MUUP Q & A

1] Why an expansion tank used in water chiller?

a. Because it is close loop system.
b. To compensate for the water temperature changes in the system.
c A&B
d. none of the above.

2] If your boss allocate you a new assignment of which a part of it you are not
sure about?
a. Tell your boss to retrieve it from you.
b. Take the assignment and do your best to complete.
c. Ask for professional help on the part which you do not know
about.
d. Do the part you know and learn about the part you do not
know and do it.

3] Which statement is true?

a. Project management is used only for primary project.
b. Project management is replacing the middle management in
controlling the project.
c. Project Management is..... (a true management)
d. B&C

Project management, then, is the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to execute
projects effectively and efficiently. It’s a strategic competency for organizations, enabling
them to tie project results to business goals — and thus, better compete in their markets.

4] What will a change over changes?

a. The duration of a project
b. The scope.
c. The design of a project.
d. A&B
5] Which is the authority/organization/person responsible to ensure that the
standards, codes, procedures are being applied?
a. committee of professional engineers.
b. National Fire prevention association.
c. Qatar Civil Defense
d. All the above

6] What is the unit of strain?

a. mm/mm
 b. N
c. M
d. Mm
7] What does the ratio of stress over strain?
a. Bulk Modulus
b. Poissons Ratio
c. Viscosity Ratio
d. None of the above

bulk modulus, numerical constant that describes the elastic properties of a solid or
fluid when it is under pressure on all surfaces. The applied pressure reduces the
volume of a material, which returns to its original volume when the pressure is
removed. Sometimes referred to as the incompressibility, the bulk modulus is a
measure of the ability of a substance to withstand changes in volume when under
compression on all sides. It is equal to the quotient of the applied pressure divided by
the relative deformation.
In this case, the relative deformation, commonly called strain, is the change in
volume divided by the original volume. Thus, if the original volume Vo of a material is
reduced by an applied pressure p to a new volume Vn, the strain may be expressed
as the change in volume, Vo − Vn, divided by the original volume, or (Vo − Vn)/Vo.
The bulk modulus itself, which, by definition, is the pressure divided by the strain,
may be expressed mathematically as

When the bulk modulus is constant (independent of pressure), this is a specific form
of Hooke’s law of elasticity.
Because the denominator, strain, is a ratio without dimensions, the dimensions of the
bulk modulus are those of pressure, force per unit area. In the English system the
bulk modulus may be expressed in units of pounds per square inch (usually
abbreviated to psi), and in the metric system, newtons per square metre (N/m2), or
pascals.

Young's Modulus - Modulus of Elasticity (or Tensile Modulus) - Hooke's

Law
Most metals have deformations that are proportional with the imposed loads
over a range of loads. Stress is proportional to load and strain is proportional to
deformation expressed by the Hooke's law like

E = stress / strain = (Fn / A) / (dl / lo)

where

E = Young's modulus (N/m2) (lb/in2, psi)

Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus are commonly used for metals and
metal alloys and expressed in terms 106 lbf/in2, N/m2 or Pa. Tensile modulus
are often used for plastics and expressed in terms 105 lbf/in2 or GPa.

8] What is the car dash board made of?

a. metal alloy
b. polymers
c. hard materials
d. none of the above

9] General conditions and home office overhead cost?

a. direct
b. in direct
c. both A and B
d. contingency costs

Indirect vs. Direct Costs

Direct costs are those for activities or services that benefit specific projects,
e.g., salaries for project staff and materials required for a particular project.
Because these activities are easily traced to projects, their costs are usually
charged to projects on an item-by-item basis.
Indirect costs are those for activities or services that benefit more than one
project. Their precise benefits to a specific project are often difficult or
impossible to trace. For example, it may be difficult to determine precisely how
the activities of the director of an organization benefit a specific project.
It is possible to justify the handling of almost any kind of cost as either direct or
indirect. Labor costs, for example, can be indirect, as in the case of
maintenance personnel and executive officers; or they can be direct, as in the
case of project staff members. Similarly, materials such as miscellaneous
supplies purchased in bulk — pencils, pens, paper — are typically handled as
indirect costs, while materials required for specific projects are charged as
direct costs.
10] Thermoplastic materials
a. It shaped under heating and applying pressure the chemical
properties changes and will permanently change into hard material.
b. If the heat and pressure is applied the chemical properties of material
will not change.
c. Both A & B
d. None of the above

Thermoplastic- is also called thermosoftening plastic - is a polymer that becomes

pliable or moldable above a specific temperature, and returns to a solid state upon
cooling.

11] Which of these is not a rule of interaction?

a. Law- is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through ...
b. Etiquette - Etiquette is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social
behavior according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social
class, ...
c. Ethics- rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and
bad. ethics : an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad
behavior.
d. Communication- is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of
ideas, feelings, intentions, ..

Rule- a statement that tells you what is allowed or what will happen within a particular
system (such as a language or science);

- the laws or regulations prescribed by the founder of a religious order for

observance by its members

Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon
one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction,
as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity,
which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of
many simple interactions can lead to
surprising emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in
various sciences.[citation needed]Changes can also involve interaction.

Casual examples of interaction outside of science include:[citation needed]

 Communication of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other,
or communication among groups, organizations, nations or states: trade,
migration, foreign relations, transportation,
 The feedback during the operation of machines such as a computer or tool, for
example the interaction between a driver and the position of his or her car on the
road: by steering the driver influences this position, by observation this
information returns to the driver.

12] Which membrane can be fixed vertically or horizontally between the fire
rated walls which controls the spread of smoke?
a. Smoke and fire dampers
b. fire damper
c. air flow device
d. smoke damper

13] Corrosion is a result of what?

a. Chemical reaction.
b. Electro-chemical reaction
c. A&B
d. None of the above

Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical

reaction with its environment.

In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of
metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen. Rusting, the formation
of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of
damage typically produces oxide(s) or salt(s) of the original metal. Corrosion can
also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers, although in
this context, the term degradation is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful
properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance and
permeability to liquids and gases.

14] A system of turbine-generator with efficiency of turbine is 90% and generator

efficiency is 80%, what is the overall efficiency?
a. 10%
b. 100%
c. 72%
d. 170%

Overall Efficiency=[Thermal EnergyChemical Energy]
Efficiency of the Boiler×[Mechanical EnergyThermal Energy]Efficiency of the Turbine×[Electrical 
EnergyMechanical Energy]Efficiency of the Generator
 Overall Efficiency=Boiler η×Turbine η×Generator η
Overall Efficiency=[0.90]×[0.80]=0.72 or 72%
It can be seen that the overall efficiency of a system is equal to the product of efficiencies of the
individual subsystems or processes. What is the implication of this?

15] What is the function of manometer?

a. To determine the atmospheric pressure.
b. To determine the pressure difference
c. Both
d. To determine the pressure of a fluid.

16] Water elevation on a tank is 10 meter, if P=ᵨgh where ᵨ =1000kg/m3,

g = 9.81 m/sec. What is the pressure of water inside the tank?
a. 100 KPa
b. 150 KPa
c. 450 Kpa
d. 981 Kpa

P=ᵨgh
P= 1000kg/m x 9.81 m/sec x 10 meter
3

P= 98,100 kg/m-sec2 x [ 1Pa/kg-m-sec2]

where: 1 Pa = kg/m-sec2
Therefore:
P= 98,000 Pa x 1KPa/1000Pa
P= 98.1 KPa; hence choose 100KPa the nearest value.

17] If you put a cup of water in a room, the moisture will accumulate on the side
of the glass when;
1. The water temperature is less than the dew point of the room air.
2. The water temperature is more than the dew point of the room air.
3. The wet bulb temperature is less than the dry bulb temperature of the room air.
4. Both the wet bulb temp and the dry bulb are the same.
a. 1&3
b. 2&3
c. 1&4
 d. 2&4

18] Some question about the Physchometric Chart.

Middle Horizontal Line - Dew Point Temperature

Vertical Line - Dry Bulb Temperature
Higher Diagonal Line - Volume
Curve - Relative Humidity (RH)
Lower Diagonal Line - Wet Bulb Temp.

Humidity Ratio (∆W) - Grams of Moisture per kg of Dry Air.

Enthalpy (h) - kJ per kg of Dry Air.

19] What is the system used to extract the air from the basement?

Ans. Ventilation System

20] Condensate water is generated from which part of the split unit?

ans. Evaporator

21] The function of car bumper is?

a. Absorb high speed impacts
b. Absorb Low speed impacts
c. Absorb Side impacts
d. Decoration

22] The duct installed at the indoor unit of the AC unit is used for?
a. Remove the condensate water accumulated on the evaporator.
b. Remove the condensate water accumulated on the condenser.
c. Make more ventilation.
d. None of the above

23] Car dashboard is made by

a. Steel
b. Polymers
c. Wood
d. None of the above

24] For the below system

a. The input is a sound and the output is a signal.
b. The input is a signal and the output is a sound.
c. Both input and output are sounds.
 d. Both input and outputs are signals.

mic sound speaker

sound system

25] What is the force that cause the body to float on then fluid surface.
a. buoyancy Force

26] What is the most important thing in the WBS? Work Breakdown Structure
a. Cost
b. The Project
c. Client
d. All of the above

27] What is the lowest level of WBS

a. Deliverable
b. Cost
c. Work package
d. Lowest sub deliverable

28] What is the inspection frequency of the fire alarm boxes?

a. Annually
b. Semi- annually
c. monthly
d. weekly

29] From NFPA 72 Performance testing:

a. Annually
b. Semi-Annually
c. Quarterly
d. Weekly

30] From NFPA 72 Visual inspections.

a. Annually
b. Semi-Annually
c. Quarterly
d. Weekly

31] Visual inspection for the manual call point as per NFPA 72
a. Semi-annually
b. Weekly
 c. Annually
d. Quarterly

31] How many times the Zone Control Valve is inspected?

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semi- annually
d. Annually

32] How many times the sprinkler system is inspected?

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semi- annually
d. Annually

33] As per NFPA 72 how frequent to inspect a smoke detector?

a. Quarterly
b. Annually- table 14.4.3.2; item 17(d)
c. Monthly
d. Semi-annually

34] As per NFPA 72 inspection of a heat detector?

a. Quarterly
b. Annually- table 14.4.3.2; item 17(g)
c. Monthly
d. Semi-annually

35] As per NFPA 72, the audible devices are frequently visually inspected:
a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semi- annually
d. Annually

36] Frequency of Visual testing of supervisory switch?

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semi- annually
d. Annually

37] As per NFPA 72, frequency checking of appliances:

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semi- annually
d. Annually
38] Car Parking structure is dealt in NFPA?

ans. NFPA 88A

39] NFPA trained person takes minimum time for investigation and evaluation and
reset fire preventive system
a. 3 min
b. 30 min
c. 1 hour
d. 3 hour

40] In welding, the molten metal is protected by:

a. coating
b. Flux
c. Filler
d. All of the above

41] A biding Manager. On the closing date of the bid he received a call from one of
the bidding firms asking him to extend the bidding period by one day as they
couldn't finish the documents. Bob is to:
a. Accept extending the bidding period by one day.
b. Refuse his request.
c. Telling the firm about the other firms prices.
d. Tell him that he will think about it and revert back.

42] Convert from CM to inches.

a. Divided by 2.54
b. Divided by 2.44
c. Multiply by 2.54
d. Multiply by 2.44

43] An object that deforms continuously under applied shear stress is called:
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Fluid

44] Car Dash board made of:

a. Polymers
b. Fiberglass
c. Metal
d. Aluminum
45] Pipe with diameter 5mm and flow pass through it with speed 50m/s, the flow
will be:
a. Laminar
b. Turbulent
c. Transition
d. None of the above

Re = Reynolds Number (non dimensional)

u = velocity (ft/s)

dh = hydraulic diameter (in)

ν = kinematic viscosity (cSt) (1 cSt = 10-6 m2/s )

The Reynolds Number can be used to determine if flow is laminar, transient or turbulent. The flow is

 laminar when Re < 2300

 transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
 turbulent when Re > 4000

Re= u dh ÷ v

Re= 50m/s x [5mm/1000mm] ÷ 10-6 m2/s

Re= 250,000 Re › 4000 turbulent

46] Force applied on the radius of circle, the direction of the centripetal force. From
the center of curvature;
a. Toward
b. Away from the center of curvature

Centripetal Force

Any motion in a curved path represents accelerated motion, and requires a force directed
toward the center of curvature of the path. This force is called the centripetal force which
means "center seeking" force. The force has the magnitude
Swinging a mass on a string requires string tension, and the mass will travel off in a
tangential straight line if the string breaks.

The centripetal acceleration can be derived for the case of circular motion since the curved
path at any point can be extended to a circle.

Note that the centripetal force is proportional to

the square of the velocity, implying that a doubling
of speed will require four times the centripetal
force to keep the motion in a circle. If the
centripetal force must be provided by friction alone
on a curve, an increase in speed could lead to an
unexpected skid if friction is insufficient.

Calculation

47] The device that installed between fire rated wall:

a. Fire damper
b. Smoke damper
c. Smoke detector
d. Splitter damper

48] Apply heat on the Metal material:

a. Hardness will increased and ductility will decreased.
b. Hardness will decreased and ductility will increased.
c. Hardness will decreased and ductility will decreased.
d. Not affected.

49] Plastic deforms under pressure:

a. Plasticity
b. Ductility
c. Hardening
d. Buckling

plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible

changes of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal
being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes
occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to
plastic behavior is called yield

Ductility- is commonly defined as the ability of a material to deform easily upon the
application of a tensile force. or as the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation
without rupture.
50] Glass with cold water temperature, the condensation on the outer surface of
the glass due to:
a. The wet temperature of the air is less than the dew point.
b. The wet temperature of the air is more than the dew point.
c. the dry and wet bulb temperature of the air is higher than the dry bulb
temperature of the glass.
d. the dry and wet bulb temperature of the air is lower than the dry bulb
temperature of the glass
1- a,c
2- b,c
3- a,d
4- b,d
dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by
a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture.
DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true
thermodynamic temperature. As a matter of fact, it indicates the amount of heat in
the air and it is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules.
Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K),
or Fahrenheit(°F).

wet bulb temperature, is the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were cooled
to saturation (100% relative humidity) by the evaporation of water into it, with
the latent heat being supplied by the parcel.[1] A wet-bulb thermometer indicates a
temperature close to the true (thermodynamic) temperature. The wet-bulb
temperature is the lowest temperature that can be reached under current ambient
conditions by the evaporation of water only; it is the temperature felt when the skin is
wet and exposed to moving air.

Dew point temperature (DPT) is the temperature at which a moist air sample at the
same pressure would reach water vapor “saturation.” At this point further removal of
heat would result in water vapor condensing into liquid water fog or, if below freezing
point, solid hoarfrost.

51] In Building or internal wall device to be installed to prevent the spread of fire.
a. Fire damper
b. Smoke Damper
c. Smoke Detector

52] In Building or internal wall device to be installed to prevent the spread of

smoke.
a. Fire damper
 b. Smoke Damper
c. Smoke Detector

53] Equipment with tags or labels that assuring the manufacturer has conducted the
required test and apply the standard.
a. Labeled
b. Listed
c. Tagged
d. None of the above

54] Sustainability improvement involved;

a. Decrease consumption and increase efficiency.
b. Improving the building transportation more the road.

Sustainability could be defined as an ability or capacity of something to be maintained or to

sustain itself. It’s about taking what we need to live now, without jeopardising the potential for
people in the future to meet their needs.
Development with minimum impact to the environment, recycling and minimizing wastage.

55] Chief cooker inside the kitchen left the fridge door open, and come after two
days then the room temperature will be:
a. Heated
b. Cooled
c. Same temperature

56] Elevation on the tank is 10Meter, g=9.81m/sec2 what would be the pressure?
a. 101
b. 77
c. 85
d. 98.1

solution
P = ᵨgh
P= 1000kg/m3 (9.81m/sec2)(10m)
P= 98,100 Kg/m-sec2
where: 1 Pa = 1 Kg/m-sec2
P= 98,000 Kg/m-sec2 x 1Pa/[ Kg/m-sec2] x 1 KPa/1000Pa
P= 98.1 KPa.

57] Refrigerant 134A chemical formula: It is CH2FCF3 but in test they write it as
C2H2F4
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, R-134a,Forane 134a, Genetron 134a,Florasol 134a, Suva 134a or HFC-
134a, is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-
12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with less ozone depletion potential. It has the formula CH2FCF3 and
aboiling point of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light
blue.[2]

58] During pyrolysis or combustion the resultant compound formed by solid

particles, vapours and gases is called
a. Fire
b. Smoke
c. Radiation
d. None of the Above

Pyrolysis is a form of treatment that chemically decomposes organic materials by heat in the
absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above
430 oC (800 oF). In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.
Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of oxidation occurs.

Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material
undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise
mixed into the mass.

59] An object that deforms continuously under applied shear stress is called:
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Fluid

In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress

60] Egress corridor can have air ducts penetrating from neighboring room walls and
doors. T or F. False

61] As built drawings are required to:

a. Annoy the Architect
b. For future maintenance works
c. For future expansion, renovation and development
d. B and C

62] An incompressible, non-viscous fluid travelling horizontally, if velocity decreases,

note: p/ᵨ + v2/2g + gz = constant: TAKE CARE ᵨ is written like P in test so do not
simplify and take it as 1.

a. Pressure decreases
b. Pressure increases
c. Temperature decreases
d. Temperature increases
63] Car bumper is meant for?
a. Small low speed collision
b. High speed collision
C. Side Collision
d. all the above

A bumper is a shield made of steel, aluminum, rubber, or plastic that is mounted on the front and
rear of a passenger car. When a low speed collision occurs, the bumper system absorbs the shock to
prevent or reduce damage to the car.

64] Car chassis is to be fabricated by:

a. Heavy material
b. Light material
c. Ductile material
d. Hard material

65] Which one of the below is not a pre-construction activity for a project:
a. Safety and emp building fence
b. Electrical, water, and drainage connection
c. Preparing for project material and equipment.
d. All of the above

Pre-Construction
we consider the Pre-Construction and planning phase to be the most important phase in order for a
project to be successfully executed. It is during this phase that critical planning; including scheduling,
budgeting, value engineering and quality decisions are made that will have a
significant impact upon construction and the final cost of the project.

66] Life branch safety is part of emergency (T or F): True

67] When centrifugal pumps run and vapour starts forming in its center, this is
called?
a. Water hammer
b. Cavitation
c. Boiling
d. None of the above

cav·i·ta·tion
1.the rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in a flowing liquid in regions of very low pressure,
a frequent cause of structural damage to propellers, pumps, etc.
2.such a pocket formed in a flowing liquid.

68] A vertical facade has a film like condensation of thickness K as move away from
the facade the heat transfer rate H.
a. increases
b. Decreases
 c. Not affected

69] What is the pressure at the toilet & kitchen?

a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Both A & B.

70] What is forward Pass?

a. early start & early finish

 To calculate Backward Pass - is LS & LF

71] What is not insulation?

a. asbestos
b. thermocool
c. glasscool
d. all of the above

72] 70oC & 1 atm.

a. saturated liquid- a liquid whose temperature and pressure are such that any decrease in pressure
without change in temperature causes it to boil.
b. superheated liquid- A liquid between the evaporator and compressor.
c. sub-cooled - is almost the opposite of superheat. It is a measure of how much cooler than
saturation the
liquid is at a given pressure.
d. none of the above

73] Coefficient of Performance (COP) is? COP= Cooling Effect ÷ Work Input
Ratio of work or useful output to the amount of work or energy input, used generally as a measure of
the energy-efficiency of air conditioners, space heaters and other cooling and
heating devices. COP equals heat delivered (output) in British thermal units (Btu) per hour divided by
the heat equivalent of the electric energy input (one watt = 3.413 Btu/hour) or, alternatively, energy
efficiency ratio divided by 3.413. Higher the COP, higher the efficiency of the equipment.

74] Triple Point Temperature

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the
three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.[1]

Gas–liquid–solid triple point. The single combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid
water, solid ice, and water vapour can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 273.16 K
(0.01 °C) and a partial vapour pressure of 611.73 pascals.

75] Ton of Refrigeration -

Tonnage …
the unit of measure used in air conditioning to describe the cooling capacity of a system. One ton of
cooling is based on the amount of heat needed to melt one ton of ice in a 24hour period. One ton of
cooling is equal to 12,000 Btu/hr.
Ton of refrigeration…
means its cooling capacity or heat removal capacity. One ton means the cooling effect equivalent to
convert 1 ton (US short ton of 2,000 lb or 910 kg) of water into ice at the same temp. Since latent
heat of ice (heat required to convert water
into ice at the same temp.) is 80 Kcal/kg, one ton equals to 3000 Kcal/hr (Kilo calories per hour) or
12,000 BTU/hr (British Thermal Unit per hour).

76] Transient Flow- is flow where the flow velocity and pressure are changing with time.
When changes occur to a fluid systems such as the starting or stopping of a pump, closing or opening
a valve, or changes in tank levels, then transient flow conditions exist: otherwise the system is steady
state.
- A process that involve changes within a control volume with time.

77] steady state a state or condition of a system or process (as one of the energy states of an
atom) that does not change in time; broadly : a condition that changes only negligibly over a
specified time.

78] Differential Gear -in automotive mechanics, gear arrangement that permits power from
the engine to be transmitted to a pair of driving wheels, dividing the force equally between them but
permitting them to follow paths of different lengths, as when turning a corner or traversing an
uneven road.

Allow different tire to rotate on different speeds on a curved path.

79] Enthalpy- is the measure of total energy of thermodynamics system. The sum of the internal
energy U and the PV product, [ h = u + pv].

80] Entropy- A quantitative measure of disorder in a system. A 3rd Law of Thermodynamics.

A measure of molecular disorder.

81] Close System a region that is isolated from its surroundings by a boundary that admits no
transfer of matter or energy across it. No transfer of mass or heat from process boundary.

82] Cooling Tower -

A heat removal device used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.

83] Morse test -

A test done for a 4 stroke multi-cylinder engine. To find the horsepower of an engine or determine
the power available at the crankshaft. Determine the power of individual cylinder of an IC engine.

84] Manometer - An instrument used for measuring pressure of liquids and gases.
use to determine differential pressure

85] Calorific Value-

the amount of heat released by a unit weight or unit volume of a substance during
complete combustion.
86] Saturated Liquid -
a liquid whose temperature and pressure are such that any decrease in pressure without change in
temperature causes it to boil.

87] A bolt size is M33 x 3. Means 33 relate to bolt diameter and 3 relate to pitch.

88] How many hours is the fire rated shaft? ans. 2 hours.

89] Boiling Point of water. ans. 100oC or (212oF).

where: oF = oC x 1.8 + 32 = 100 x 1.8 + 32 = 212

90) At 70oC and 1 Atm.

a. Saturated Liquid
b.Superheated Liquid
c. Subcooled
d. None of the above

91] Sustainability concept relates to benefits to which of the following?

a. Social
b. Economic
c. Environment
d. All shared benefits

Sustainability development - a development with minimum impact to environment, recycling

and minimizing wastage.

92) Reciprocating pump- Low discharge, high speed, self priming. used piston and cylinder
arrangement with suction and discharge valves integrated into the pump.

93) Centrifugal Pump- High discharge, low head, not self priming.

94) Rotary Pump- Low discharge, low head. used for pumping viscous liquid like oil.

95) Turbine Pump- pumping water with high suction lift. for pumping condensate.

96) Jet Pump - Pumping boiler feed water.

97) Axial Flow Pump - High discharge [flow rate] at a relative low head.

98) Machine Failures:

a. obsolescence- the state, process, or condition of being or becoming obsolete.
b. surface degradation - Surface degradation is comprised mainly of
corrosion and mechanical wear
c. accidents-
d. All the above
99) Equilibrium of state move.
a. Path
b. Process
c. Cycle
d. None of the above

Process- A thermal equilibrium changes from one state to another .

- is any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.

100) Bernoulli's equation - an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously
with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Total energy
(kinetic + potential) of fluid remains same.

Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow of a non conducting fluid, an increase in the
speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in
the fluid's potential energy

101) Defect - A Deviation from specification.

102) Mitigation- Risk Management strategy.

103) Bid Estimate - is the last estimate appears in a project.

Dispute-disagreement

104) What is the specific speed of a gas turbine- speed of turbine at max efficiency depends
on head and flow.

105) Newtonian fluid - is any fluid that exhibits a viscosity that remains constant regardless of any
external stress that is placed upon it, such as mixing or a sudden application of force. Fluids which
obey Newton's Law.

106) Barometer - An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure

The Forward Pass: Calculates the Early Start (ES) and Early Finish (EF) dates for activities

To calculate EF = ES + Duration -1 or ZERO METHOD : EF = ES + D

The Backward Pass: Calculates the Late Start (LS) and Late Finish (LF) dates for activities.

To calculate LS=LF-Duration + 1 OR ZERO METHOD : LS = LF - D

Float = 0 is the critical path.

 In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is a phenomenological equation, which relates the head loss — or
pressure loss — due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow.

ft of the Project window or the PERT Chart

icon, you will get a chart that has some of the boxes colored red. You are already familiar with the
PERT Chart View from our discussion in the previous section and know that the red boxes refer to
those tasks that are on the critical path, but you may not fully understand what the critical path is.
To understand the concept of the critical path you must first understand the concept of float
(sometimes referred to as slack or slack time). The float for a task is the difference between the late
start date and the early start date:

float = late start –early start = 0

Float- can be calculated too from the difference between Early Finish and Late Finish

Float = Early Finish and Late Finish

\Overview[edit]


Thermodynamics describes the macroscopic physics of matter and energy, especially including heat transfer, by using the
concept of the thermodynamic system, a region of the universe that is under study, specified by thermodynamic state variables,
together with the kinds of transfer that may occur between it and its surroundings, as determined by the physical properties of the
walls of the system.
An example system is the system of hot liquid water and solid table salt in a sealed, insulated test tube held in a vacuum (the
surroundings). The test tube constantly loses heat in the form of black-body radiation, but the heat loss progresses very slowly. If
there is another process going on in the test tube, for example the dissolution of the salt crystals, it probably occurs so quickly that
any heat lost to the test tube during that time can be neglected. Thermodynamics in general does not measure time, but it does
sometimes accept limitations on the time frame of a process.

History[edit]
The first to develop the concept of a thermodynamic system was the French physicist Sadi Carnot whose 1824 Reflections on the
Motive Power of Firestudied what he called the working substance, e.g., typically a body of water vapor, in steam engines, in
regards to the system's ability to do work when heat is applied to it. The working substance could be put in contact with either a
heat reservoir (a boiler), a cold reservoir (a stream of cold water), or a piston (to which the working body could do work by pushing
on it). In 1850, the German physicistRudolf Clausius generalized this picture to include the concept of the surroundings, and
began referring to the system as a "working body." In his 1850 manuscript On the Motive Power of Fire, Clausius wrote:

"With every change of volume (to the working body) a certain amount work must be done by the gas or upon it, since
“ by its expansion it overcomes an external pressure, and since its compression can be brought about only by an
exertion of external pressure. To this excess of work done by the gas or upon it there must correspond, by our
principle, a proportional excess of heat consumed or produced, and the gas cannot give up to the "surrounding
medium" the same amount of heat as it receives."
”
The article Carnot heat engine shows the original piston-and-cylinder diagram used by Carnot in discussing his ideal engine;
below, we see the Carnot engine as is typically modeled in current use:

Carnot engine diagram (modern) - where heat flows from a high temperature THfurnace through the fluid of the "working body" (working substance) and into

the cold sinkTC, thus forcing the working substance to do mechanical work W on the surroundings, via cycles of contractions and expansions.

In the diagram shown, the "working body" (system), a term introduced by Clausius in 1850, can be any fluid or vapor body through
which heat Q can be introduced or transmitted through to produce work. In 1824, Sadi Carnot, in his famous paperReflections on
the Motive Power of Fire, had postulated that the fluid body could be any substance capable of expansion, such as vapor of water,
vapor of alcohol, vapor of mercury, a permanent gas, or air, etc. Though, in these early years, engines came in a number of
configurations, typically QH was supplied by a boiler, wherein water boiled over a furnace; QC was typically a stream of cold flowing
water in the form of a condenser located on a separate part of the engine. The output work W was the movement of the piston as
it turned a crank-arm, which typically turned a pulley to lift water out of flooded salt mines. Carnot defined work as "weight lifted
through a height."

Walls[edit]
A system is enclosed by walls that bound it and connect it to its surroundings.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Often a wall restricts passage across it by
some form of matter or energy, making the connection indirect. Sometimes a wall is no more than an imaginary two-dimensional
closed surface through which the connection to the surroundings is direct. Topologically, it is often considered nearly or piecewise
smoothly homeomorphic with a two-sphere, because a system is often considered simply connected.
A wall can be fixed (e.g. a constant volume reactor) or moveable (e.g. a piston). For example, in a reciprocating engine, a fixed
wall means the piston is locked at its position; then, a constant volume process may occur. In that same engine, a piston may be
unlocked and allowed to move in and out. Ideally, a wall may be declared adiabatic, diathermal, impermeable, permeable, or semi-
permeable. Actual physical materials that provide walls with such idealized properties are not always readily available.
Anything that passes across the boundary and effects a change in the contents of the system must be accounted for in an
appropriate balance equation. The volume can be the region surrounding a single atom resonating energy, such as Max
Planck defined in 1900; it can be a body of steam or air in a steam engine, such as Sadi Carnot defined in 1824. It could also be
just one nuclide (i.e. a system of quarks) as hypothesized in quantum thermodynamics.

Surroundings[edit]
See also: Environment (systems)

The system is the part of the universe being studied, while the surroundings is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the
boundaries of the system. It is also known as the environment, and the reservoir. Depending on the type of system, it may interact
with the system by exchanging mass, energy (including heat and work), momentum, electric charge, or other conserved
properties. The environment is ignored in analysis of the system, except in regards to these interactions.

Open system[edit]

During steady, continuous operation, an energy balance applied to an open system equates shaft work performed by the system to heat added plus

net enthalpy added.

In an open system, matter may flow in and out of some segments of the system boundaries. There may be other segments of the
system boundaries that pass heat or work but not matter. Respective account is kept of the transfers of energy across those and
any other several boundary segments.

Flow process[edit]
The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to
physical walls. It is convenient to define the shape of the control volume so that all flow of matter, in or out, occurs perpendicular to
its surface. One may consider a process in which the matter flowing into and out of the system is chemically homogeneous. [11]Then
the inflowing matter performs work as if it were driving a piston of fluid into the system. Also, the system performs work as if it were
driving out a piston of fluid. Through the system walls that do not pass matter, heat ( δQ) and work (δW) transfers may be defined,
including shaft work.
Classical thermodynamics considers processes for a system that is initially and finally in its own internal state of thermodynamic
equilibrium, with no flow. This is feasible also under some restrictions, if the system is a mass of fluid flowing at a uniform rate.
Then for many purposes a process, called a flow process, may be considered in accord with classical thermodynamics as if the
classical rule of no flow were effective. [12] For the present introductory account, it is supposed that the kinetic energy of flow, and
the potential energy of elevation in the gravity field, do not change, and that the walls, other than the matter inlet and outlet, are
rigid and motionless.
Under these conditions, the first law of thermodynamics for a flow process states: the increase in the internal energy of a system is
equal to the amount of energy added to the system by matter flowing in and by heating, minus the amount lost by matter flowing
out and in the form of work done by the system. Under these conditions, the first law for a flow process is written:

where Uin and Uout respectively denote the average internal energy entering and leaving the system with the flowing matter.
There are then two types of work performed: 'flow work' described above, which is performed on the fluid in the control
volume (this is also often called 'PV work'), and 'shaft work', which may be performed by the fluid in the control volume on
somemechanical device with a shaft. These two types of work are expressed in the equation:

Substitution into the equation above for the control volume cv yields:

The definition of enthalpy, H = U + PV, permits us to use this thermodynamic potential to account jointly for
internal energy Uand PV work in fluids for a flow process:

During steady-state operation of a device (see turbine, pump, and engine), any system property within the
control volume is independent of time. Therefore, the internal energy of the system enclosed by the control
volume remains constant, which implies that dUcv in the expression above may be set equal to zero. This
yields a useful expression for the power generation or requirement for these devices with chemical
homogeneity in the absence of chemical reactions:

This expression is described by the diagram above.

Selective transfer of matter[edit]

For a thermodynamic process, the precise physical properties of the walls and surroundings of the system are important,
because they determine the possible processes.
An open system has one or several walls that allow transfer of matter. To account for the internal energy of the open
system, this requires energy transfer terms in addition to those for heat and work. It also leads to the idea of
the chemical potential.
A wall selectively permeable only to a pure substance can put the system in diffusive contact with a reservoir of that pure
substance in the surroundings. Then a process is possible in which that pure substance is transferred between system
and surroundings. Also, across that wall a contact equilibrium with respect to that substance is possible. By
suitablethermodynamic operations, the pure substance reservoir can be dealt with as a closed system. Its internal
energy and its entropy can be determined as functions of its temperature, pressure, and mole number.
A thermodynamic operation can render impermeable to matter all system walls other than the contact equilibrium wall for
that substance. This allows the definition of an intensive state variable, with respect to a reference state of the
surroundings, for that substance. The intensive variable is called the chemical potential; for component substance i it is
usually denoted μi. The corresponding extensive variable can be the number of moles Ni of the component substance in
the system.
For a contact equilibrium across a wall permeable to a substance, the chemical potentials of the substance must be
same on either side of the wall. This is part of the nature of thermodynamic equilibrium, and may be regarded as related
to the zeroth law of thermodynamics.[13]

Closed system
Main article: Closed system § In thermodynamics

In a closed system, no mass may be transferred in or out of the system boundaries. The system always contains the
same amount of matter, but heat and work can be exchanged across the boundary of the system. Whether a system can
exchange heat, work, or both is dependent on the property of its boundary.

 Adiabatic boundary – not allowing any heat exchange: A thermally isolated system
 Rigid boundary – not allowing exchange of work: A mechanically isolated system
One example is fluid being compressed by a piston in a cylinder. Another example of a closed system is a bomb
calorimeter, a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction.
Electrical energy travels across the boundary to produce a spark between the electrodes and initiates combustion. Heat
transfer occurs across the boundary after combustion but no mass transfer takes place either way.
Beginning with the first law of thermodynamics for an open system, this is expressed as:

where U is internal energy, Q is the heat added to the system, W is the work done by the system, and since no mass is
transferred in or out of the system, both expressions involving mass flow are zero and the first law of thermodynamics for
a closed system is derived. The first law of thermodynamics for a closed system states that the increase of internal
energy of the system equals the amount of heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. For
infinitesimal changes the first law for closed systems is stated by:

If the work is due to a volume expansion by dV at a pressure P than:

For a homogeneous system, in which only reversible processes can take place, the second law of thermodynamics
reads:

where T is the absolute temperature and S is the entropy of the system. With these relations the fundamental
thermodynamic relationship, used to compute changes in internal energy, is expressed as:

For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule), a closed system amounts to a constant number of
particles. However, for systems undergoing a chemical reaction, there may be all sorts of molecules being generated
and destroyed by the reaction process. In this case, the fact that the system is closed is expressed by stating that the
total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. Mathematically:

where Nj is the number of j-type molecules, aij is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and bi0 is the total
number of atoms of element i in the system, which remains constant, since the system is closed. There is one such
equation for each element in the system.

Isolated system
Main article: Isolated system

An isolated system is more restrictive than a closed system as it does not interact with its surroundings in any way. Mass
and energy remains constant within the system, and no energy or mass transfer takes place across the boundary. As
time passes in an isolated system, internal differences in the system tend to even out and pressures and temperatures
tend to equalize, as do density differences. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone practically to
completion is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
Truly isolated physical systems do not exist in reality (except perhaps for the universe as a whole), because, for
example, there is always gravity between a system with mass and masses elsewhere. [14][15][16][17][18] However, real systems
may behave nearly as an isolated system for finite (possibly very long) times. The concept of an isolated system can
serve as a useful model approximating many real-world situations. It is an acceptable idealization used in
constructing mathematical models of certain natural phenomena.
In the attempt to justify the postulate of entropy increase in the second law of thermodynamics, Boltzmann’s H-
theorem use dequations, which assumed that a system (for example, a gas) was isolated. That is all the
mechanical degrees of freedom could be specified, treating the walls simply as mirror boundary conditions. This
inevitably led to Loschmidt's paradox. However, if the stochastic behavior of the molecules in actual walls is considered,
along with the randomizing effect of the ambient, background thermal radiation, Boltzmann’s assumption of molecular
chaos can be justified.
The second law of thermodynamics for isolated systems states that the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium
tends to increase over time, approaching maximum value at equilibrium. Overall, in an isolated system, the internal
energy is constant and the entropy can never decrease. A closed system's entropy can decrease e.g. when heat is
extracted from the system.
It is important to note that isolated systems are not equivalent to closed systems. Closed systems cannot exchange
matter with the surroundings, but can exchange energy. Isolated systems can exchange neither matter nor energy with
their surroundings, and as such are only theoretical and do not exist in reality (except, possibly, the entire universe).
It is worth noting that 'closed system' is often used in thermodynamics discussions when 'isolated system' would be
correct - i.e. there is an assumption that energy does not enter or leave the system.

Mechanically isolated system

Main article: Mechanically isolated system

A mechanically isolated system can exchange no work energy with its environment, but may exchange heat energy
and/or mass with its environment. The internal energy of a mechanically isolated system may therefore change due to
the exchange of heat energy and mass. For a simple system, mechanical isolation is equivalent to constant volume and
any process which occurs in such a simple system is said to be isochoric.
 Bernoulli's Principle - The speed of moving fluid (liquid, gas) increases; the pressure within the fluid
decreases.
 Bell Coleman - Reverse Joule Cycle
 COP of Heat pump is Greater than 1.
 The ratio of [N ÷ (R + P)] =Stanton Number.
 Sub-cooling in a refrigeration cycle - increase COP.
 During Sensible Cooling of Air Dry Bulb Temp decrease.
 During Sensible Heating of Air Wet Bulb Temp increase.
 During humidification process- Relative Humidity Increase.
 During Adiabatic Saturation process on unsaturated air- Wet Bulb Temperature remain constant.
 Thermal Diffusivity = h-k/ρs
 Thermal Diffusivity - is the a physical property of a substance.
o a measure of the ability of a substance to transmit a difference in temperature;
expressed as the thermal conductivity divided by the product of specific heat
capacity and density.
 In a refrigerating machine , Heat Rejected is Greater than Heat Absorbed.
 The Humidity Ratio or Specific Humidity is the mass of Water Vapour present in 1 Kg. of Dry Air.
 The by-pass factor for a cooling coil-Increases with the Increase of Velocity of Air passing
through it.
 Wet Bulb Depression - Is the Difference between Dry-Bulb Temperature and Wet Bulb Temperature.
 Sensible Heat Factor for Cooling = HA-H2 / H1-H2
 Sensible Heat Factor for Heating = HA-H1 / H2-H1
 Black Body emmisivity is greater than one.
 Carbon Dioxide - The highest freezing point refrigerant.
 R-22 - has the lowest freezing point.
 The Heat Transfer by radiation - does not require a medium.
 Thermal Conductivity of air increases with the rise of temperature.
 The thickness of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer is equal if Prandtl Number is equal to 1.
 The distance of smoke detector from the center of elevator should not more than 5 ft or 1.5 meter.
 Rebars- Rebar is the commonly used name for a reinforcing bar that is used to strengthen concrete. When rebar is used in
the concrete, the steel bars add their strength to the mix and allow for a thinner slab of concrete to be used.

Anchorage (bond) in concrete: Codes of specifications

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension, current international codes of
specifications use the concept of development length rather than bond stress.

Static pressure
Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of a unit of air in the particular cross section of a duct. Air pressure
on the duct wall is considered static. Imagine a fan blowing into a completely closed duct; it will create only static pressure
because there is no air flow through the duct. A balloon blown up with air is a similar case in which there is only static
pressure.
Dynamic (velocity) pressure
Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy of a unit of air flow in an air stream. Dynamic pressure is a function of both air
velocity and density: Dynamic pressure = (Density) * (Velocity)2 / 2
The static and dynamic pressures are mutually convertible; the magnitude of each is dependent on the local duct cross
section, which determines the flow velocity.

Total Pressure
Consists of the pressure the air exerts in the direction of flow (Velocity Pressure) plus the pressure air exerts perpendicular to
the plenum or container through which the air moves. In other words:
PT = PV + PS
PT = Total Pressure
PV = Velocity Pressure
PS = Static Pressure
This general rule is used to derive what is called the Fan Total Pressure. See the section entitled Fan Performance
Specifications for a definition of Fan Total Pressure and Fan Static Pressure.

In fluid mechanics, Mach number (M or Ma) /ˈmɑːx/ is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of
speed of an object moving through a fluid and the local speed of sound.

where
M is the Mach number,
v is the velocity of the source relative to the medium, and
vsound is the speed of sound in the medium.
Mach number varies by the composition of the surrounding medium and also by local conditions, especially
temperature and pressure. The Mach number can be used to determine if a flow can be treated as an
incompressible flow. If M < 0.2–0.3 and the flow is (quasi) steady and isothermal, compressibility effects will be
small and a simplified incompressible flow model can be used.

 The heat transfer from a hot body to a cold body is directly proportional to the surface area and
 difference of temperatures between the two bodies. This statement is called

A. First law of thermodynamics

B. Newton's law of cooling

C. Newton's law of heating

D. Stefan's law

 The temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when it is not effected by the

 moisture present in the air, is called

A. wet bulb temperature

B. dry bulb temperature

C. dew point temperature

none of these
D.

 During sensible cooling, partial pressure of vapour remains constant

 The process of heat transfer from one particle of the body to another by the actual

motion of the heated particles, is called; convection.

  Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space. Light,
heat and sound are types of radiation.
 Radiation is a process in which electromagnetic waves(EMR) travel through a vacuum or through
matter-containing media.
 convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids.
Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.
Conduction, When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the other end.

 In a domestic refrigerator, a capillary tube controls the flow of refrigerant from the

A. expansion valve to the evaporator

B. evaporator to the thermostat

C. condenser to the expansion valve

D. condenser to the evaporator

C-Value- is thermal conductance. C-Value depend on the thickness of materials while K-value does not
depend on the thickness of the materials.
K-value - is thermal conductivity.
U-Value - is thermal transmittance