Spect 2final PDF

‫عنوان ‪Spectroscopy :‬‬
‫استاد ناظر ‪ :‬دکتر مشکانی‬

‫اعضای گروه ‪:‬‬
‫سینا شکری‬
‫ماجد حیدرپور‬
‫مکان ارائه ‪ :‬کالس سیستم های‬
‫تشخیصی پالسما‬
‫تاریخ ارائه ‪17.02.98 :‬‬
‫گروه پنج‬
‫| ‪Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019‬‬

“Spectroscopy.”
Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

3 Outline
Contents
• Introduction to Spectroscopy
• Plasma and Plasma Properties
• Diagnostic Methods
• Spectroscopic Systems
• Article
• Applications
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Conclusion
• References

4 Introduction to Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy = interaction between light and matter
𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝑐/𝜆

Electrons exist in quantized energy levels

(atomic shells)
n principal quantum number

Emission of photons
by atoms

Each atom has a unique atomic number

and hence a unique line spectrum
In other words, line spectra are fingerprints of
The elements inside a material (usually gas/plasma)

Absorption
Spectroscopy
Emission

“Plasma Spectroscopy.”

10 Plasma and Plasma Properties
Plasma is the 4th state of matter
It includes free electrons, positive ions, photons etc.

Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments,

and experimental techniques used to measure
properties of a plasma components, such as:
• Temperature
• Density
• Distribution function over energy/temperature
• …
which then allow us to derive plasma parameters.

A few types of collisions and processes in a

plasma
13 Diagnostic Methods
Optical emission/absorption spectroscopy (OES/OAS)

can be used as a diagnostic method in measuring a
plasma’s properties
Pros and Cons of OES (visible range):

+ Simple experimental set-up
+ Non-intrusive (plasma is not affected)
- Indirect
- Only line-of-sight information

The EM radiation region preferred in

plasma spectroscopy
1µm ~ 200 nm

From an experimental point of view,

this region is the 1st choice in plasma spectroscopy
• Air is transparent
• Quartz windows can be used
• Variety of detectors and light sources are
available
Below and above this region the above options
become difficult to achieve, only through
expensive equipment.

The heavy particles of low temperature plasmas, the

neutrals and their ions basically characterize the
color of a plasma.
These are first results of spectroscopic diagnostics

using the human eye.
How does a typical line spectrum look like?

As an example, this is the line spectrum of a
fluorescent lamp

How do we extract information about the system

from these lines?
λ0  Elemental
identification
Imax  Particle density in

the excited state
∆λ  Particle temperature

Typical emission spectra of the atmospheric-pressure cold plasma jet

Information about the density of the plasma

components is extracted by means of
population models
−𝐸𝑘
• LTE 𝑒 𝑘𝑏 𝑇
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑠 𝑔𝑘 𝐴𝑘𝑖
𝑈𝑠
• Collisional radiative (CR) model
• Corona model

What does determine the shape of the lines?
Line broadening
mechanisms
Natural line Doppler Pressure Broadening by

broadening broadening broadening E- and B-fields
Stark Zeeman
Broadening effect

Natural line broadening is

the broadening mechanism originated from the
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
𝛥E 𝛥t ~ ħ
𝛥𝐸 1
𝛥𝜈 ~ ~
ℎ 2𝜫𝛥𝑡
where ∆t is the lifetime of the atom in the exited state

and ∆ν is the uncertainty in measuring the photon
frequency

The Doppler broadening is caused by the

distribution of velocities of atoms or molecules.
In particular, thermal Doppler broadening
(Maxwell distribution) is used in plasma physics to
measure the approximate temperature of the
materials.
𝜈
(Doppler shift) f = 𝑓0 ( 1 ± )
𝑐
where v is the velocity of the atom (or molecule)

toward or away from the detector.


Fraction of particles with

velocity v + dv
Maxwell distribution

26 Spectroscopic Systems
‘How does it work ??’

Optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer , spectrograph or spectroscope)
F: Area; T: Transmission; G: Gain; R: Measuring Resistance;

E: Spectral sensitivity [electrons/photon]

27
That's a spectrograph!
The scheme of the large horizontal solar Large Horizontal Solar Spectrograph
telescope ACU-26
ACU-26

Transfer of light
• Lens systems
- Imaging optics
- Solid angle (Aperture)
• Fibers
- Very flexible

5 basic components of EACH spectrograph

1) Entrance slit
2) Collimator (mirror)
3) Dispersing element
- Prism
- Grating
- Etalon
-…
4) Focusing lens (mirror)
5) Focal plane
- Exit slit (Monochromator)
- Screen (Spectrograph)
- Detector
* Eye, Photomultiplier, ...
* (Intensified) CCD chip
Other types
• SIMS
• LIBS
• Infrared spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy
• ICP - OES
• Nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy
• Etc.

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

1) Duoplasmatron Source
2) Cs Source
3) Focus lens
4) Ionize and sputtering
5) ESA
6) Laminated magnet
7) Secondary faraday cup & EM
8) Channel Plate & Fluorescent screen


• Faraday cup
• Channel plate
• Electron Multiplier (E.M)

Detector
Detector change photons into electrons so that they can be
detected
Some of them
• Fluorescent screen
• Faraday cup
• CCD
• PMT
• …

Charge Coupled Device (CCD)

Or Color Capture Device
is a device for convert photons to electrical charge and movement of electrical
charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be
manipulated

“How a CCD works ??”

• Pixels
• Light intensity

PhotoMultiplier Tube (PMT)

Photomultiplier change photons into electrons and amplify created electrons
• Photocathode • Anode
• Focusing electrode • Connector pins
• Dynode • Voltage divider circuit
Dynode
dynode is an electrode in a vacuum tube that serves as an
electron multiplier through secondary emission
But How ??

PMT Diagram

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

• Nd:YAG Laser (pulse)
• Focus lens
• Sample
• Optics part
• Fiber optic
• …

41 Article
Article :
“First investigation on plasma impurities of the IR-T1 Tokamak”
Detection of the emission spectrum from plasma leads to identify the spectral lines of
ions and impurities inside the plasma and measurement of all related parameters to ion
flux such as velocity and temperature
first measurement of
impurities into the IR-T1 tokamak plasma is done by spectroscopic technique

42 Article
Tokamak is one of the several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed
to contain the hot plasma needed for producing controlled thermonuclear fusion
power
Large Tokamaks Small Tokamaks

• TFTR (Zweben et al. 1989) • CASTOR (Weinzettl et al. 2003)
• DIII-D (Burrell et al. 2004) • STOR-M (Onchi et al. 2013)
• JET (Von Hellermann et al. 1990) • COMPASS (Naydenkoya et al. 2009)
• JT-60U (Kumagai et al. 2000) • ISTTOK (Gomes et al. 2003)
• Tore Supra (Hennequin et al. • IR-T1 (used in this experiment)
2006)
Many diagnostics such as Langmuir and rake probes, limiter biasing system
(Goranneviss et al. 2013; Alipour et al. 2017; Meshkani et al. 2017), soft and hard x-ray
detectors (Roudaki et al. 2015; Hasanvand et al. 2016) and Mirnov coils (Ganbari et al.
2011; Gasemloo et al. 2013) are launched on IR-T1 tokamak

43 Article
IR – T1
• Work under hydrogen
atmosphere
• Chamber made of stainless steel
• Surrounded by leaden wall in all
directions

44 Article
?? AvaSpec-ULS3648-R8-USB2-RM (CCD-based) ??

45 Article
visible light emitted from the plasma is transferred to the spectrometer by 2 m optical
fiber with a diameter of 1000 µm. To connect the optical fiber vertically to the visible
valve and to prevent from entering the ambient light into the optical fiber, a new
chamber was made

46 Article
𝑟 2 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝑅𝑝 =
2𝑅 𝐼𝑝

47 Article
spectrum of the IR-T1 tokamak plasma measured by AVA-spectrometer

between 400-550 nm, with and without plasma

48 Article
measured spectrum
of a shot after
shielding by AVA-
spectrometer
between 400-550
nm, during the
whole time of
discharge

49 Article
Reasons of existence impurities

52 Applications
Applications
• Surface analysis
• Material
• Structure
• …
• In plasma diagnostic systems
• Impurities
• Temperature
• Velocity
• population (density)
• …
• And many other application …

53 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
+ In plasma diagnostic systems
+ Rapid analysis – information is available in a matter or seconds as
compared to minutes or even hours in other conventional techniques
+ Nondestructive – most spectroscopic methods are none-destructive in
nature and there is 100% recovery of sample after analysis
+ Real-time monitoring – manufacturing processes can be monitored real-
time
+ Micro analysis
+ High sensitivity

54 Conclusion
Conclusion
• Optical emission spectroscopy
• is a powerful diagnostic tool
• requires only 'simple' equipment
• The optical system is not as simple as it might seem
• Imaging, sensitivities, polarities, ...
• There are many spectroscopic methods
• In plasma
• global

55 References
References
Conferences:
• 1. Timo Gans. Plasma diagnostics using spectroscopic techniques.

University of York, York Plasma Institute.
• 2. Volker Schulz-von der Gathen. Basics of Plasma Spectroscopy. Institute
for Experimental Physics II Chair of Physics of Reactive Plasmas Ruhr-
Universität Bochum, Germany. October 2 2016.

56 References
References
Articles:
• 1. Fantz U. Basics of plasma spectroscopy. Plasma Sources Science and

Technology. 2006;15(4):S137-S47.
• 2. R. Alipour, M. Ghoranneviss*, A. Salar Elahi. First investigation on
plasma impurities of the IR-T1 Tokamak.AIP Advances.
2017;Volume7:Issue11-published online.

57 References
References
Websites:
• Wikipedia:
• Spectroscopy
• atomic spectroscopy
• plasma diagnostics
• Dynode
• Charge-coupled device
• Photomultiplier tube.
• Other:
• appliedspectra

58 References
References
E-Books:
• 1. Hans-Joachim Kunze, Introduction to Plasma
Spectroscopy. 2009. ISBN 978-3-642-02233-3. page:
53 – 75. Detectors.

THANKS
FOR YOUR ATTENTION !!
ANY QUESTION?

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‫عنوان ‪Spectroscopy :‬‬

‫استاد ناظر ‪ :‬دکتر مشکانی‬

‫| ‪Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019‬‬

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy = interaction between light and matter

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Electrons exist in quantized energy levels

n principal quantum number

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Each atom has a unique atomic number

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Plasma is the 4th state of matter

It includes free electrons, positive ions, photons etc.

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments,

which then allow us to derive plasma parameters.

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

A few types of collisions and processes in a

Optical emission/absorption spectroscopy (OES/OAS)

Pros and Cons of OES (visible range):

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

The EM radiation region preferred in

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

From an experimental point of view,

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

The heavy particles of low temperature plasmas, the

These are first results of spectroscopic diagnostics

How does a typical line spectrum look like?

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

How do we extract information about the system

Imax  Particle density in

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Typical emission spectra of the atmospheric-pressure cold plasma jet

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Information about the density of the plasma

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

What does determine the shape of the lines?

Natural line Doppler Pressure Broadening by

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Natural line broadening is

where ∆t is the lifetime of the atom in the exited state

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

The Doppler broadening is caused by the

where v is the velocity of the atom (or molecule)

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Fraction of particles with

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

‘How does it work ??’

F: Area; T: Transmission; G: Gain; R: Measuring Resistance;

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

5 basic components of EACH spectrograph

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |

Spectroscopy| Faculty of Basic Sciences , SRBIAU , Tehran , Iran | May 2 2019 |