Clinical Microscopy Outline  instrumentation and

A. Safety and Quality Assessment in the Equipment

Laboratory  Testing procedure
B. Urinalysis  Quality Control
C. Other Body Fluids  External QC
 Internal QC
 Electronic control
A. Safety and Quality Assessment in the  EQAS
Laboratory  Personnel and facilities
I. Safety  Post examination variable
Biologic Hazards  Reporting of Results
 Basics  Interpreting of results
 Personal Protective Equipment
 Hand Hygiene B. Urinalysis
 Biologic Waste Disposal
I. Introduction
Sharp Hazards
Chemical Hazards History and Importance
 Chemical Spills and Exposure  Egyptian
 Chemical Handling  Hippocrates
 Chemical Hygiene Plan  Frederik Dekkers
 Chemical Labeling  Thomas Bryant
 Material Safety Data Sheets  Thomas Addis
Radioactive Hazards  Addis count
Electrical Hazards  Richard Bright
Fire/Explosive Hazards  Urine characteristics
 RACE Urine formation
 PASS Urine Composition
 Types of Fire  Urea
 Types of Fire Extinguisher  Creatinine
Physical Hazards  Uric Acid
Hazardous Material Classification  Chloride
 Reactivity  Sodium
 Fire Hazard  Potassium
 Health Hazard  Phosphate
 Specific Hazards  Ammonium
 Calcium
II. Quality Assessment
 Others
Introduction Urine Volume
Urinalysis Procedure Manual  Normal
 Preexamination variable  Oliguria
 Specimen collection and  Anuria
Handling  Nocturia
 Examination variable  Polyuria
 Reagents  DM vs DI
 Specimen collection  Tubular reabsorption
 Containers  Reabsorption mechanism
 Labels  Tubular concentration
 Requisition  Collecting duct
Specimen Rejection concentration
Specimen handling  Tubular secretion
 Specimen integrity  Acid-base balance
 Specimen preservation Renal Function test
 Refrigeration  Glomerular filtration test
 Boric acid  Creatinine clearance
 Formalin  eGFR
 NaF  Cystatin C
 Commercial tablets  Beta2-microglobulin
 Urine collection kits  Radionucleotides
 Light gray and gray C and S  Tubular reabsorption test
tube  Osmolality
 Yellow UA plus tube  Freezing point osmometers
 Cherry red/Yellow  Vapor pressure
preservative plus tube osmometers
Types of specimen  Technical factors
 Random specimen  Clinical significance
 First morning  Free water clearance
 24-hour / timed  Tubular secretion and Renal Blood
 Catheterized flow tests
 Midstream clean-catch  PAH test
 Suprapubic aspiration  Titratable Acidity and
 Three-glass collection Urinary Ammonia
 Pre- and Post- Massage test Historical notes
 Pediatric specimen  Urea clearance
 Drug specimen collection  Inulin clearance
Procedures  Phenosulfonphthalein test
 24-hour timed specimen collection  Original MDRD calculation
 Clean-catch specimen collection: III. Physical Examination
Female and male Color
Historical notes  Normal
 Stamey-Mears test for Prostatis  Dark yellow/amber/orange
II. Renal Function  Red/Pink/Brown
Renal physiology  Brown/Black
 Renal blood flow  Blue/green
 Glomerular filtration Clarity
 Cellular structures  Normal
 Glomerular pressure  Nonpathologic turbidity
 RAAS  Pathologic turbidity
 Specific Gravity Tubular Disorders
 Refractometer  Acute Tubular Necrosis
 Osmolality  Hereditary and Metabolic Tubular
 Reagent strip Disorders
Odor  Fanconi syndrome
Historical notes  Alport syndrome
 Harmonic Oscillation  Uromodulin-Associated
Densitometry kidney disease
IV. Chemical Examination  Diabetic nephropathy
 Nephrogenic DI
Reagent strip
 Renal glycosuria
 Technique
Interstitial Disorders
 Handling and Storing
 Tubulointerstitial disease
 Quality Control of Reagent strip
 UTI (classified anatomically)
 Confirmatory testing
 Acute pyelonephritis
pH
 Chronic pyelonephritis
Protein
 Acute interstitial nephritis
Glucose
Renal failure
Ketones
 Acute Renal Failure
Blood
 Prerenal
Bilirubin
 Renal
Urobilinogen
 Postrenal
Nitrite
Renal Lithiasis
Leukocyte esterase
 Weddelite-Wewellite stones
Specific gravity
 Uric acid
V. Microscopic examination
 Phosphate
VI. Renal Disease stones/Hydroxyapatite/Bushite
Glomerular disorders  Carbonate apatite
 Glomerulonephritis  Cystine stones
 Acute glomerulonephritis  Struvite
 Crescentic glomerulonephritis VII. Urine screening for Metabolic Disorders
 Goodpasture syndrome
Overflow versus Renal Disorders
 Wegener granulomatosis
Newborn Screening tests
 Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Amino Acid Disorders
 Membranous
 Phenylalanine-Tyrosine
glomerulonephritis
 Phenylketonuria
 Membranoproliferative
 Tyrosyluria
glomerulonephritis
 Melanuria
 Chronic glomerulonephritis
 Alkaptonuria
 Berger disease
 Branched-chain amino acid
 Nephrotic syndrome
 Maple syrup urine disease
 Minimal Change disease
 Organic acidemias
 Focal Segmental
 isovaleric
Glomerulosclerosis
 Propionic
  methylmalonic Study the Technical Tips handouts
 Tryptophan
 Indicanuria
 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
 Cystine
 Cystinuria
 Cystinosis
 Homocystinuria
Porphyrin Disorders
 Acute intermittent porphyria
 Porphyria cutanea tarda
 Congenital erythropoietic
porphyria
 Variegate porphyria
 Erythropoietic protoporphyria
 Lead poisoning
Mucopolysaccharide disorders
 Hurler syndrome
 Hunter syndrome
 Sanflippo syndrome
Purine Disorders
 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Carbohydrate disorders
 Melituria
 Pentosuria
 Galactosuria
 Lactosuria
 Fructosuria
Procedures
 Ferric chloride tube test
 Nitroso-Naphthol test for tyrosine
 Homogentisic acid test
 DNPH test for MSUD
 Silver Nitroprusside test
 Cyanide-nitroprusside test for
Cystine
 Silver Nitroprusside test for
Homocystine
 Watson-Schwartz Differentiation
test
 Watson-Schwartz test
 Hoesch Screening test for PBG
 CTAB test for
Mucopolysaccharides