Introduction

Process Fluid Mechanics

Chemical Engineering - CL 254
Chandra Venkataraman
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
chandra@iitb.ac.in
What is chemical engineering?

• “… operational definition that is, to say, that chemical

engineering is what chemical engineers do.
Chemical engineering is not apart from but a part of the
society that it serves …”
J.M. Prausnitz, Chemical Engineering Science 56 (2001) 3627–
3639.
• 1940-50s societal demand was mainly for manufactured
products – materials, machinery, fabrics, energy like coal-
to-oil, food, etc.
• After the 1970s, once environmental damage was evident,
societal demand was for solutions to environmental
problems and sustainable manufacture.
Evolution in ChE focus

Chemical engineering is the application

of physical and chemical principals, with
mathematics …
originally
… for large-scale manufacture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering

increasingly
… providing solutions related to biological
systems, materials, Earth system (energy,
environment, climate) etc.
The importance of fluid mechanics
• Fluids are essential to life
- Human body 65% water
- Earth surface 2/3 water
- Troposphere extends 18 km above Earth
• Fluid mechanics has very wide applications
- Weather and climate
- Environment
- Physiology and medicine
- Vehicles
- Sports and recreation
- Design and optimization of existing and new chemical
processes for manufacture
- Many other examples
Historical scientists contributing to fluid mechanics

Archimedes Newton Leibniz Bernoulli Euler

(C. 287-212 BC) (1642-1727) (1646-1716) (1667-1748) (1707-1783)

Navier Stokes Reynolds Prandtl Taylor

(1785-1836) (1819-1903) (1842-1912) (1875-1953) (1886-1975)
Credit: Stern et al. 57:020 Fluid Mechanics, U Iowa 5
 Weather & Climate
Hurricanes Regional and global climate
Analysis relies on models which can
Evaluate past and predict future

Tornadoes
WRF Data WRF-Chem Physics

Online coupled
Aerosol Module
Assimilation (Meteorology)
PBL

Radiation

Observations Microphysics
Gas Phase Chemistry
Thunderstorms
feedbacks Emission Inventory
forcing anthropogenic aerosols BC, OC,
OPM2.5
SST and sea Precursor Gases: SO2, NOx, NH3,
ice CH4, CO, NMVOCs
Reanalysis
Data ICs/ BCs

Chemical transport-climate
6 model
 What is a Chemical Transport Model (CTM)?
Input data
• NASA GEOS meteorological fields
• other
Solve 3-D chemical continuity equations Nested model
on global Eulerian grid
Modules
• emissions Applications
• transport • chemical processes,
• chemistry transport, budgets
• aerosols • inverse analysis
• deposition • radiative forcing
• sub-surface • air quality
Model adjoint • biogeochemistry
Capabilities of present standard model: •…
• Ozone-OH-NOx-aerosol chemistry, aerosol microphysics, carbon gases,
mercury, …
• 1980-present GEOS meteorological data, future and paleoclimates (GISS GCM)
• Horizontal resolution: 1/4ox5/16o (native), 1/2ox2/3o (native), 1ox1o, 2ox2.5o, 4ox5o
• Adjoint model for inverse/sensitivity analyses
• Nested model for continental-scale simulations
Modules in a chemical transport model

Predicted
air quality
and climate
variables

Radiation
transfer
module

Atmospheric dynamics
equations
Optical
proper-
ties
CONTINUITY EQUATION:
FOUNDATION OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MODELS
accumulation advection diffusion chemistry, emissions,
ni deposition

   Uni    ( D  ni )  Pi  Li
t

temporal change in Mass flux divergence

Production and
concentration in in elemental volume
loss rates in
elemental volume (flux in – flux out)
elemental volume
U = wind vector
D = molecular diffusion
coefficient

• Molecular diffusion is negligible relative to advection on scales > 1 cm

• Equation is given here in Eulerian form (fixed frame of reference)
 Environment
River hydraulics
Air pollution

Atmospheric models
- estimate air pollution levels
- contributing sources

10
Venkataraman et al. 2018, Atm Chem Phys
 Physiology and Medicine

Blood pump Ventricular assist device

Credit: Stern et al. 57:020 Fluid Mechanics, U Iowa 11

 Sports & Recreation
An IIT professor explains the science behind Jasprit Bumrah’s art
It is interesting to investigate the reasons for Jasprit Bumrah's dominance
and what sets him apart from contemporaries.
Indian Express: May 27, 2019 7:36:35 pm

12
Methods for deep learning

“Make it Stick, The science of successful learning”

• Least effective methods:
- Re-reading/highlighting is least effective!
- Looking up solution manuals will teach you little!
• Most effective learning methods include:
- A mind map of knowledge, “concepts or principles”
- Delayed recall (i.e. quizzes/self quizzes)
- Solving unfamiliar and HARD problems
- First working alone, before group study
• Tests are learning tools, not measures of capability
Course details

Textbooks:
[F18] Fox, R.W., McDonald, A.T, Pritchard, P.P., Mitchell, J.W, Fluid
Mechanics, 9th Edition, Wiley India (2018)
[W99] Wilkes, J.O., Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, Prentice Hall,
1999.
[M05] McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C. & Harriot, P., McGraw-Hill International,
2005.
Evaluation: Mid-sem (30); End-sem (50); Quizzes (surprise – 20)
Closed book, closed notes (unless specified)
Attendance: Compulsory in 1st week; no DX grade, surprise quizzes.
If you miss any test and want a re-test, please submit a doctor-certificate
the day you come to class.
Academic malpractice: FR for cheating, copying, keeping mobile phones
during tests, other dishonest practices
General: Please be on time (latecomers not permitted), check moodle
webpage often, please bring calculators to class
Aim and learning outcomes

• Aim: This course is about the fundamentals of fluid flow

phenomena. It aims to provide a broad introduction to
macroscopic and microscopic approaches employed to
understand concepts and solve problems.
• Pre-requisites: Transport Phenomena, microscopic
balances.
• Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this
course the student will be able to do the following:
i. Analyse the fundamental forces acting upon a fluid in a given
operation.
ii. Apply this knowledge along with the properties of the fluid to
solve simplified problems of its flow.
iii. Analyse and predict the gross behavior of complex fluid flow
operations.
iv. Carry out experiments involving simple measurements and
control of fluid flow (CL 235, CL 333).
Mind map of fluid mechanics
Fluid
properties Computational
methods/tools
Non-moving Fluid Moving fluids
fluids (Statics)
Pressure forces, mechanics (Dynamics)
atmosphere, submerged
objects, manometers
Differential analysis
Integral analysis Fluids with special
properties Mass Momentum Energy
Mass Energy Momentum Compressible Non-Newtonian
Fluids Fluids Differential system
Continuity Energy Bernoulli Velocity Forces analysis (Navier Stokes)
equation equation profile

Fluid system analysis Boundary Simple External

Layers Systems Flow
Pipes Laminar Measurement
Pumps Turbulent Friction
Turbines Losses
Solution methodology

1. Summarize what is given (what I know – WIK)

2. State what is asked for (what I need to know – WINK)
3. Draw a schematic of system or control volume
4. Write down the basic laws (equations) to be applied; label
symbols with units
5. List simplifying assumptions and physical properties
(sources for these)
6. Solve algebraically or mathematically (integrate /
differentiate)
7. Substitute numerical values (keep dimensionally
consistent); give appropriate significant figures!!
8. Sanity check!!! Is it reasonable, physically plausible, in the
range of expected values, were assumptions valid?
9. Label the answer with units (put a box around it)