‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٤W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 ‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 
EIntegrated CircuitF‫א‬EOperational AmplifierF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ .١-٢
W .١-٢-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOperational AmplifierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIntegrated CircuitF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1-2F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

+VCC
 ٧
٢
٦
٧٤١ 

 ٤
٣
-VCC
 
  W1-2  
 
‫א‬E-F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
EPolarityF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEHF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EHVCCF‫א‬ 
E-VCCF
  K1-2‫א‬
EOP AMP 741F741‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3-2‫א‬2-2‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
   
 
  
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
741‫א‬‫א‬W2-2 741‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3-2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEOffset NullF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4-2‫א‬
+VCC
V- ٧
2 ٦
741 Vout  
V+  
٤
٣
-VCC
 
 
741‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4-2  
 
E5-2‫א‬‫א‬FW .٢-٢-٢
 
Acm < 1
Common-Mode Gain
CMRR =
AOL  ‫א‬‫א‬
Acm Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
  CMRR = 20 log⎛⎜ AOL ⎞
⎟
 ‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ Acm ⎠ Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (dB)
  I BIAS =
I1 + I 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
2 Input bias current
 ‫א‬
  I OS = I 1 − I 2
Input offset current
‫א‬
  VOS = I OS Rin
Offset voltage
‫א‬
  VOUT (error ) = AV I OS Rin
Output error voltage

  SR =
∆Vout  ‫א‬
∆t Slew rate
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
I1
_
 
I2 741

+
R1 Vout

  R2

 
   ‫א‬ W5-2

 W‫א‬ .٣-٢-٢
KE-18V,+18VF،E-15V,+15VF‫א‬
‫א‬KE0V,30VF،E-12V,+18VF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
(1-2)   + Vsat = + Vsupply - 2V
 
(2-2)   − Vsat = −Vsupply + 2V
 
 K‫א‬EVSatF‫א‬EVSupplyF
‫א‬‫א‬E2VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 -Vsat < Vout < +Vsat

 

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬EV-F‫א‬EV+F‫א‬‫א‬
WVd‫א‬‫א‬

(3-2)  Vd = V + - V -
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬KEOpen Loop GainF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K200, 000741‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEAOLF‫א‬‫א‬
 W
(4-2)  Vout = A OL Vd
 

 JVsat+Vsat‫א‬Vsat‫א‬‫א‬KVout < Vsat

 KVd‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 WE1-2F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15V ‫א‬‫א‬
200,000
 K500,000‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
+Vsat = +VSupply – 2V=15V – 2V= 13V
-Vsat = -VSupply + 2V=15V – 2V= -13V
 .13V ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Vd = Vout/AOL = 13V/200000 = 65µV  
 Vd = Vout/AOL = 13V/500000 = 26 µVWAOL = 500000
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WERinF‫א‬ .٤-٢-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6-2‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E1 MΩF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERinF‫א‬
 
 WERoutF‫א‬ .٥-٢-٢
‫א‬6-2‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERoutF
 
 
-
 
Rout  
V in Rin AV,Vin Vout
 
+  
 
 
741‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6-2  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦-٢-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFeedbackF‫א‬‫א‬KAOL‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 7-2‫א‬
 K65 µVVd ‫א‬
 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -65 µV < VA < +65 µV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KVA = 0 V‫א‬‫א‬KEVirtual EarthF
If
RF
Vin I A I1=0
-
R
Vout
Vd ٧٤١

I2=0
+
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W7-2

 Rin » RF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

RF‫א‬‫א‬Rin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Vin - VA
(5-2)  I =
R in
 

(6-2)   I f = (VA - Vout ) / R F

 

I = I f W‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

Vin V
  = − out ⇐ VA = 0
R in RF
 
V R ‫א‬
A V = out = − F ⇐=‫א‬
Vin R in ‫א‬
 
  Vout = A V Vin W Vin ‫א‬ Vout ‫א‬‫א‬
 
8-2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2-2
 
 
20kΩ  
A  
Vin -
1kΩ 741  
Vout
1V +  
t 20V  
1V  
t  
 
 
-20V
 

2-2‫א‬ W8-2  
Vout R 20kΩ  
  AV = =− F =− = −10 W‫א‬
Vin R in 1kΩ
  Vout (P) = A V Vin = −20 × 1V = −20V W Vout (P) ‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧-٢-٢
W‫א‬ K١ J٧ J٢ J٢
E741  F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F
 
WEVdF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ J٧ J٢ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(7-2)  Vd = (V + - V - )

WEPower DissipationF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ J٧ J٢ J٢

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = I out .Vd
 
W3-2
 
KVd=10VIout=100mA‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
P=Iout.Vd=(100mA)(10V)=1000mW=1W
 
 

W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ J٧ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 
W‫א‬ K٥ J٧ J٢ J٢
.(741  2 MΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W‫א‬ K٦ J٧ J٢ J٢

‫א‬741‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K+15V -15V+13V-13V
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧ J٧ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬741K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K 200,000 200V/1mV
 
W‫א‬ K٨ J٧ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬741E10kΩFK‫א‬‫א‬
 K+13 V-13 V‫א‬‫א‬E2kΩF+14 V -14V
 
 

WECMRRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩ J٧ J٢ J٢

v out
 A cm K  v + = v −  ‫א‬‫א‬
  A cm =
v+
‫א‬‫א‬KE   A cm = 0.01F‫א‬
A
  CMRR = OL W‫א‬‫א‬E CMRR F‫א‬‫א‬
A cm
⎛ A OL ⎞
  CMRR (dB) = 20 log⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20 log(CMRR ) WEdbF
A
⎝ cm ⎠
 .80dB40dB‫א‬CMRREdBF‫א‬10000100CMRR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  EDecibelF‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WESlew RateF‫א‬ K١٠ J٧ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K0.5 V/µs‫א‬‫א‬741K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K80 Hz1 V
W‫א‬‫א‬

∆Vout
(8-2)   SR =
∆t

K‫א‬‫א‬9-2‫א‬

V
‫א‬‫א‬

t
∆v
∆t

SR = ∆v/∆t = m (slope)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9-2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬K10-2‫א‬W4-2
∆Vout + 9V − (−9V)
SR = = = 18V / µs = 18mV / ns W‫א‬
∆t 1µs

 
Vout(V)
 
10
9

∆V

0 t(s)

-9
1µs
-1 0

4-2W10-2

 
‫א‬ESlew RateF‫א‬
 0.5 V/µs‫א‬٧٤١K
1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٨-٢-٢
 W1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
LH0003 OP-07 LF351 LM741C ‫א‬
Ideal Device

Hybrid BJT BJT BiFET BJT Technology

‫א‬ 
∞ 40 k 400 k 100 k 200 k AOL
‫א‬  
 
∞ 100 kΩ 8 MΩ 10 TΩ 2 MΩ Rin ‫א‬
 
0 50 Ω 60 Ω 30 Ω 50 Ω Rout ‫א‬  
 
W1-1
0 70 V/µs 0.3 V/µs 13 V/µs 0.5 V/µs SR ‫א‬
 
 
∞ 90 dB 110 dB 100 dB 90 dB CMRR ‫א‬‫א‬

 
:1-2‫ﺟﺪول‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬11-2‫א‬W5-2
 

  W11-2
 5-2‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  
 W‫ א‬ 
 K‫א‬V1‫א‬Vin‫א‬W

 W‫א‬  
 
R1
  Vin = V1 = Vout
R1 + R 2  
 
 
 WEClosed Loop GainF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
V R
  A CL = out = 2 + 1  
Vin R1  
 
 
   
 
 
 W  
 

 W‫א‬

V1 R1
 B = =
Vout R 1 + R 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Vout = A OL (Vin − V1 ) = A OL (Vin − BVOUT )  
 
 
WACL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
V A OL
  A CL = out =  
Vin 1 + A OL B  
 
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ .٩-٢-٢
WEInverting AmplifierF K١ J٩ J٢ J٢
 K12-2‫א‬‫א‬
 
Iin
 
R2
 
Iin
Vin I1=0  
-
R1 A  
741 Vout
I2=0
+  
 
 
 ‫א‬W12-2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE12-2F‫א‬‫א‬K
 KI2=0I1 = 0ERin = ∞F‫א‬‫א‬K 
KE F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEVA=0F
R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E-F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K12-2‫א‬R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KVout = -IinR2 Vin = IinR1‫א‬EVA= 0F
 K12-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACL‫א‬VinVout

Vout -R I R
(9-2)   A CL = = − 2 in = − 2
Vin R 1 I in R1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEBandwidthF‫א‬
 K‫א‬fc‫א‬BW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .fC(OL) = 10Hz  W741C 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

f unity
(10-2)   BW = f C(CL) =
A CL
 
   
Vin ‫א‬
R in = = R1 ⇐ =‫א‬
Iin ‫א‬ W‫א‬

   
Vout ‫א‬
R out = =0⇐ =‫א‬ W‫א‬
Iout ‫א‬

‫א‬
K
 
 W6-2  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVout ‫א‬13-2‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  1 MH  1 kHz  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ .funity=1MHZ  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
75kΩ
 
Vin=10mVpp -  
1.5kΩ 741 Vout  
+
 
 
6-2‫א‬W13-2  
 
 W‫א‬
 ACL = -75kΩ/1.5kΩ = -50 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9-2F‫א‬
 fC(CL) = 1MHz/50 = 20kHz W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10-2F‫א‬
Vout = -50(10mVpp)= -500mVppW1 kHz‫א‬  
W1MHz‫א‬ A CL = 1 = 0dB ‫א‬‫א‬1MHz  
 Vout = 10 mVpp  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (Bode) ‫א‬‫א‬ 14-2‫ א‬ 
،100 50WF 34dB50(Decibel)‫ א‬ 
KE40dB6 dB  
 
ACL(dB)
 
 
 
 
34
 
 
  10

 
0 1k 10k 20k 100k 1M f(Hz)
 
6-2‫א‬‫א‬W14-2  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WENoninverting AmplifierF K٢ J٩ J٢ J٢

 K15-2‫א‬‫א‬
I
 
R2
 
I  
Vin I1=0
R1 -  
Vd=0 741  
I2=0
Vout  
Vin +  
 
 ‫א‬ W15-2
 
‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬KE-F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KR2R1‫א‬‫א‬vin
 KI‫א‬‫א‬KR2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
R1
(11-2)   Vin = ×V out
R1 + R 2

KE15-2F‫א‬‫א‬EACLF‫א‬
Vout R 2 + R 1 R 2
  A CL = = = +1
Vin R1 R1
 
R2
(12-2)   A CL = +1
R1
 
Vout = A CL Vin W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W(Bandwidth) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .fC(OL) = 10 Hz  W 741C 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f unity
(13-2)   BW = f C(CL) =
A CL
  
Vin Vin ‫א‬  W‫א‬
R in = = =∞⇐ =‫א‬
I in 0 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
R out =
Vout
=0⇐ = ‫א‬  W‫א‬
I out ‫ א‬
 K‫א‬

 W7-2
 KEfC(CL)F‫א‬EACLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬16-2‫א‬
 K250 kHz‫א‬
 

 
Vout
 
R2
50 mVpp
3.9 kΩ  

R1
100 Ω

7-2W16-2‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  
 W‫ א‬ 
 W‫א‬  
R2 3.9kΩ  
A CL = +1 = + 1 = 40
R1 100Ω  
 W‫א‬  
  A CL = 20 log(40) = 32dB
:‫א‬
1MHz
f C ( CL ) = = 25kHz
40
 W‫א‬
 
  Vout = A CL Vin = 40 × (50mVpp ) = 200mVpp
 
 
 
 17-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
ACL(dB)
 
 
 
 
  32

 
  10
 
0 f(Hz)
  1k 10k 100k 1M

25k
 

7-2‫א‬W17-2‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEComparatorAmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ J٩ J٢ J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 19-2‫א‬18-2‫א‬W
 
-VCC +Vsat

vin
0
-Vsat

+VCC

  W18-2‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W19-2‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K20-2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KVREF‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬ W20-2‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬21-2‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V Vout
 
 
Vin
+Vsat
 
Vref 0 t  
t1 t2
t -Vsat  
t1 t2  
 
 W21-2‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE22-2‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vin
Vout  
1V
 
 
+Vsat
T
0 t  
T/2 0 t
Vin T/2 T
Vout  
-1 V -Vsat  
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W22-2‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WESumming AmplifierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ J٩ J٢ J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K23-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
R1
  V1 Rf
 
R2
 
V2 -
  741 Vout
  R3 +
  V3
 
‫א‬W23-2‫א‬  

 Kv1‫א‬ACL1
 Kv2‫א‬ACL2
 Kv٣‫א‬ACL3

WETheorem SuperpositionF‫א‬‫א‬
(14-2)   Vout = A CL1 V1 + A CL2 V2 + A CL3 V3
 
 .ACL3 = -Rf/R3 ACL2 = -Rf/R2EFACL1 = -Rf/R1
W‫א‬
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ R ⎞
(15-2)   Vout = ⎜⎜ − f V1 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − f V2 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − f V3 ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R 2 ⎠ ⎝ R 3 ⎠
 
W‫א‬‫א‬E15-2F‫א‬ Rf = R1 = R2 = R3 = R‫א‬‫א‬
(16-2)   Vout = −(V1 + V2 + V3 )
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W24-2‫א‬‫א‬W8-2
 
 
1kΩ
  0.1V 1kΩ
 
1kΩ
  0.2V -
741 Vout
 
1kΩ +
  0.4V
 
E8-2F
  W24-2‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vout = -(V1 + V2 + V3) =-(0.1 V + 0.2 V + 0.4 V) = -0.7 V
 

 W9-2
 K25-2‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
1kΩ
  5V 1kΩ
 
500Ω
  2V -
741 Vout
  200Ω +
  0.5V

 
E9-2FW25-2‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ − Rf ⎞ ⎛ − Rf ⎞ ⎛ − Rf ⎞ − 1kΩ ⎞
 
⎟⎟ V3 = ⎛⎜ ⎛ − 1kΩ ⎞ ⎛ − 1kΩ ⎞
 V = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ V1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V2 + ⎜⎜ ⎟5V + ⎜ ⎟2V + ⎜ ⎟0.5V
out
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R2 ⎠ ⎝ R3 ⎠ ⎝ 1kΩ ⎠ ⎝ 0. 5kΩ ⎠ ⎝ 0.2kΩ ⎠  
= −5V − 4V − 2.5V = −11.5V
 

WEDifferentiator AmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٥ J٩ J٢ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 .26-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬W26-2‫א‬
 
  v out = f ( v in ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 v out = −Ri R  E‫א‬FR‫א‬‫א‬
 
 dq = Cdv in  E‫א‬FC‫א‬‫א‬
 
dq  ‫א‬
ic = ⇒ dq = i c dt
dt
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

iR = iC
(17-2) dq dv dv
  v out = −Ri R = − R = − RC in = − τ in
dt dt dt
  τ = RC W
 KE-τF‫א‬‫א‬(17-2)‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 29-2 28-227-2‫א‬
 
Vin(t)
 
 
 
  E F t
0
 
 
 
 
Vout(t)
 
 
 
  EF t

 
 
 
 
 EF‫א‬EF W27-2‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  Vin(t)

 
 
E F t3 t4 t
  0 t1 t2

 
  Vout(t)
 
  EF t1 t3 t4
0 t
t2

 EF‫א‬ EF  W 28-2‫א‬  

 
Vin(t)
 
 
 
  t1 t3
E F 0 t
  t2
 
  Vin(t)
 
 
 
  EF t
0
 
 
 EF‫א‬ EF WW 29-2‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 W10-2
K 0.4 s10 V0 V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30-2‫א‬
 

10kΩ
vin(t) [V]  
10  
 
5
2.2µF
Vin -  
t(s) 741 Vout  
0.2 0.4
+
 
 
 ‫א‬W30-2‫א‬  

 W‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬‫א‬ 
  
dVout 10V − 0V  
  Vout = −RC = −(10kΩ)(2.2µF) × = −0.55V  
dt 0.4s
 
   
 
 K‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEIntegrator AmplifierF‫א‬‫ א‬K٦ J٩ J٢ J٢

‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K31-2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
→ic
 
 
 
→iR  
Vin -
  741 Vout
  +
 
 
 ‫א‬ :31-2‫א‬
 
 
C‫א‬‫א‬
dv out = −dv c  
WE‫א‬F
 
v in R‫א‬‫א‬
v in = Ri ⇒ i =  
R   WE‫א‬F
dq
 
dq = Cdv c ⇒ dv c = W‫א‬
C  
dq  
i= ⇒ dq = idt W‫א‬
dt
dq idt dt v v dt  
 dv out = −dv c = (− ) = (− ) = (− ) in = − in   W
C C C R RC  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
(18-2)   ∆v out ( t ) = − ∫ v in ( t )dt = − ∫ v in ( t )dt
RC τ
 

 E-1/τF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
∆v out v
(19-2)   = − in
∆t τ

  KVC = (-5V)tVin = 5 mV R = 1 kΩ C = 1 µF

K32-2‫א‬
Vin(t)

5mV

E F t(s)
0 t1

Vou(t)

t1
EF t(s)
0

-5V
 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬W32-2‫א‬  
 
 W11-2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 33-2‫א‬
 
0.2µF
 
 
 
10kΩ
  -
10mV   741 Vout
+
 
 
11-2 W 33-2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬


 WE19-2F‫א‬‫א‬  
1 1
  Vout = −VC = − × Vin t = − × (10mV) × t = −5t V
RC 10kΩ × 0.2µF
 
 Wt‫א‬‫א‬VC = -13V‫א‬
− 13V  
t= = −2.6s
−5  
 
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K36-234-2‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
Vin(t)
 
 
 
 
t1 t2  
E F t
0  
 
 
Vout(t)
 
 
 
t1 t2  
EF t
0  
 
 
 EF‫א‬EFW34-2‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Vin(t)  
 
 
  E F t
0
 
 
Vout(t)
 
 
EF t
  0

 
 
 EF‫א‬EFW35-2‫א‬  
 
Vin(t)  
 
 
E F t
0
 
 
Vout(t)  
 
 
 
EF t
0  
 
 
 
 EF‫א‬EFW36-2‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEFiltersF‫ א‬.١٠-٢-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEPassiveFEActiveF‫א‬K
 K 1 MHz‫א‬K
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K1 MHz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EHigh Pass FilterF‫א‬ELow Pass FilterF‫א‬
KEBand Stop FilterFEBand Pass FilterF
 
 W‫א‬
Vout
  AV =
Vin
 W‫א‬
A V (dB) = 20 log( A V )
 W‫א‬‫א‬
AV
AVN =
AV (Max)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  AVN(dB) = 20log(AVN)
 

 K40-237-2‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K1
 K

 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

:E37-2‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١-١٠-٢-٢

 ELow-Pass FilterF
AVN(dB)  
0  
‫א‬‫א‬
  
-3dB  
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 
f(Hz)
fC  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W37-2
 K‫א‬fcW
WE38-2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢-١٠-٢-٢
 EHigh-Pass FilterF
AVN(dB)  
0  
‫א‬‫א‬
 
-3dB
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
   
 
 
f(Hz)  
fC  
 
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W38-2
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WE39-2F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣-١٠-٢-٢
EBand Pass FilterF
AVN(dB)  
0
 
 
-3dB
 
    
 
 
 
f(Hz)  
f c1 f 0 f c2
 
 
 ‫א‬W39-2
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬fc2 fc1W
 
f0 = f c1 f c 2 Wf0‫א‬‫א‬

BW = f c 2 − fc1W‫א‬

f
W Q‫א‬
Q = 0
BW  
K‫א‬Q‫א‬
 KQ<10‫א‬‫א‬Q>10‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WE40-2F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤-١٠-٢-٢
 EBand Stop FilterF
AVN(dB)  
 
0
 
-3dB  

   

 
 
 
 
f c2
f(Hz)  
f c1 f0

 ‫א‬W40-2  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬fc2 fc1W
 
 

f0 = f c1 f c 2 Wf0‫א‬‫א‬
 

BW = f c 2 − f c1 W‫א‬
 

f0
Q= WQ‫א‬
BW
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ<10‫א‬‫א‬Q>10‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E41-2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥-١٠-٢-٢
EActive Low Pass Filter CircuitF
RF  
Ri  
‫א‬
 -  
Vout
  Vin +
  R
 
C  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W41-2  
1
fc =  W‫א‬fc‫א‬
2πRC
 
RF
AV = +1
Ri  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K42-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12-2
 fc‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
RF  

Ri
 
-  
‫א‬ Vout
Vin
 
+
22kΩ
 
2.2nF
 
 
12-2‫א‬W42-2
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
1 1
fC = = = 3.3kHz W‫א‬  J
2πRC 2π (22kΩ)(2.2nF )
 
 EFrequency responseFE43-2F‫א‬‫ א‬ J
ACL(dB)  
 
 
 
0  
-3
 
 
 
 
-20

1k 3.3k
10k 100k 1M  
f(Hz)
 
12-2‫א‬‫א‬W43-2
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E44-2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦-١٠-٢-٢
 EActive High Pass Filter CircuitF 
 
RF
Ri  
-
‫א‬ Vout  
Vin +  
C R
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W44-2

 

1
fc =  W‫א‬fc‫א‬
2πRC
 
R
AV = F + 1 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ri
 
 K45-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13-2
 fc‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
RF
Ri  
-
 
‫א‬ Vout
Vin
+  
22nF 22kΩ

13-2‫א‬W45-2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
1 1
fC = = = 0.33kHz = 330Hz W‫א‬  J
2πRC 2π(22kΩ)(22nF)
 
EFrequency responseFE46-2F‫א‬‫ א‬ J
ACL(dB)  
 
0  
-3  
 
 
 
 

f(Hz)  
100 330 1k 10k 100k
 
 
13-2‫א‬‫א‬W46-2
 
WE47-2F‫א‬ .٧-١٠-٢-٢
EActive Band Pass Filter CircuitF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc2
f c 2 〈 f c1 ‫א‬
 K
f c 2 〉 f c1 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

47-2‫א‬ 13-2 12-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
R4 R3
 
R2 - Vout
R1  
-
 
+
+ C2
 
Vin R1  
C1 R2  
 
 
 
‫א‬W47-2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬46-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

1 1
f C1 = = = 3.3kHz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πRC 2π(22kΩ)(2.2nF)

1 1
f C2 = = = 0.33kHz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πRC 2π(22kΩ)(22nF)

R2 R
A V = A V1 A V 2 = ( + 1)( 3 + 1) = 11x11 = 121 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R4

f0 f .f (3.3kHz)(0.33kHz) 9.9
Q= = c 2 c1 = = = 0.35  ‫א‬
BW f c1 − f c 2 3.3kHz − 0.33kHz 0.3

 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

48-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
47-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W48-2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W1V‫א‬K500000 .١-٢
 2µVK
 5mVK
 10mVK
 1VK
 W741C .٢-٢
100000K 
 2MΩK 
 75ΩK 
 K 
 WEACLF‫א‬ .٣-٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 W .٤-٢
 EACLF‫א‬K 
 EAOLF‫א‬K 
 ERinF‫א‬K 
 ERoutF‫א‬K 
 W .٥-٢
 ‫א‬EACLF‫א‬K 
 EAOLF‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W .٦-٢
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ERinF‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 

 W‫א‬‫ א‬.٧-٢
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨-٢
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 K 
 K 
 

 W‫ א‬.٩-٢
 K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 W‫ א‬.١٠-٢
 K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W .١١-٢
 K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 W .١٢-٢
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
 EFEF‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬


 
 
 E41-2‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ J٢

E F EF

E F EF
 
41-2‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 
 W42-2‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ J٢

E F EF

E F 42-2‫א‬ EF
 
 43-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ J٢
 KEACLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،voutEF،ifEF،iinEF
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

→if

→iin

 
43-2‫א‬

 ‫؟‬44-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ J٢

EF
E F
44-2‫א‬

 K45-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ J٢
 KRf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

→if

45-2‫א‬
 
 
 
46-2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦ J٢

5V

vin 0

46-2‫א‬

 47-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

5V

vin 0
10µs

  ‫א‬
47-2

‫א‬ELow-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, Band-StopF K٨ J٢

48-2‫א‬‫א‬
Gain Gain Gain Gain

 

f f f f 
 
E F EF E F EF
 
48-2‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩ J٢

 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،EF K9-2 ،EF K8-2 ،EF K7-2 ،EF K6-2 ،EF K5-2 ،EF K4-2 ،EFK3-2 ،EF K2-2 ،EF K1-2
 KEFK 12-2،EFK 12-2،EFK2-10

‫א‬
 
 K٢٣EF،٤٧{٨EF،١٠١EF،١١EF K١ J٢
K J١٠EF،٢٢EF، J١EF،١EF K٢ J٢
 K-10EF،-10VEF، 455µAEF،455µAEF K٣ J٢
.E97.5kHzFEF‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ J٢
 vout = -3.57 V, if = 357 µA K٥ J٢
 -4.46 mV/µs K٦ J٢
 1 mA K٧ J٢
 KBSEF،LPEF،HPEF،BPEF K٨ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩ J٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬


 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ .١-٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٢
 KK٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٤
CMRR،EAOLF‫א‬K٥
 ‫؟‬EAcmF‫א‬‫א‬
 KK٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫؟‬E‫א‬FK٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 EFK‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 1V ‫א‬ ٠.٠٢V 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢-٢
f ( x, y , z ) = 5 x − 4 y + 3 z − 2  
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣-٢
f ( x, y ) = 3 x − 5 y
10kΩ x 7; 20kΩ x 1; 50kΩ x 1; LM741C x 3W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤-٢

10kΩ
→ I2
→ I1
6V 10kΩ -
V1 Iout←
→ I3
V2 +
8V 20kΩ VL

20kΩ
→IL
20kΩ
→I4

:‫أﻣﻸ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬

IL VL AV(-) AV(+) I2 I1 V1 I4 I3 V2

 
 5V‫א‬‫א‬ .٥-٢

 -4V‫א‬‫א‬ .٦-٢

 3V‫א‬‫א‬ .٧-٢

 1V‫א‬‫א‬ .٨-٢

 
 
 