility and commerciality of shale oil resource systems: HGS Applied
Geoscience Conference, Houston, Texas, 20-21 February 2012, unpublished presentation.
King, G., 2010, Thirty Years of Gas Shale Fracturing: What Have We Learned?: SPE 133456, 50 p. Web accessed 28 March 2012.
http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-133456-MS
Lopatin, N.V., S.L. Zubairaev, I.M. Kos, T.P. Emets, E.A. Romanov, and O.V. Malchikhina, 2003, Unconventional oil accumulations in the
Upper Jurassic Bazhenov Black Shale formation, West Siberian Basin: a self-sourced reservoir system: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v.
26/2, p. 225-244.
Loucks, R.G., R.M. Reed, S.C. Ruppel, and D.M. Jarvie, 2009, Morphology, Distribution and Genesis of Nanometer-Scale Pores in the
Mississippian Barnett Shale: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 79, p. 848-861.
Sandvik, E.I., W.A. Young, and D.J. Curry, 1992, Expulsion from hydrocarbon sources: the role of organic absorption: Advances in Organic
Geochemistry 1991: Organic Geochemistry, v. 19/1-3, p. 77-87.
Wang, L., and C. Barker, 1989, Effects of organic matter content and maturity on oil expulsion from petroleum source rocks: AAPG
Bulletin, v. 73/8, p. 1051.
Components and Processes
Impacting Production Success
from Unconventional Shale Resource Systems©
Daniel M. Jarvie
Worldwide Geochemistry, LLC
Brian M. Jarvie
Geomark Research Rock Lab
W. David Weldon and Albert Maende
Wildcat Technologies
© 2012 Daniel M. Jarvie. All rights reserved.
2012 Daniel M. Jarvie. All rights reserved.
Acknowledgements
• Saudi Aramco
Saudi Aramco and
and Aramco
Aramco Services Corp.
Their patented POPI technique is enhancing
the understanding and completion of both
conventional and unconventional reservoir
conventional and unconventional reservoir
systems.
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 1
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Components and Processes
Impacting Production Success
from Unconventional Shale Resource Systems©
Daniel M. Jarvie
Worldwide Geochemistry, LLC
Brian M. Jarvie
Geomark Research Rock Lab
W. David Weldon and Albert Maende
Wildcat Technologies
© 2012 Daniel M. Jarvie. All rights reserved.
2012 Daniel M. Jarvie. All rights reserved.
Acknowledgements
• Saudi Aramco
Saudi Aramco and
and Aramco
Aramco Services Corp.
Their patented POPI technique is enhancing
the understanding and completion of both
conventional and unconventional reservoir
conventional and unconventional reservoir
systems.
Talk Outline
• Introduction
• Components and Processes Affecting Shale Resource
Production
– Source rock generation and organic porosity development
– Adsorption and its role in retention, storage, and expulsion
fractionation
– Oil crossover effect (oil saturation index)
( )
– Producible oil index (oil saturation less adsorption indices)
• Summary of all organic, inorganic, core, geological and
geophysical points
General Comments
• History of shale resource plays
– 1800s first shale gas well in Fredonia, NY
– Early 1900s to present Monterey Shale oil wells
p g g
– 1980s to present Antrim Shale biogenic gas wells
• History of Stimulation
– First stimulation in 1957
– Over a million stimulated wells
– 1980s to present
1980s to present ‐‐over 45,000 high energy stimulations on shale wells
• Mis‐
Mis‐reporting of ground water contamination
– The first information spits out condemnation, the facts prove the condemnations
incorrect
– e.g., water wells in Parker County, TX were contaminated with gas most likely for
e g water wells in Parker County TX were contaminated with gas most likely for
several millions of years prior to Range Resources drilling and stimulating the Barnett
Shale; case dismissed –– no contamination by Range proven by geochemistry of gases
Shale; case dismissed
• Economic impact: jobs, revenues
– Eagle Ford Shale will create tens of thousands of jobs over the next decade
– It will also generate billions in revenues for everyone: drillers, landowners, state/local
governments, schools, citizens, ancillary service industries, and so forth
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 2
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Talk Outline
• Introduction
• Components and Processes Affecting Shale Resource
Production
– Source rock generation and organic porosity development
– Adsorption and its role in retention, storage, and expulsion
fractionation
– Oil crossover effect (oil saturation index)
( )
– Producible oil index (oil saturation less adsorption indices)
• Summary of all organic, inorganic, core, geological and
geophysical points
General Comments
• History of shale resource plays
– 1800s first shale gas well in Fredonia, NY
– Early 1900s to present Monterey Shale oil wells
p g g
– 1980s to present Antrim Shale biogenic gas wells
• History of Stimulation
– First stimulation in 1957
– Over a million stimulated wells
– 1980s to present
1980s to present ‐‐over 45,000 high energy stimulations on shale wells
• Mis‐
Mis‐reporting of ground water contamination
– The first information spits out condemnation, the facts prove the condemnations
incorrect
– e.g., water wells in Parker County, TX were contaminated with gas most likely for
e g water wells in Parker County TX were contaminated with gas most likely for
several millions of years prior to Range Resources drilling and stimulating the Barnett
Shale; case dismissed –– no contamination by Range proven by geochemistry of gases
Shale; case dismissed
• Economic impact: jobs, revenues
– Eagle Ford Shale will create tens of thousands of jobs over the next decade
– It will also generate billions in revenues for everyone: drillers, landowners, state/local
governments, schools, citizens, ancillary service industries, and so forth
North American Shale Resource Plays
(red=gas, green=oil, light blue=biogenic gas, yellow
(red=gas, green=oil, light blue=biogenic gas, yellow‐‐unproven to date)
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97
What is a Shale Resource System?
A shale resource system is
any continuous organic
any continuous organic‐‐rich source rock
with or without juxtaposed organic
with or without juxtaposed organic‐‐lean lithofacies
that can made to produce naturally generated petroleum
via high energy stimulation.
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
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GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
North American Shale Resource Plays
(red=gas, green=oil, light blue=biogenic gas, yellow
(red=gas, green=oil, light blue=biogenic gas, yellow‐‐unproven to date)
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97
What is a Shale Resource System?
A shale resource system is
any continuous organic
any continuous organic‐‐rich source rock
with or without juxtaposed organic
with or without juxtaposed organic‐‐lean lithofacies
that can made to produce naturally generated petroleum
via high energy stimulation.
Matrix and Organic Porosity
6
y = -0.1879x + 5.1138
R² = 0.2179 Doig
Porosity (% of BV)
5
Montney
y = 0.3605x + 1.8536
R² = 0.6842
3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TOC (wt.%)
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97 rr
Diagrammatic Illustration of TOC
for a given kerogen type, e.g., Type II
Oil/Bitumen‐Free TOC (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Generative Organic Non‐Generative
Carbon (wt.%) Organic Carbon (wt.%)
• Responsible for generation • Does not generate any
of hydrocarbons appreciable amount of petroleum
• Accounts for development of • Does account for storage
organic porosity by adsorption
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Matrix and Organic Porosity
6
y = -0.1879x + 5.1138
R² = 0.2179 Doig
Porosity (% of BV)
5
Montney
y = 0.3605x + 1.8536
R² = 0.6842
3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TOC (wt.%)
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97 rr
Diagrammatic Illustration of TOC
for a given kerogen type, e.g., Type II
Oil/Bitumen‐Free TOC (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Generative Organic Non‐Generative
Carbon (wt.%) Organic Carbon (wt.%)
• Responsible for generation • Does not generate any
of hydrocarbons appreciable amount of petroleum
• Accounts for development of • Does account for storage
organic porosity by adsorption
Conversion of organic carbon (TOC)
in wt.% to vol.%
which is about
TOC is 7 weight percent
TOC i 7 i ht t 14 volume percent
l
Formation of Organic Porosity
from Generative Organic Carbon
Assumptions:
7.00 wt.% TOCo
14.00 vol.% TOCo
TOCo is 37% GOC
Kerogen density is:
1.1 g/cc GOC
1.4 g/cc NGOC
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Conversion of organic carbon (TOC)
in wt.% to vol.%
which is about
TOC is 7 weight percent
TOC i 7 i ht t 14 volume percent
l
Formation of Organic Porosity
from Generative Organic Carbon
Assumptions:
7.00 wt.% TOCo
14.00 vol.% TOCo
TOCo is 37% GOC
Kerogen density is:
1.1 g/cc GOC
1.4 g/cc NGOC
Organic Porosity Development
in the Barnett Shale
Loucks et al., 2009
Why are no organic pores
typically seen in the oil window?
Solubility of oil in kerogen and kerogen expansion
Supporting evidence consists of (1) oil extractable from rock and even isolated
kerogen, and (2) aromatic fractionation in Bakken
kerogen, and (2) aromatic fractionation in Bakken Shales versus expelled Bakken
versus expelled Bakken oils
(Jarvie et al., 2011). Literature reports fractionation of aromatics from saturated
hydrocarbons in kerogen swollen with different solvents (Ertas
hydrocarbons in kerogen swollen with different solvents ( Ertas et al., 2011)
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GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Organic Porosity Development
in the Barnett Shale
Loucks et al., 2009
Why are no organic pores
typically seen in the oil window?
Solubility of oil in kerogen and kerogen expansion
Supporting evidence consists of (1) oil extractable from rock and even isolated
kerogen, and (2) aromatic fractionation in Bakken
kerogen, and (2) aromatic fractionation in Bakken Shales versus expelled Bakken
versus expelled Bakken oils
(Jarvie et al., 2011). Literature reports fractionation of aromatics from saturated
hydrocarbons in kerogen swollen with different solvents (Ertas
hydrocarbons in kerogen swollen with different solvents ( Ertas et al., 2011)
Fractionation of Generated Oils
very important in hybrid systems
Adsorption:
ca.10 g petroleum per
100 g TOM Sandvik et al., 1992
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Fractionation of Generated Oils
very important in hybrid systems
Adsorption:
ca.10 g petroleum per
100 g TOM Sandvik et al., 1992
251
Barrels of Oil per Acre‐foot
250 Total oil is the sum
of S1 + extractable 207 204
200 S2 oil:
173
This shows that total 160
150 oil is 2‐3x S1 only
111 111
100
79
50 41
24
0
4155 4305 4455 4605 4755 4905 5055 5205 5355 5505 5655 5805
Depth (ft.)
TOC Distribution in Various Kerogen Types
(in this case with fixed
(in this case with fixed TOC
TOCo)
Examples
Type I
T I
TOC = 10% Live Carbon 75% 25% Char
HI = 900
Type II
TOC = 10% Live Carbon 37% 63% Char
HI = 500
Type III
TOC = 10% Live Carbon 25% 75% Char
HI = 200
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Extraction of Whole Rock Samples
often yields additional oil
often yields additional oil sorbed
sorbed in rock matrix and
kerogen; kerogen and asphaltnes
kerogen; kerogen and asphaltnes sorb oil too
350
Free Oil in S1 314
Oil in S2
300 288
Total Oil
251
Barrels of Oil per Acre‐foot
250 Total oil is the sum
of S1 + extractable 207 204
200 S2 oil:
173
This shows that total 160
150 oil is 2‐3x S1 only
111 111
100
79
50 41
24
0
4155 4305 4455 4605 4755 4905 5055 5205 5355 5505 5655 5805
Depth (ft.)
TOC Distribution in Various Kerogen Types
(in this case with fixed
(in this case with fixed TOC
TOCo)
Examples
Type I
T I
TOC = 10% Live Carbon 75% 25% Char
HI = 900
Type II
TOC = 10% Live Carbon 37% 63% Char
HI = 500
Type III
TOC = 10% Live Carbon 25% 75% Char
HI = 200
Spent TOC (only NGOC remains)
Type I
TOC = 2.98% NGOC
HI = 0
HI = 0
Type II
TOC = 6.10% NGOC
HI = 0
HI = 0
Type III
TOC = 8.44% NGOC
HI = 0
HI = 0
TOCoriginal HIoriginal
original GOC NGOC TOCspent
10.00 900 76.5% 2.35 2.98
10.00 500 42.5% 5.75 6.10
10.00 200 17.0% 8.30 8.44
Percent GOC is HIoriginal / 1177 (assumes 85% carbon in petroleum/bitumen)
GOC is generative organic carbon
NGOC is non‐generative organic carbon
TOCspent includes additional char formation
Nomograph of Iso
of Iso‐‐Decomposition
Lines with iso
Lines with iso‐‐hydrogen
hydrogen indices
indices
for determining TOC
for determining TOCoriginal
120
900 800
700
110 Iso‐hydrogen index lines 600
500
p
Iso‐decomposition lines
100
400
90
Keroogen Yield (mg HC/g R)
TOCspent = 15.0%
80
TOCoriginal = 22.2% 300
70
60
200
50
TOCspent = 8.5%
40 TOCoriginal == 12.2%
12 2% Organic
porosity
30 in mass 100
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Total Organic Carbon (TOC, wt.%)
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97
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Spent TOC (only NGOC remains)
Type I
TOC = 2.98% NGOC
HI = 0
HI = 0
Type II
TOC = 6.10% NGOC
HI = 0
HI = 0
Type III
TOC = 8.44% NGOC
HI = 0
HI = 0
TOCoriginal HIoriginal
original GOC NGOC TOCspent
10.00 900 76.5% 2.35 2.98
10.00 500 42.5% 5.75 6.10
10.00 200 17.0% 8.30 8.44
Percent GOC is HIoriginal / 1177 (assumes 85% carbon in petroleum/bitumen)
GOC is generative organic carbon
NGOC is non‐generative organic carbon
TOCspent includes additional char formation
Nomograph of Iso
of Iso‐‐Decomposition
Lines with iso
Lines with iso‐‐hydrogen
hydrogen indices
indices
for determining TOC
for determining TOCoriginal
120
900 800
700
110 Iso‐hydrogen index lines 600
500
p
Iso‐decomposition lines
100
400
90
Keroogen Yield (mg HC/g R)
TOCspent = 15.0%
80
TOCoriginal = 22.2% 300
70
60
200
50
TOCspent = 8.5%
40 TOCoriginal == 12.2%
12 2% Organic
porosity
30 in mass 100
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Total Organic Carbon (TOC, wt.%)
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97
Key to Producible Shale Oil Resource System?
when high oil saturations are indicated
when high oil saturations are indicated ––
the oil crossover effect
Utilizing the
“Oil Crossover
Effect”: Bazhenov Shale
Western Siberia
When the Oil
Saturation
Index > 100
Index > 100 mg
mg
il/ TOC,
TOC
oil/g TOC,
oil/g
producible
oil is
present. Data from Lopatin et al., 2003 Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97, in press
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97
Oil Content in Rock Sample
as measured by thermal extraction
S1
Measured Æ (oil) SS2 (kerogen)
(kerogen)
S1 S2 extracted rock
Evap. Loss
Reality Æ (oil)
of oil S1’ (oil in S2)
Overlap of free oil and oil carried over into S2
This is a function of oil type and isolated organic pores
Evaporative Losses = S1 x (GC Fingerprint produced oil / GC Fingerprint of extracted oil)
This technique also allows prediction of GOR on shale (rock) samples.
This technique also allows prediction of GOR on shale (rock) samples.
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GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Key to Producible Shale Oil Resource System?
when high oil saturations are indicated
when high oil saturations are indicated ––
the oil crossover effect
Utilizing the
“Oil Crossover
Effect”: Bazhenov Shale
Western Siberia
When the Oil
Saturation
Index > 100
Index > 100 mg
mg
il/ TOC,
TOC
oil/g TOC,
oil/g
producible
oil is
present. Data from Lopatin et al., 2003 Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97, in press
Jarvie, 2012, AAPG Memoir 97
Oil Content in Rock Sample
as measured by thermal extraction
S1
Measured Æ (oil) SS2 (kerogen)
(kerogen)
S1 S2 extracted rock
Evap. Loss
Reality Æ (oil)
of oil S1’ (oil in S2)
Overlap of free oil and oil carried over into S2
This is a function of oil type and isolated organic pores
Evaporative Losses = S1 x (GC Fingerprint produced oil / GC Fingerprint of extracted oil)
This technique also allows prediction of GOR on shale (rock) samples.
This technique also allows prediction of GOR on shale (rock) samples.
Factors Affecting S1
• TType of sample (cuttings, SWC, core)
f l ( tti SWC )
• Type of lithofacies (shale, carbonate,
sandstone)
• Analytical instrument utilized for analysis
• Sample
Sample handling and processing (esp. heating)
handling and processing (esp heating)
• Oil‐
Oil‐based mud (OBM) or organic additives to
drilling fluids
Change in Various Geochemical
Measurements due to age, sample
Measurements due to age, sample type
type
(data from 1980s well and new offset well)
25
Old cuttings
δ 278%
Fresh RSWC
Value (wt.%,, mg oil/g rock, or mg CO2/g rrock)
20.68
20 δ 35%
17.60
15
10
δ 547% 7.45
δ 178%
6 24
6.24
5.43 5.75
5
3.04
δ 71%
1.05
0.38 0.27
0
CC TOC S1 S2 S3
Measurement Jarvie , 2012
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GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Factors Affecting S1
• TType of sample (cuttings, SWC, core)
f l ( tti SWC )
• Type of lithofacies (shale, carbonate,
sandstone)
• Analytical instrument utilized for analysis
• Sample
Sample handling and processing (esp. heating)
handling and processing (esp heating)
• Oil‐
Oil‐based mud (OBM) or organic additives to
drilling fluids
Change in Various Geochemical
Measurements due to age, sample
Measurements due to age, sample type
type
(data from 1980s well and new offset well)
25
Old cuttings
δ 278%
Fresh RSWC
Value (wt.%,, mg oil/g rock, or mg CO2/g rrock)
20.68
20 δ 35%
17.60
15
10
δ 547% 7.45
δ 178%
6 24
6.24
5.43 5.75
5
3.04
δ 71%
1.05
0.38 0.27
0
CC TOC S1 S2 S3
Measurement Jarvie , 2012
Parshall Field, Williston Basin
Bakken Shale, U. Bakken Shale
Reservoir and
Oil
Fingerprints
Key Observations
1. U. Bakken Shale has lost
very little oil, may be
less Middle Member
than the produced dead Lost
oil sample
2. Middle Member has lost
most hydrocarbons less
than C15
Key Point
Middle Member
• Shale holds the oil very Produced oil
tightly, whereas the
dolomitic member
retains very little light oil
Jarvie et al., 2011
Instrument factors on Oil Yield (S1)
Rock‐Eval® 2‐5 33
Results in Rock‐Eval ®
data from the
underestimating Norwegian
OIP by 1.5 million
OIP b 1 5 illi Petroleum
barrels at 100 ft Directorate
thickness Rock‐Eval® 6 23
HAWK Resource Workstation® 47
with POPI®
0 10 20 30 40 50
Barrels of Oil per Acre‐Foot
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GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Parshall Field, Williston Basin
Bakken Shale, U. Bakken Shale
Reservoir and
Oil
Fingerprints
Key Observations
1. U. Bakken Shale has lost
very little oil, may be
less Middle Member
than the produced dead Lost
oil sample
2. Middle Member has lost
most hydrocarbons less
than C15
Key Point
Middle Member
• Shale holds the oil very Produced oil
tightly, whereas the
dolomitic member
retains very little light oil
Jarvie et al., 2011
Instrument factors on Oil Yield (S1)
Rock‐Eval® 2‐5 33
Results in Rock‐Eval ®
data from the
underestimating Norwegian
OIP by 1.5 million
OIP b 1 5 illi Petroleum
barrels at 100 ft Directorate
thickness Rock‐Eval® 6 23
HAWK Resource Workstation® 47
with POPI®
0 10 20 30 40 50
Barrels of Oil per Acre‐Foot
Rock‐Eval® 2‐5 33
Results in Rock‐Eval ®
data from the
underestimating Norwegian
OIP by 6 million
OIP b 6 illi Petroleum
barrels at 100 ft Directorate
thickness Rock‐Eval® 6 23
HAWK Resource Workstation® 47
with POPI®
with POPI®
0 10 20 30 40 50
Barrels of Oil per Acre‐Foot
Low Oil Measurements on RE‐‐6 Underestimate OOIP
Low Oil Measurements on RE
and also crossover effect resulting in potentially missed pay
Rock‐Eval ®
138 data from the
No oil crossover Rock‐Eval ® 2‐5 Norwegian
effect predicted Petroleum
Directorate
from RE6 data;
missed pay. 88
Rock‐Eval ® 6
192
HAWK Resource Workstation®
with POPI®
with POPI®
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GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Instrument factors on Oil Yield (S1)
Rock‐Eval® 2‐5 33
Results in Rock‐Eval ®
data from the
underestimating Norwegian
OIP by 6 million
OIP b 6 illi Petroleum
barrels at 100 ft Directorate
thickness Rock‐Eval® 6 23
HAWK Resource Workstation® 47
with POPI®
with POPI®
0 10 20 30 40 50
Barrels of Oil per Acre‐Foot
Low Oil Measurements on RE‐‐6 Underestimate OOIP
Low Oil Measurements on RE
and also crossover effect resulting in potentially missed pay
Rock‐Eval ®
138 data from the
No oil crossover Rock‐Eval ® 2‐5 Norwegian
effect predicted Petroleum
Directorate
from RE6 data;
missed pay. 88
Rock‐Eval ® 6
192
HAWK Resource Workstation®
with POPI®
with POPI®
RE‐2 and RE‐6 data
comparison in Behar et
al., 2001. These data
show high degree of
correlation essential for
compatibility of Rock‐
p y
Eval® data.
Behar et al., 2001
Does carrier gas make a difference?
depends on analysis…
• RE‐6 uses nitrogen only • HAWK®
HAWK® uses either
– Advantages
Ad t nitrogen or helium
nitrogen or helium
• Less likely to leak • Nitrogen for routine
specific gravity 7x helium analysis including well
• Can be generated site
• Helium for kinetics
– Disadvantages:
• Lower
Lower thermal conductivity
thermal conductivity
5.7x lower than helium
Higher Tmax correction
True Tmax 40o higher at
25oC/min
– Important for kinetic
measurements
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 14
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Claims that RE‐‐2 and RE‐
Claims that RE 2 and RE‐6
6 Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis Yields are different
Yields are different
not substantiated by published IFP data
RE‐2 and RE‐6 data
comparison in Behar et
al., 2001. These data
show high degree of
correlation essential for
compatibility of Rock‐
p y
Eval® data.
Behar et al., 2001
Does carrier gas make a difference?
depends on analysis…
• RE‐6 uses nitrogen only • HAWK®
HAWK® uses either
– Advantages
Ad t nitrogen or helium
nitrogen or helium
• Less likely to leak • Nitrogen for routine
specific gravity 7x helium analysis including well
• Can be generated site
• Helium for kinetics
– Disadvantages:
• Lower
Lower thermal conductivity
thermal conductivity
5.7x lower than helium
Higher Tmax correction
True Tmax 40o higher at
25oC/min
– Important for kinetic
measurements
Does Carrier Gas Mass Flow
make a difference?
w Rate
30 ml/min 8.51
Pyrolysis Carrier Gas Flow
50 ml/min 11.91
75 ml/min 17.55
P
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Kerogen (S2) Yield (mg kerogen/g rock)
• HAWK® uses electronic mass
HAWK® uses electronic mass • SR Analyzer™ uses manual pressure
flow controllers independent
flow controllers independent of regulators to control gas flow;
gas pressure dependent on gas pressure only
dependent on gas pressure only
which can vary considerably
RE2, RE6, Leco, and Elemental
RE2, RE6, Leco, and Elemental
organic carbon analysis (TOC)
TOC is consistent among all
analytical techniques and no
errors result in interpretive
differences among kerogen
differences among kerogen
types or source rock potential
(the GOC portion of TOC is more
important for generation, 67% TOC via elemental
whereas NGOC is more important
for organic storage).
Results from Behar et al.,
56% TOC via RE‐6
2001, show that RE‐6 TOC
d
data can vary from elemental
f l l
analysis by upwards of 10
wt.% TOC.
Leco TOC is inherently the
best method for TOC
measurements.
Behar et al., 2001
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 15
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Does Carrier Gas Mass Flow
make a difference?
w Rate
30 ml/min 8.51
Pyrolysis Carrier Gas Flow
50 ml/min 11.91
75 ml/min 17.55
P
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Kerogen (S2) Yield (mg kerogen/g rock)
• HAWK® uses electronic mass
HAWK® uses electronic mass • SR Analyzer™ uses manual pressure
flow controllers independent
flow controllers independent of regulators to control gas flow;
gas pressure dependent on gas pressure only
dependent on gas pressure only
which can vary considerably
RE2, RE6, Leco, and Elemental
RE2, RE6, Leco, and Elemental
organic carbon analysis (TOC)
TOC is consistent among all
analytical techniques and no
errors result in interpretive
differences among kerogen
differences among kerogen
types or source rock potential
(the GOC portion of TOC is more
important for generation, 67% TOC via elemental
whereas NGOC is more important
for organic storage).
Results from Behar et al.,
56% TOC via RE‐6
2001, show that RE‐6 TOC
d
data can vary from elemental
f l l
analysis by upwards of 10
wt.% TOC.
Leco TOC is inherently the
best method for TOC
measurements.
Behar et al., 2001
Assessing Shale Resource Systems
HAWK Resource WorkStation®
1. Designed for both laboratory and well site use
2. Determine oil carryover (oil in kerogen peak)
3. Determine lost oil due to evaporation from storage, handling, processing
4. Assess oil quality (API gravity, viscosity, GOR, sulfur, gas composition)
5. Determine TOC, total carbon, and carbonate carbon
6. Predict organic porosity
7. Determine OOIP or GIP (equivalency)
8. Built
Built‐‐in shale resource comparative database
9 Built-in kinetics profiles for transformation rate prediction
Total Oil
S1’ S1 S1” Kerogen (S2)
Total Carbon
New HAWK ®
New HAWK Carbonate Carbon
Resource WorkStation
Wildcat Technologies Total Sulfur
Available Jan 2013 Gas/MS
HAWK Resource Workstation
comparison of resource with analog systems
200
Immature Oil Condensate‐NGL Dry Gas
Barnett Shale gas well to Window Window
Window
Earliest
Barnett Shale oil well
175 Oil
Shale Gas Test #1 Window Thought to be a
Tho ht to be a
(kerogen type
shale gas
Oil Saturaation Index ((S1 x 100)/TOC)
dependent)
150 Potential Production
or prospect but
contamination
125 data is
comparable to
100 shale oil
Oil Shows possibility if oil
75 saturations
High Oil Contents (crossover) is
(crossover) is
50 sufficient
Modest Oil Contents
25
Low Oil Content
0
380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Rock‐Eval Tmax (oC)
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 16
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Assessing Shale Resource Systems
HAWK Resource WorkStation®
1. Designed for both laboratory and well site use
2. Determine oil carryover (oil in kerogen peak)
3. Determine lost oil due to evaporation from storage, handling, processing
4. Assess oil quality (API gravity, viscosity, GOR, sulfur, gas composition)
5. Determine TOC, total carbon, and carbonate carbon
6. Predict organic porosity
7. Determine OOIP or GIP (equivalency)
8. Built
Built‐‐in shale resource comparative database
9 Built-in kinetics profiles for transformation rate prediction
Total Oil
S1’ S1 S1” Kerogen (S2)
Total Carbon
New HAWK ®
New HAWK Carbonate Carbon
Resource WorkStation
Wildcat Technologies Total Sulfur
Available Jan 2013 Gas/MS
HAWK Resource Workstation
comparison of resource with analog systems
200
Immature Oil Condensate‐NGL Dry Gas
Barnett Shale gas well to Window Window
Window
Earliest
Barnett Shale oil well
175 Oil
Shale Gas Test #1 Window Thought to be a
Tho ht to be a
(kerogen type
shale gas
Oil Saturaation Index ((S1 x 100)/TOC)
dependent)
150 Potential Production
or prospect but
contamination
125 data is
comparable to
100 shale oil
Oil Shows possibility if oil
75 saturations
High Oil Contents (crossover) is
(crossover) is
50 sufficient
Modest Oil Contents
25
Low Oil Content
0
380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Rock‐Eval Tmax (oC)
EOG Resources N&D 1‐
EOG Resources N&D 1‐05H, Parshall Field
overpressured, , commercial
overpressured commercial well
well
High
Producible
Oil Index
Jarvie et al., 2011
EOG Resources
EOG Resources Fertile
Fertile 1
1‐12H
underpressured, non
underpressured, non‐‐commercial well
Well name: EOG Resources Fertile 1-12H, Mountrail County, North Dakota, Parshall Field, Williston Basin (API: 33061005570000)
Depth: m. ft. Carbonate (%) TOC (%) Oil (mg/gR) Total Oil (mg/gR) OSI (mg/gT) AI (mg/gT) POI (bbls/af) HI corr (mg/gT) %Roe from Tmax
20 40 60 80 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 40 60 200 400 600 800 10 20 30 40 200 400 600 200 400 600 800 0.6 1.2 1.8
U. BAKKEN SHALE
2856 9370
Low
2858
9375 Producible
Oil Index
9380
M. BAKKEN
2860
9385
2862 9390
9395
2864
9400
2866
9405
L. BAKKEN SHALE
2868 9410
9415
2870
9420
Jarvie et al., 2011
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 17
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
EOG Resources N&D 1‐
EOG Resources N&D 1‐05H, Parshall Field
overpressured, , commercial
overpressured commercial well
well
High
Producible
Oil Index
Jarvie et al., 2011
EOG Resources
EOG Resources Fertile
Fertile 1
1‐12H
underpressured, non
underpressured, non‐‐commercial well
Well name: EOG Resources Fertile 1-12H, Mountrail County, North Dakota, Parshall Field, Williston Basin (API: 33061005570000)
Depth: m. ft. Carbonate (%) TOC (%) Oil (mg/gR) Total Oil (mg/gR) OSI (mg/gT) AI (mg/gT) POI (bbls/af) HI corr (mg/gT) %Roe from Tmax
20 40 60 80 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 40 60 200 400 600 800 10 20 30 40 200 400 600 200 400 600 800 0.6 1.2 1.8
U. BAKKEN SHALE
2856 9370
Low
2858
9375 Producible
Oil Index
9380
M. BAKKEN
2860
9385
2862 9390
9395
2864
9400
2866
9405
L. BAKKEN SHALE
2868 9410
9415
2870
9420
Jarvie et al., 2011
Added Value of Predicted GOR
values directly on shale samples
Parshall Field Sanish Field
Predicted GOR values Predicted GOR values
465 1296
500 1400
400
Gas‐to‐‐Oil Ratio (scf/stb)
Gas‐to‐‐Oil Ratio (scf/stb)
450 380 1080
1200
400 872
350 285 1000 800
300 800
250
200 600
150 400
100
200
50
0 0
U. Bakken L. Bakken Overall Production U. Bakken L. Bakken Overall Production
Shale GOR Shale GOR average GOR Shale GOR Shale GOR average GOR
GOR GOR
Jarvie et al., 2011 Jarvie et al., 2011
This prediction requires a GOR
This prediction requires a GOR‐‐GC analysis that uses C6 and C7 hydrocarbons
that are used to predict GOR from organic‐
that are used to predict GOR from organic‐rich shale samples
Range of Understanding Needed
Range of Understanding Needed
for shale resource play assessment
for shale resource play assessment
CROSSOVER GAS CONTENT
DEPTH
% FREE
TOTAL OIL TOC GAS
MATURITY
KEROGEN
TYPE
So, Sw % SORBED
BRITTLENESS GAS
OOIP P/P, DENSITY
GIP
SHmax
FRAC Sg, Sw
API, GOR BARRIERS
FLUID
SENSITIVITY
GEO HAZARDS
PVT WELL >3.0%Roe
COMPLETION
Modified from King, 2010, SPE‐133456
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 18
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
Added Value of Predicted GOR
values directly on shale samples
Parshall Field Sanish Field
Predicted GOR values Predicted GOR values
465 1296
500 1400
400
Gas‐to‐‐Oil Ratio (scf/stb)
Gas‐to‐‐Oil Ratio (scf/stb)
450 380 1080
1200
400 872
350 285 1000 800
300 800
250
200 600
150 400
100
200
50
0 0
U. Bakken L. Bakken Overall Production U. Bakken L. Bakken Overall Production
Shale GOR Shale GOR average GOR Shale GOR Shale GOR average GOR
GOR GOR
Jarvie et al., 2011 Jarvie et al., 2011
This prediction requires a GOR
This prediction requires a GOR‐‐GC analysis that uses C6 and C7 hydrocarbons
that are used to predict GOR from organic‐
that are used to predict GOR from organic‐rich shale samples
Range of Understanding Needed
Range of Understanding Needed
for shale resource play assessment
for shale resource play assessment
CROSSOVER GAS CONTENT
DEPTH
% FREE
TOTAL OIL TOC GAS
MATURITY
KEROGEN
TYPE
So, Sw % SORBED
BRITTLENESS GAS
OOIP P/P, DENSITY
GIP
SHmax
FRAC Sg, Sw
API, GOR BARRIERS
FLUID
SENSITIVITY
GEO HAZARDS
PVT WELL >3.0%Roe
COMPLETION
Modified from King, 2010, SPE‐133456
For information about the
HAWK Resource Workstation®
contact:
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
Wildcat Technologies LLC
218 Higgins Street
Humble, TX 77338 USA
281‐
281‐540‐
540‐3208
www.wildcattechnologies.com
W. David Weldon, President
W. David Weldon, President (davidweldon@wildcattechnologies.com)
(davidweldon@wildcattechnologies.com)
Albert Maende, Sales/Geochemistry (albertmaende@wildcattechnologies.com
(albertmaende@wildcattechnologies.com))
Jared Stewart, Engineering and Instrument
Jared Stewart, Engineering and Instrument Support
Support (jaredsteward@wildcattechnologies.com
(jaredsteward@wildcattechnologies.com
Selected Bibliography
• Ertas, , Deniz
Ertas Deniz, Simon R.
, Simon R. Kelemen
Kelemen, and Thomas C. Halsey, 2006, Petroleum Expulsion Part 1. Theory of
, and Thomas C. Halsey, 2006, Petroleum Expulsion Part 1. Theory of
Kerogen Swelling in Multicomponent Solvents, Energy & Fuels 2006, 20, pp. 295
Kerogen Swelling in Multicomponent Solvents, Energy & Fuels 2006, 20, pp. 295‐‐300.
• Hunt, John M., 1995, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2
Hunt, John M., 1995, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology , 2nd edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New
York, 743p.
• Jarvie, Daniel M., Robert J.
Jarvie, Daniel M., Robert J. CoskeyCoskey, Michael S. Johnson, and Jay E. Leonard, 2011, The Geology and
, Michael S. Johnson, and Jay E. Leonard, 2011, The Geology and
Geochemistry of the Parshall
Geochemistry of the
Geochemistry of the Parshall Field Area, Mountrail County, North Dakota in RMAG
Field Area Mountrail County North Dakota in RMAG'ss The Bakken s The
The Bakken‐
Bakken‐Three
Three
Forks Petroleum System in the Williston Basin, eds. John W. Robinson, Julie A.
Forks Petroleum System in the Williston Basin, eds. John W. Robinson, Julie A. LeFever LeFever, and Stephanie B.
, and Stephanie B.
Gaswirth, pp. 229
Gaswirth, pp. 229‐‐281.
• Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 1 –– Shale oil resource systems,
Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 1 Shale oil resource systems, in in J.
Breyer , ed., Shale reservoirs –– Giant resources for the 21st century, AAPG Memoir 97, pp. 1
Breyer, ed., Shale reservoirs century, AAPG Memoir 97, pp. 1‐‐19. 19.
• Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Components and Processes affecting producibily
Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Components and Processes affecting producibily and commerciality of shale oil
resource systems, HGS Applied
resource systems, HGS Applied Geoscience Conference , Houston, Texas, 20‐21 February 2012,
Geoscience Conference , Houston, Texas, 20‐ 21 February 2012, oral oral
presentation..
presentation
• King, George, 2010, Thirty Years of Gas Shale Fracturing: What Have We Learned?, SPE 133456
• Lopatin, N. V., S. L.
Lopatin Zubairaev, I. M. Kos, T. P.
, N. V., S. L. Zubairaev , I. M. Kos, T. P. Emets
Emets, E. A. Romanov, and O. V.
, E. A. Romanov, and O. V. Malchikhina
Malchikhina, 2003,
, 2003,
Unconventional oil accumulations in the Upper Jurassic
Unconventional oil accumulations in the Upper Jurassic Bazhenov
U ti l il l ti i th U J i BBazhenov
h Bl
Black Shale formation, West Siberian
k Sh l f ti W t Sib i
Basin: a self‐
Basin: a self‐sourced reservoir system, Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 225
sourced reservoir system, Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 225‐‐244.
• Loucks, Robert G., Robert M. Reed, Stephen C. Ruppel, Daniel M. Jarvie, 2009, Morphology, Distribution
and Genesis of Nanometer‐
and Genesis of Nanometer‐Scale Pores in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Journal Sed. Res., v. 79, pp. 848
Scale Pores in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Journal Sed. Res., v. 79, pp. 848‐‐
861.
• , E. I., W. A. Young, and D. J. Curry, 1992, Expulsion from hydrocarbon sources: the role of organic
Sandvik, E. I., W. A. Young, and D. J. Curry, 1992, Expulsion from hydrocarbon sources: the role of organic
Sandvik
absorption: Advances in Org. Geochem
absorption: Advances in Org. Geochem. 1991, Org.
. 1991, Org. Geochem
Geochem., v. 19, nos. 1 3, p. 77‐‐87.
., v. 19, nos. 1‐‐3, p. 77
• Wang, L. and C. Barker, 1989, Effects of organic matter content and maturity on oil expulsion from
petroleum source rocks, AAPG Bull., v. 73, p. 1051 (abstract).
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
www.wildcattechnologies.com 19
GEO 2012 Bahrain Presented 6 March 2012
For information about the
HAWK Resource Workstation®
contact:
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
Wildcat Technologies LLC
218 Higgins Street
Humble, TX 77338 USA
281‐
281‐540‐
540‐3208
www.wildcattechnologies.com
W. David Weldon, President
W. David Weldon, President (davidweldon@wildcattechnologies.com)
(davidweldon@wildcattechnologies.com)
Albert Maende, Sales/Geochemistry (albertmaende@wildcattechnologies.com
(albertmaende@wildcattechnologies.com))
Jared Stewart, Engineering and Instrument
Jared Stewart, Engineering and Instrument Support
Support (jaredsteward@wildcattechnologies.com
(jaredsteward@wildcattechnologies.com
Selected Bibliography
• Ertas, , Deniz
Ertas Deniz, Simon R.
, Simon R. Kelemen
Kelemen, and Thomas C. Halsey, 2006, Petroleum Expulsion Part 1. Theory of
, and Thomas C. Halsey, 2006, Petroleum Expulsion Part 1. Theory of
Kerogen Swelling in Multicomponent Solvents, Energy & Fuels 2006, 20, pp. 295
Kerogen Swelling in Multicomponent Solvents, Energy & Fuels 2006, 20, pp. 295‐‐300.
• Hunt, John M., 1995, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, 2
Hunt, John M., 1995, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology , 2nd edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New
York, 743p.
• Jarvie, Daniel M., Robert J.
Jarvie, Daniel M., Robert J. CoskeyCoskey, Michael S. Johnson, and Jay E. Leonard, 2011, The Geology and
, Michael S. Johnson, and Jay E. Leonard, 2011, The Geology and
Geochemistry of the Parshall
Geochemistry of the
Geochemistry of the Parshall Field Area, Mountrail County, North Dakota in RMAG
Field Area Mountrail County North Dakota in RMAG'ss The Bakken s The
The Bakken‐
Bakken‐Three
Three
Forks Petroleum System in the Williston Basin, eds. John W. Robinson, Julie A.
Forks Petroleum System in the Williston Basin, eds. John W. Robinson, Julie A. LeFever LeFever, and Stephanie B.
, and Stephanie B.
Gaswirth, pp. 229
Gaswirth, pp. 229‐‐281.
• Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 1 –– Shale oil resource systems, in
Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 1 Shale oil resource systems, in J.
Breyer , ed., Shale reservoirs –– Giant resources for the 21st century, AAPG Memoir 97, pp. 1
Breyer, ed., Shale reservoirs century, AAPG Memoir 97, pp. 1‐‐19. 19.
• Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Components and Processes affecting producibily
Jarvie, Daniel M., 2012, Components and Processes affecting producibily and commerciality of shale oil
resource systems, HGS Applied
resource systems, HGS Applied Geoscience Conference , Houston, Texas, 20‐21 February 2012,
Geoscience Conference , Houston, Texas, 20‐ 21 February 2012, oral oral
presentation..
presentation
• King, George, 2010, Thirty Years of Gas Shale Fracturing: What Have We Learned?, SPE 133456
• Lopatin, N. V., S. L.
Lopatin Zubairaev, I. M. Kos, T. P.
, N. V., S. L. Zubairaev , I. M. Kos, T. P. Emets
Emets, E. A. Romanov, and O. V.
, E. A. Romanov, and O. V. Malchikhina
Malchikhina, 2003,
, 2003,
Unconventional oil accumulations in the Upper Jurassic
Unconventional oil accumulations in the Upper Jurassic Bazhenov
U ti l il l ti i th U J i BBazhenov
h Bl
Black Shale formation, West Siberian
k Sh l f ti W t Sib i
Basin: a self‐
Basin: a self‐sourced reservoir system, Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 225
sourced reservoir system, Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 225‐‐244.
• Loucks, Robert G., Robert M. Reed, Stephen C. Ruppel, Daniel M. Jarvie, 2009, Morphology, Distribution
and Genesis of Nanometer‐
and Genesis of Nanometer‐Scale Pores in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Journal Sed. Res., v. 79, pp. 848
Scale Pores in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Journal Sed. Res., v. 79, pp. 848‐‐
861.
• , E. I., W. A. Young, and D. J. Curry, 1992, Expulsion from hydrocarbon sources: the role of organic
Sandvik, E. I., W. A. Young, and D. J. Curry, 1992, Expulsion from hydrocarbon sources: the role of organic
Sandvik
absorption: Advances in Org. Geochem
absorption: Advances in Org. Geochem. 1991, Org.
. 1991, Org. Geochem
Geochem., v. 19, nos. 1
., v. 19, nos. 1‐‐3, p. 77
3, p. 77‐‐87.
• Wang, L. and C. Barker, 1989, Effects of organic matter content and maturity on oil expulsion from
petroleum source rocks, AAPG Bull., v. 73, p. 1051 (abstract).