PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

College of Resource Engineering, Automation and Mechanization

Magalang, Pampanga

Name: ________________________________________ Date: __________ Rating: ________________

Yr./Course: ____________________________________ Time: __________ Weather: ______________
Location: ______________________________________ Group: _________ Designation: ___________

FIELDWORK NO. 1
DISTANCE BY PACING

OBJECTIVES:
a) To determine the length of normal pace
b) To test the reliability of paces.
c) To determine unknown distance by Pacing.

INSTRUMENT:
 2 Range Poles
 1 Metric Tape
 Chalk

PROCEDURE:

1. Determination of individual pace factor.

a. Assign a course on a level ground with a distance of not least than 100 meters.
b. Both end of the assigned course, designate as point A and B. Both ends should be marked with chalk if
on pavement.
c. Set range pole behind A and B.
d. Individual walk turn pacing from A and B in a natural unaffected condition. Count the number of steps as
each individual traverse the entire length of the course. Record this as number of paces for trial 1.
e. Repeat procedure (trial 1 up to trial 5). Trial 2 is walking / pacing from B to A. Avoid meeting each other
on line.

2. Determination of unknown distance by Pacing.

a. The instructor / professor assign unknown course, marked at both ends.

b. Individual paces the unknown course as required. Record each pace for each trial.
c. The instructor / professor will assign students to measure the actual length of the course to determine its
taped distance.

COMPUTATIONS:

1. Computation of Pace Factor

a. Get the sum of the five trials and divide the sum by 5 to get the mean number of paces.
b. Divide the length of the course by the mean paces to get the pace factor, (PF).
 2. Computation of an unknown distance and percentage of error.

a. Get the mean of the five trials.

b. Multiply the mean by the pace factor to get paced distance.
c. Get the difference between the paced distance and taped distance, divide this difference by tape
distance and multiply by 100 to get the percentage error.

HINTS AND PRECAUTIONS:

1. In attempting to walk at a normal rate, avoid the general tendency to exceed that rate.
2. Count the paces carefully, estimating to the nearest one-tenth pace at the end of the course.
3. Reject observations that vary from the mean by more than 3 percent.
4. The accepted precision for measuring distance by pacing usually varies from 1/200 to 1/500.
5. Remember that field notes are a permanent record and should show exact clearly all the work done in the field.
6. Plan an orderly form of notes and computations in advance. If an observation is rejected, draw a line through it,
but do not erase.

TABULATION:

I. Determination of Individual Pace Factor

Trial Line Taped Distance (meter) Number of Paces Mean No. of Paces Pace Factor (m/pace)
1
2
3
4
5
6

II. Determination of Unknown Distance by Pacing

Trial Line Number of Paces Mean Paced Distance Taped Distance Relative Precision
1
2
3
4

COMPUTATION AND RESULT:

 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
College of Resource Engineering, Automation and Mechanization
Magalang, Pampanga

Name: ________________________________________ Date: __________ Rating: ________________

Yr./Course: ____________________________________ Time: __________ Weather: ______________
Location: ______________________________________ Group: _________ Designation: ___________

FIELDWORK NO. 2
TAPING ON SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND

OBJECTIVE:
To learn the art of taping and determine the horizontal length of a line on a level ground with a tape supported by
ground.

INSTRUMENT: (per group)

 2 Range Poles
 1 Metric Tape
 Chalks
 1 Set of marking pins or pegs

PROCEDURE:
A. Designate two points with an approximate length of line 200 meters.
B. Mark the ends of line as A and B.
C. A range pole must be placed at both ends of the line, holding them vertically for alignment and make them remain
steady during taping.
D. A 20 meter tape is stretched out the ground along the course, with 0-mark of tape at point A. When the head
chainman has gone nearly 20 meters, the rear chainman calls “chain” or “tape”, a signal for the head chainman to
halt.
E. The rear chainman holds the 20 meters mark at the point of beginning and, by hand signals or voice, lines in a
chaining pin (held by the head chainman) with the range pole marking the distant point. During the lining-in process,
the rear chainman is in kneeling position on the line and facing the distant point. The head chainman is in kneeling
position to one side and facing the line so that he can hold the tape steady and so that the rear tape man will have a
clear view of the signal marking the distant point.
F. The head tape man with one hand sets the pin vertically on line and a short distance to the rear of the zero mark.
With his other hand he then pulls the tape taut and, making sure that it is straight, brings it in a contact with the pin.
The rear tape man when he observes that the 20 meters mark is at the point of beginning, calls “stick” or “ok”.
G. The head tape man pulls the pin and sticks it at the zero mark of the tape, with the pin sloping away from the line.
As a check, he again pulls the tape taut and notes that the zero point coincides with the pin as its intersection with
the ground. He then calls “stuck” or “ok” the rear tape man releases the tape, the head tape man moves
forward as before, and so the process is repeated.
H. The rear tape man leaves each intermediate point, he pulls the pin. Thus there is always one pin in the ground, and
the number of pins held by the rear tape man at any time indicates the number of 20 meters, or stations, from the
point of beginning to the pin in the ground. The count of pins is important, as the number of tape lengths is easily
forgotten owing to distractions.
I. When the end of the course is reached, the head tape man halts and the rear tape man comes forward to the last
pin set. The head tape man holds the zero mark at the terminal point. The head tape man pulls the tape taut and
observes the number of whole meter between the last pin and the end of the line. He then holds the next larger
 meter mark at the pin, and the head tape man pulls the tape taut and reads the decimal by means of the finer
graduations of the end meter.

HINT AND PRECAUTION:

1. The rear tape man should not hold the tape as he moves from station to station, otherwise if he moved too
slowly, the head tape would be retarded, and if he moved too fast the chain might become kinked.
2. Be careful not to disturbed the “stuck” pin by allowing the tape to press against it.
3. Avoid injury to the tape; always keep it straight while in use.
4. Avoid inconsistent errors by checking every measurement.

COMPUTATION:
1. The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding the two measurements and dividing the sum by
two.
2. The discrepancy for the measurement is the difference between the first measurement and the second
measurement.
3. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the mean length, where
the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is expressed in fractional form and the denominator is
rounded to the nearest hundredth.

TABULATION:

TRIAL LINE LENGTH DIFFERENCE MEAN RELATIVE PRECISION

COMPUTATION AND RESULT:

SKETCH: